pentaphyllous 
pentaphyllous (pen-ta-fil'ns), a. [< Gr. vevra- 
<f>v/,)f, five-leafed, < Gr. vivre, five, + <j>i<U.ov = 
Li. folium, a leaf.] In bot., having five leaves. 
peritapody (pen-tap'6-di), n. [< Gr. mvrcnrovf, 
earlier vevrivovf, with five feet, < irevrf, five, + 
iro'uf (TITO!-) = E. foot.] Injtros., a measure or 
series of five feet. 
A trochaic or iambic pentapody with hemiolie ratio, three 
trochees or iambi for arsis and two for thesis. 
J. Hadley, Essays, p. 101. 
pentapolis (pen-tap'o-lis), n. [< Gr. TrevrdiroAic, 
a state having five cities, < itevre, five, + ffoAif, 
city.] A group or confederation of five cities : 
as, the Hebrew, or Doric, or African Pentapolis; 
the Pentapolis of Italy. 
Pentapolitan (pen-ta-pol'i-tan), a. [< L. Pen- 
tapolitamis, < Pentapolis, < Gr. HevrdnoAic, Pen- 
tapolis: see def. and pentapolis.] Pertaining 
to a pentapolis, specifically to the ancient Pen- 
tapolis of Cyrenaica, in northern Africa, a dis- 
trict comprising five leading cities and their 
territories. 
pentapterous (pen-tap'te-rus), a. [< Gr. irfare, 
five, -r TTTep6v, wing, = E. feather.] In bot., hav- 
ing five wings, as certain fruits. 
Pentapterygiit (pen-tap-te-rij'i-I), n.pL [NL., 
< Gr. mvre, five, + Trrepuf (jrrepwy-), wing.] In 
ichth. , an artificial group or series of fishes whose 
fins are five in number. Bloch and Schneider. 
pentaptote (pen'tap-tot), . [< LL. pentapto- 
tum, < Gr. KevTaKTwrav, neut. of Treirdnrurof , hav- 
ing five cases, < Gr. irevTE, five, + TTTOKWP (irrur-), 
a case, < m'Trrai', fall.] In gram., a noun having 
five cases. 
pentaptych (pen'tap-tik), . [< Gr. irevre, five, 
+ VTVXI, jrrt'f (TTTVX-), a fold, < irrvoaeiv, fold, 
double up. Cf. diptych, triptych, etc., and pol- 
icy 2 .] 1. An altarpiece consisting of a cen- 
tral part and double-folding wings on each side. 
Fairholt. 2. A screen of five leaves. 
pentarchy(pen'tar-ki),.;pl.j>efewc7Mes(-kiz). 
[< Gr. nevTapxia, a magistracy of five, < ITCVT?, 
five, + apxq, rule, < apxetv, rule.] 1. A govern- 
ment vested in five persons. 2. A group of five 
rulers, or of five influential persons. 
Those five fair bretheren, which I sung of late, 
For their just number called the pentarchy. 
P. Fletcher, Purple Island, vi. 
3f. Any group of five. 
In an angrye moode I mett old Time, 
With his pentarchye of tenses. 
Old Tom of Bedlam (Percy's Reliques). 
pentasepalous (pen-ta-sep'a-lus), a. [< Gr. 
TTfvrf, five, + NL. sepalum, sepal.] In bot., hav- 
ing five sepals. Often written 5-sepalous. 
pentaspast (pen'ta-spast), n. [< L. pentaspas- 
ton, < Gr. *mvTaaTraaTm>, a tackle or engine with 
five pulleys, < irivre, five, + *cnraoTOf, verbal adj. 
of cirav, draw out or forth : see spasm.] An en- 
gine with five pulleys. Johnson. 
pentaspermous (pen-ta-sper'mus), a. [< Gr. 
irfare, five, + airepfj.a, seed.] In bot., containing 
or having five seeds. 
pentastich (pen'ta-stik), n. [< Gr. rnvraanxoc, 
of five lines or verses, < Kevre, five, + arlxof, a 
row, line.] A composition consisting of five 
lines or verses. 
pentastichous (pen-tas'ti-kus), a. [< Gr. xev- 
Taanxof, in five lines or verses: see pentastich.] 
