perier 
perier (per'i-er), n. [< F. perier (see def.).] 
In founding, an iron rod used to hold back the 
scum in the ladle. 1C. H. Knight. 
periergia (per-i-er'ji-jj), . [ML.: seeperiergy.] 
In rhet., same sa periergy . 
Another point of surplusage lieth not so much in super- 
fluitie of your words as of your trauaile to describe the 
matter which yee take in hand, and that ye ouer-labour 
your selfe in your businesse. And therefore the Oreekes 
call it J'erieryia, we call it ouer-labour. 
PvUenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 216. 
periergy (per'i-er-ji), . [< 3L.periergia,< Gr. 
irepiefiyia, over-carefulness, < Trepiepyof, over-care- 
ful/ -epi, around, beyond, + *ipyeiv = E. work.] 
Excessive care or needless effort ; specifically, 
in rhet., a labored or bombastic style. 
periesophageal (per-i-e-so-fa'je-al), a. [< Gr. 
n-epi, around, + NL. (esophagus: see esophageal.] 
Surrounding the esophagus, as the nervous ring 
around the gullet of many invertebrates. 
periesophagitis (per"i-e-sof-a-ji'tis), n. [< Gr. 
irepi, around, + NL. oesophagus, esophagus, + 
-itis.] Inflammation of the areolar tissue around 
the esophagus. 
perifascicular (per"i-f a-sik'u-liir), a. [< Gr. wept, 
around, + L. fasciculus, fascicle : see fascicu- 
lar.] Existing or occurring about a fasciculus. 
perifibral (per-i-fi'bral), a. [< perifibrum + 
-al. ] Pertaining to perifibrum ; containing or 
consisting of perifibrum: as, a perifibral mem- 
brane. A. Hyatt. 
periflbrous (per-i-fi'brus), a. [< perifibrum + 
-ous.] Same as perifibral. 
perifibrum (per-i-fi'brum), n. [NL., < Gr. irepi, 
around, + L. fibra, a fiber: see fiber 1 .] The 
membranous envelop or fibrous covering of the 
skeletal elements of sponges. 
This perifhrum envelopes the spicules as well as the 
fiber. . . . The cells of the perifibrum as observed in Hali- 
chondria and Chalinula were very long, fusiform, and flat. 
A. Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIII. 83. 
perigamilim (per-i-ga'mi-um), n. [NL., < Gr. 
Kepi, around, + ya/iof, marriage.] In mosses, 
an involucre inclosing both male and female 
organs. Compare perigone and perigynium. 
periganglionic (per-i-gang-gli-on'ik), a. [< Gr. 
ire pi, around, + E. ganglion : see ganglionic.] 
Surrounding or investing a ganglion Perigan- 
glionic glands, small connective-tissue capsules contain- 
ing a system of glandular tubes filled with a milky calca- 
reous fluid, found in the ganglia of the spinal nerves of 
certain animals, as the frog. Also called crystal captrules 
and calcareous sacs. 
perigastric (per-i-gas'trik), a. [< Gr. irepi, 
around, + -j-aaryp (yaaTp-), stomach: see gaster^, 
gastric.] Surrounding the alimentary canal; 
perienteric; perivisceral : as, the perigastric 
space of a polyzoan, corresponding to the ab- 
dominal cavity of a vertebrate ; the perigastric 
fluid. 
perigastritis (per-i-gas-tri'tis), . [NL., < Gr. 
irepi, around, + yaarijp (-yaarp-), stomach, + -itis.] 
Inflammation of the peritoneal coat of the sto- 
mach. Also called exogastritis. 
perigastrula (per-i-gas'trij-la), n.; pi. perigas- 
trulse (-le). [NL., < Gr. irepi, around, + NL. gas- 
trula, q. v.] In embryol., that form of metagas- 
trula, or kenogenetic gastrula, which results 
from surface-cleavage of the egg, or superficial 
segmentation of the vitellus. Also called blad- 
der-gastrula. 
Surface cleavage results in a bladder-gastrula (perigas- 
trula), . . . the usual form among articulated animals 
(spiders, crabs, insects, etc.). 
Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), I. 200. 
perigastnilar (per-i-gas'tro-lar), a. [< peri- 
gastrula + -or 8 .] Pertaining'to or having the 
character of a perigastrula or perigastrulation. 
perigastrulation (per-i-gas-tro-la'shon), n. [< 
perigastrula + -ation.] The formation of a 
perigastrula; the state of being perigastrular. 
perigean (per-i-je'an), a. [< perigee + -an.] 
Pertaining to the perigee ; occurring when the 
moon is in her perigee. 
The accelerated perigean tides give rise to a retarding 
force, and decrease the apogean distance. 
Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 378. 
perigee (per'i-je), . [= F. perigee = Sp. Pg. 
It. perigeo, < NL. perigeum (cf. Gr. Trepiyeiof, 
around the earth), < Gr. irspi, near, around, + 
n, the earth. Cf . apogee.] That point of the 
moon's orbit which is nearest to the earth: when 
the moon has arrived at this point, she is said 
to be in her perigee. Formerly used also for the 
corresponding point in the orbit of any heavenly body. 
See apogee. Also called epigee, epigeum. 
perigenesis (per-i-jen'e-sis), n. [< Gr. wept, 
around, + E. genesis.] Wave-generation; a 
dynamic theory of generation which assumes 
that reproduction is effected by a kind of wave- 
4398 
motion or rhythmical pulsation of plastidules. 
See the quotations. 
H&eckeVB perigenesis is, when separated from his rhetoric, 
the substitution of rhythmical vibrations for the different 
kinds of gemmules. Science, VIII. 183. 
The Dynamic Theory of reproduction 1 proposed in 1871, 
and it has been since adopted by Haeckel under the name 
of periijenesis. E. D. Cape, Origin of the Fittest, p. 229. 
periglottic (per-i-glot'ik), a. [< Gr.trepi, around, 
+ jAiirra, j/.aaaa, tongue, + -ic.] Situated 
about the base of the epiglottis: as, periglottic 
glands. 
periglottis (per-i-glot'is), n. [NL., taken in 
lit. sense of 'something about the tongue,' < 
Gr. 7rep<y/tajm'f , a covering of the tongue, < Ttipi, 
around, about, + yAtirra, y'/.uoaa, tongue: see 
glottis.] The epidermis of the tongue. 
perignathic (per-ig-nath'ik), a. [NL., < Gr. 
Trepi, around, + yxdfof, jaw : see gnathic.] Sur- 
rounding the jaws (of an echinoderm) : as, the 
perignathic girdle (the structures which pro- 
tract and retract the jaws of sea-urchins). M. 
Duncan, 1885. 
perigon (per'i-gon), n. [< Gr. mpi, around, + 
yuvia, a corner, angle.] An angular quantity 
of 360, or four right angles. 
perigonal 1 (pe-rig'o-nal), a. [< perigonium + 
-al.] Same as perigonial. W. B. Carpenter, 
Micros., $ 339. 
perigonal 2 (pe-rig'o-nal), a. [< perigon + -al.] 
In cliartography, preserving the angles as near- 
ly as possible under the condition of preserving 
the relative areas exactly. 
perigone (per'i-gon), . [= F. perigone, < NL. 
perigonium, < Gr. irepi, around, + yovfi, seed, 
generation, < yeveaBat, produce.] In hot., same 
as perianth, but also, specifically, the circle of 
leaves surrounding the autheridia of certain 
mosses. Also perigoniwm. 
perigonial (per-i-go'ni-al), a. [< NL. perigo- 
nium, perigone, + -al.] In bot., of or belonging 
to the perigone : as, the perigonial leaves of a 
moss or liverwort. 
perigonium (per-i-go'ni-um), n.; pi. perigonia 
(-a). [NL.: see perigone.] 1. In Hydrtrida, a 
sac formed by the more external parts of the 
gonophore. 