In bot., five-ranked : in phyllotaxis, noting that 
arrangement in which the leaves are disposed 
upon the stem in five vertical rows or ranks, 
as in the apple-tree, the cones of the American 
larch, etc. It is frequently represented by the fraction 
3 that is, the angular distance from the first to the second 
leaf is 1 of the circumference of the stem (144), and the 
spiral line connecting their points of 
attachment makes two turns around the 
stem, on which six leaves are laid down, 
when the sixth leaf comes over the first. 
See phyllotaxis. 
Pentastoma (pen-tas'to-ma), n. 
[NL., fern, of pentastomus', hav- 
ing five mouths or openings : see 
pentastomous.] A genus of worm- 
like entozpic parasitic organisms 
representing the family Penta- 
stomidx and order Pentasto- 
moidea; the pentastomes, five- 
mouths, or tonguelets : so called 
because of four booklets near 
the mouth, which give, with the 
mouth itself, an appearance of 
five mouths. The genus was formerly .,, 
classed by Rudolphi, its founder, among anterior and pos'te 
the trematoid worms, or flukes but is rior hooks; c, rudi 
now usually referred to the arthropods, ? T, fo'InT 
and placed in the vicinity of the mites or 
of the bear-animalcules (Arctisca). The body is long, an- 
nulated, and vermiform, limbless in the adult, with four 
Pentastoma tie- 
nioides. 
A, male. B, fe- 
male. C, anterior 
end of body : a, b. 
4380 
rudimentary legs in the larva. The sexes are distinct. 
These parasites, of which there are many species, as P. 
tsmioideg, three or four inches long, infest man and va- 
rious other animals, and are sometimes encysted in the 
human liver and lungs. Also PenUtstomum, Pentaxtomux, 
and Linyuatula. 
pentastome (pen'ta-stom), n. [< NL. Pentasto- 
ma, q. v.] A member of the genus Pentastoma. 
Pentastomidffi (pen-ta-stom'i-de), n.pl. [NL., 
< I'entastoma + -idle,.] The family which is 
represented by the genus Pentastoma : same as 
Liitgttatiilidie. 
pentastomoid (pen-tas'to-moid), a. and n. [< 
pentastome + -oid.] I. . Resembling the ge- 
nus Pentastoma. 
II. n. A member of the Pentastomoidea ; a 
pentastome. 
Pentastomoidea (pen"ta-sto-moi'de-a), n. pi. 
[NL., < Pentastoma + -oidea.~\ An order of the 
class Araehmda, represented by the genus Pen- 
tastoma. Also called Linguatulina, Acantho- 
theca, Pentastomida, Pentastomidea. 
pentastomous (pen-tas'to-mus), a. [< NL.^ew- 
tastomus, < Gr. vevrdaroftof, having five mouths or 
openings, < irfare, five, + ar6ua, mouth.] Same 
&$ pentastomoid. 
Pentastomum. Pentastomus (pen-tas'to-mum, 
-mus), n. [NL.: see pentastomous.] Same as 
Pentastoma. 
pentastyle (pen'ta-stil), a. [< Gr. KCVTE, five, 
+ orfwlof, a column: see style*.] In arch., hav- 
ing five columns in front; consisting of five 
columns. 
pentasyllable (pen"ta-si-lab'ik), a. [< Gr. 
;rf vTaavKXafior. , having five syllables, < ircvre, five, 
+ <n>Ua/% syllable : see syllabic.] Having five 
syllables ; composed of five syllables. 
Pentateuch (pen'ta-tuk), . [Formerly Penta- 
teuehes (Minsheu), after OF. Pentateuches (as if 
plural) ; F. Pentateuque, < Uj.'Pentateuchus, Pen- 
tateuchum, < LGr. irevrdTevxoc, consisting of five 
books, % irevTaTv%o<;, so. /ji/if/lof, the five books 
ascribed to Moses, < Gr. irtvre, five, + revxof, 
any implement or utensil, a book, < red^fjv, pre- 
pare, make ready. Of. Heptateuch, etc.] The 
first five books of the Old Testament, regarded 
as a connected group. They are Genesis, Exodus, Le- 
viticns, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Theyrecord the crea- 
tion, the diffusion of peoples, and the formation of the He- 
brew nation and its history through the sojourn in the wil- 
derness. Opinions regarding the authorship of these hooks 
differ greatly. Some scholars believe that they, with the 
book of Joshua, were written substantially by Moses, 
Joshua, and their contemporaries ; others hold that they 
were compiled at a much later period (in part about the 
seventh century B. c., or even in post-exilic times). Sa- 
maritan Pentateuch, a copy of the Pentateuch in the 
Samaritan or ancient Hebrew character, which perhaps 
dates from the seventh century B. c. 