Shortly after arrival in the sedentary gonophore, whe- 
ther this be a medusoid or a simple sporosac, the sexual 
elements egg-cells or spermatozoa are found accumu- 
lated around the spadix, where they are retained by the 
perigonium. . . . The perigonium on the sporosac con- 
sists simply of the ectodermal coat, which, before the in- 
tervention of the sexual cells, lay close upon the spadix, 
while in the medusoid it consists not only of this coat 
but of layers which correspond to those which form the 
umbrella of a medusa. 
G. J. Allman, Challenger Report on Hydroida, XXIII. 
[11. p. xxxv. 
2. In bot., same as perigone. 
See pi* 1 . 
, perijonrdine (per-i-gor'din, 
[So called from Perigord, a f ormer 
province of France.] 1. A country-dance used 
in Perigord: it is usually accompanied by sing- 
ing. 2. Music for such a dance, or in its 
rhythm, which is triple and quick. 
perigraph (per'i-graf ), n. [< Gr. jrepi-ypa^f/, a line 
drawn round, an outline, sketch, < Tteptypatyeiv, 
< nepi, around, + ypaipav, write.] 1. A care- 
less or inaccurate delineation of anything. 
2f. In anat., the white lines or fibrous impres- 
sions on the straight muscle of the abdomen, 
resulting from tendinous intersections. They 
are now called the linea alba and linese semilu- 
nares or transversee of the rectus abdominis. 
perigraphic (per-i-graf 'ik), a. [< perigraph + 
-ic.] Pertaining to or of the nature of a peri- 
graph (in sense 1). 
perigyne (per'i-jln), n. [< NL. perigynium.] In 
bot., same as perigynium. 
perigynium (per-i-jin'i-um), n.; pi. perigynia 
(-a). [NL., < Gr. irepi, about, + ywr), a female 
(in mod. bot. a pistil).] 
In bot., the hypogynous 
bristles, scales, or a more 
or less inflated sac, which 
surround the pistil in many 
Cyperacex. The perigynium, 
more or less in the form of a sac, 
is especially characteristic of the 
genus Carex. The term is also 
applied in the mosses and flepa- 
ticse to the special envelop of the 
archegonia. 
perigynous (pe-rij'i-nus), 
a. [=F.nerigyne = It.pe- 
rii/inti. < Gr. irepi, about, + 
yvvn, female (in mod. bot. 
pistil). Cf. epigynovs.] 
Orbit of Planet. 
S, sun! /. perihelion ; a, aphelion. 
Perigynium of Carex lu- 
pulina. a, the same laid 
open, showing the caryop- 
sis within. 
In bot., surround- 
ing the pistil: specifically applied to a flower 
peril 
in which there is a tubular ring or sheath sur- 
rounding the pistil and upon which the vari- 
ous parts of the flower are inserted. This ring 
or sheath may be produced by the continued marginal 
growth of the broad flower-axis after its apex has ceased 
to grow, or by the evident adnation of the various parts. 
This adnation may be merely the union of petals and sta- 
mens to the calyx, the calyx remaining hypogynous, or 
it may involve the adnation of the calyx, with the other 
organs, to the lower part of the ovary, or nearly to the 
summit of the ovary, while the petals and stamens may 
be still further adnate to the calyx. Perigynous In- 
sertion. See insertion. 
perigyny(pe-rij'i-ni),H. [<perigyn-ou8 + -y.] In 
bot., the state or condition of being perigynous. 
perihelion, perihelium (per-i-he'li-on, -um), .; 
pi. perihelia (-a). [< F.perilwlie = Sp. Pg. perihe- 
lia = It.perielio, < 
N~L.periheli/it, < 
Gr. irepi, around, 
near, + jjtaof, the 
sun: see heliac. 
Cf. aphelion.] 