Pentateuchal (pen'ta-tuk-al), a. [< Penta- 
teuch + -al.] Of or pertaining to the Penta- 
teuch. 
pentathlete (pen-tath'let), n. [< Gr. vevraS'Ai/- 
Tr/i;, < irtvro&W, pentathlon : see pentathlon.] In 
class, antiq., a contestant in the pentathlon. 
pentathlon (pen-tath'lon), n. [< Gr. irlvraBtov, 
Ionic irevTaeB^Mv, a contest including five ex- 
ercises (L. quinquertium), < irevre, five, + afftov, 
a contest : see athlete.] In anc. Gr. games, a con- 
test including five separate exercises leaping, 
the foot-race, throwing the discus, throwing the 
spear, and wrestling all of which took place 
between the same contestants, on the same day, 
and in a given order. The winner must have 
been successful in at least three exercises. 
Pentatoma (pen-tat'o-ma), n. [NL. (Olivier, 
1816), < Gr. irivre, five, -(- -rofiof, < rifivetv, ra- 
fielv, cut.] A genus of true bugs, typical of 
the family Pentatomidx, with about 150 widely 
distributed species, some of them known as 
forest-bugs and wood-bugs. 
Pentatomidae (pen-ta-tom'i-de), n. pi. [NL. 
(Stephens, 1829), < Pentatoma + -idee.] A large 
family of Heterop- 
tera, typified by the 
genus Pentatoma, 
containing many 
brilliantly colored 
plant-feeding bugs, 
most of which are 
tropical or subtrop- 
ical. It is represented 
in all parts of the world, 
and the genera are nu- 
merous. The harlequin 
cabbage-bug, Muryan- 
tia fiistrionica, is a well- 
known example. (See 
cabbage-bug.) This ex- 
tensive family has been 
divided into 8 sub- 
families, AmnOummi- 
nee, Edewinte, Pentato- (About twice natural size. 
Pentecostal 
mime, Sciocmnse, Halydina, Phloeinas, Asopinae, and Cyd- 
ninse, when the last is not made a distinct family. Also 
Pentaktmida, Pentatomides, Pentatomites. 
pentatomine (pen-tat'o-min), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to the Pentatominte. 
pentatomoid (pen-tat'o-moid), a. Belated to or 
resembling the Pentatomidse ; belonging to the 
Pentatomoidea, or having their characters. 
Pentatomoidea (pen"ta-to-moi'de-a), n. pi. 
[NL., < Pentatoma + -oidea.] A superfamily 
of Heteroptera, composed of such important 
families as the Cydnidse and Pentatomidee. 
pentatone (pen'ta-ton), . [< Gr. nfVTarovoc, of 
five tones, < rrevre, five, + r6vof, tone.] In an- 
cient and medieval music, an interval contain- 
ing five whole steps that is, an augmented 
sixth. Compare tritone. 
pentatonic (pen-ta-ton'ik), a. [< pentatone + 
-ic.] In music, consisting of five tones; espe- 
cially, pertaining to a pentatonic scale (which 
see, under scale). 
pentatrematoid (pen-ta-trem'a-toid), a. and . 
1. a. Belated to or resembling'the Pentatremi- 
tidse; of, or having the characters of, the Penta- 
tremitidee. 
II. n. Apelmatozoan of the family Pen tatre- 
mitidee or order Blastoidea; a blastoid. 
pentatremite (pen-ta-tre'mit), n. [< NL. Pen- 
tatremites.] A blastoid of the genus Pentatre- 
mites. 
Pentatremites (pen"ta-tre-mi'tez), n. [NL.. 
< Gr. nivre, five, + rpij/ai, a hole.] A leading 
or representative genus of Paleozoic blastoids. 