That point of the 
orbit of a planet 
or comet in which 
it is at its least 
distance from 
the sun: opposed 
to aphelion, it is 
that extremity of the major axis of the orbit which is near- 
est to that focus in which the sun is placed ; when a planet 
is in this point it is said to be in its perihelion. 
perihelioned (per-i-he'li-ond), a. [< perihelion 
+ -e<i 2 .] Having, as a planet or comet, passed 
its perihelion. 
perihepatic (per"i-he-pat'ik), a. [< Gr. irepi, 
around, + r/irap (i/irar-), the liver: see hepatic.] 
Surrounding the liver: noting the fibrous con- 
nective tissue which invests and, as the capsule 
of Glisson, penetrates that organ to invest the 
different divisions of hepatic substance proper. 
perihepatitis (per-i-hep-a-ti'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. 
irepi, around, + ffirap (faar-), liver, + -itis. Cf. 
hepatitis.] Inflammation of the serous cover- 
ing of the liver. 
perihennenial (per-i-her-me'ni-al), a. [< Gr. 
irepij about, + epprfveia, interpretation, < ipfnfvev- 
eiv, interpret.] Pertaining to the subject or con- 
tents of Aristotle's treatise Tlepl 'Ep/u/vciaf, ' of 
interpretation' that is to say, to the logical 
forms of propositions. Aristotle's doctrine in this 
book does not precisely agree with that of his "Ana- 
lytics," and is called perihennenial doctrine. 
peri.jourdine, n. See periyourdine. 
perijove (per'i-jov), . [< Gr. irepi, around, 
near, + L. Jovis, Jupiter : see Jove.] The point 
in the orbit of any one of Jupiter's satellites 
where it comes nearest to the planet. 
perikephalaia, perikephalaion (per-i-kef-a- 
dei!.), < irepi, around, about, + netjaAi], the head.] 
In Gr. archseol., a covering for the entire head, 
as a helmet, or a head-dress of the nature of the 
kekryphalos or kerchief entirely inclosing the 
hair. 
peril (per'il), n. [Early mod. E. perill, perrill, 
parel, parrell; < ME. peril, peryle, penile, pe- 
rele,pereile,perel,paril,parel,parell,< OF. peril, 
F. peril = Pr. peril, perilh = Sp. pcligro, OSp. 
periglo = Pg. perigo = It. peri</lio,periclo, peri- 
colo,periculo = MD. perijkel (E. obs. pericle),< L. 
periculum, periclum, a trial, experiment, test, 
essay, etc., also risk, danger,< "periri, try (peri- 
tus, tried, experienced); cf. Gr. ireipav, try, E. 
/are 1 .] 1. Danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy; 
exposure of person or property to injury, loss, 
or destruction. 
And therfore, alle be it that men ban grettre chep in the 
Yle of Prestre John, natheles men dreden the longe wey 
and the grete periles in the See, in the parties. 
Manderille, Travels, p. 270. 
They vse their peeces to fowle for pleasure, others their 
Caliuers for feare of perrill. 
Lulu, Euphues and his England, p. 468. 
To smile at 'scapes and perils overblown. 
Shak., T. of the S., v. 2. 3. 
Since he will be 
An ass against the hair, at his own peril 
Be it. Beau, and Fl., Coxcomb, iv. 6. 
The rest 
Spake but of sundry perils in the storm. 
Tennyson, Holy Grail. 
2. In law, a source of danger; a possible casu- 
alty contemplated as the cause of loss or injury. 
Perils of the sea, risks peculiarly incident to navi- 
gation, and particularly from wind or weather, the state 
of the ocean, and rocks or shores. Against dangers of this 
class the carrier does not insure the shipper. 
The words perils of the sea embrace all kinds of marine 
casualties, such as shipwreck, foundering, stranding, etc., 
and every species of damage t> the ship or goods ut sea by 
the violent and immediate action of the winds and waves, 