P.floreatis is an example. Also Pentremites, 
Pentatrematites. 
Pentatremitidae (pen"ta-tre-mit'i-de), n. pi. 
[NL., < Pentatremites -t- -idse.] A family of 
Blastoidea or blastoid pelmatozoans, typified 
by the genus Pentatremites. They are of Paleozoic, 
and especially Carboniferous, age. Very diiferent limits 
have been assigned to the family, (a) By D'Orbigny, 1832, 
It was intended to include all the regular blastoid crinoids. 
(b) By Etheridge and Carpenter it was limited to regular 
blastoids with base usually convex, five spiracles whose dis- 
tal boundary is formed by side plates, and hydrospires con- 
centrated at the lowest part of the radial sinus. 
pentavalent (pen-tav'a-leut), a. [< Gr. mvre, 
five, + L. ralen(t-)s, ppr! of valere, be strong, 
have power: see value.] In chem., capable of 
combining with or saturating five univalent 
elements or radicals : applied both to elements 
and to compound radicals. Thus, in the case of 
phosphoric pentachlorld (PC1 5 ), phosphorus is said to be 
j'i'>itur<ili>,/t, because one atom of phosphorus unites with 
five atoms of univalent chlorin. 
penteconter (pen'te-kon-ter), n. [< Gr. irfmy- 
KovTT)prif, also TtevriiK&vTopof, with fifty oars, < wev- 
rr/Kttvra, fifty, + \/ ap, ep, in eper/iov, an oar : see 
oari.] An ancient Greek ship of burden carry- 
ing fifty oars. 
Pentecost (pen'te-kost), n. [< ME. pentecoste, 
< OF. pentecoste, 'F. pentecdte = Sp. pentecosten 
= Pg. pentecoste, pentecostes = It. pentecosta, 
pentecoste, AS. pentecosten = OS. pentecoston 
(dat.) = OFries. pinkosta, pinxta = D. pink- 
ster, pinksteren (> E. pinkster) = MLG. pinxte, 
pinxter, pinxteren = OHG. "pfingustin (dat.), 
ftnfchustin (simulating flnf = E. five), MHG. 
phingesten, pfingsten, G. pfingsten = Sw. pingst, 
= Dan. pindse, < LL. pentecoste = Goih.painte- 
kuste, < Gr. mvrtiKoaTf/, Pentecost, the fiftieth day 
after the Passover, lit. fiftieth (sc. r,^pa, day), 
< KevTr/Kovra, fifty: see fifty.] 1. In the New 
Testament, a Jewish harvest festival called in 
the Old Testament (Deut. xvi. 10, etc. ) the feast 
of weeks (Hebrew Shabnoth), and observed on 
the fiftieth day after the 14th of Nisan, the 
date of the celebration of the Passover. The 
feast of Pentecost, while primarily connected with the 
celebration of the completion of harvest, by the offering 
of first fruits, etc., seems also to have been associated in 
the minds of the later Jews with the giving of the law on 
the fiftieth day after their departure from Egypt. It al- 
ways precedes the Jewish New Year by 113 days. 
2. The feast of Whitsunday, a festival of the 
Christian church, observed annually in remem- 
brance of the descent of the Holy Ghost upon 
the apostles during the feast of Pentecost. 
Pentecost is the third of the great Christian festivals, the 
other two being Christmas and Easter. It is connected 
with its Jewish predecessor, not only historically (Acts ii. 
1-11), but also intrinsically, because it is regarded as cele- 
brating the first fruits of the Spirit, as the Jewish Pente- 
cost celebrated the first fruits of the earth (Lev. xxiii. 17). 
In the primitive church the term Pentecost was used both 
for Whitsunday and for the whole period of fifty days end- 
ing with Whitsunday. 
Pentecost, day of rejoicing, had come. 
Longfellow, tr. of Tegner's Children of the Lord's Supper. 
Mid-Pentecost Sunday, the fourth Sunday after Easter. 
Pentecostal (pen'te-kos-tal), a. and n. [< LL. 
l>cntecostalis, pertaining to Pentecost, <.ppnte- 
Koste, Pentecost: see Pentecost.] I. n. Of or 
