peritoneum 
3. In t'iiti>ni. . (he (inter mill of the digestive 
lube of tin insect. 
peritonitic (per'i-to-nil 'ik), <>. [<periti>nit-is + 
-it:'] Of, pertaining t<>. of the nature of, or 
affected with peritonitis: as, peritonitic adhe- 
sions. 
peritonitis (per'i-to-m'tis), . [NL., < perito- 
iii mi/ + -i/ix.] [iillainiuation of the peritoneum. 
It may exist either as an acute or as a chronic disc-am-, 
and may !>< local nr general. Acute diffuse or general 
piTjt.initis was formerly often called inflammation o/ the 
boicel, involving some confusion with the much less seri- 
ous disease enteritis. The causes of acute diffuse t-ritn i 
tis are various and often obscure. Cellular peritoni- 
tis, peritonitis in which there is simply a hypcrplasia of 
the ernlothflial cells of the peritoneum. Hemorrhaglc 
Peritonitis, peritonitis with snngulmilunt effusion, as for 
instance, in some cases of tubercular peritonitis. Pelvic 
peritonitis. See pelvic. Peritonitis chronlca adhe- 
siva, chronic peritonitis with the formation of adhesion:) 
between the intestine and .the walls of the body cavity or 
other organs, or between different parts of the Intestine. 
Peritonitis chronica hemorrhaglca. peritonitis with 
the formation of a false membrane, with thin-walled blood- 
vessels giving rise to hemorrhages between Its layers: 
similar to pachymeningitis hemorrhagica. Peritonitis 
deformans, chronic peritonitis producing, by the con- 
tractions of newly formed tissue, distortions of the ali- 
mentary canal, mesentery, and omentiiin. Peritonitis 
nbrino-purulenta, peritonitis with effusion of congeala- 
ble lymph, with more or less of pus. Septic peritoni- 
tis, peritonitis with foul-smelling effusion, as may oc- 
cur in peritonitis from intestinal perforation and in puer- 
peral peritonitis. Tubercular peritonitis, tubercular 
intlainmation of the peritoneum. 
peritracheal (per-i-tra'kf-al), a. [< Gr. irepi, 
around, + rpa^eia, trachea: see trachea!.] Sur- 
rounding the trachea of an insect. perltracheal 
circulation, the circulation of blood between the loose 
peritoneal envelop and the trachea proper. Blanchard 
and other anatomists have believed that they could trace 
such a circulation In Insects. 
peritrema (per-i-tre'ma), n. ; pi. peritremata 
(-ma-ta). [NL. : see peritreme. \ Same as j>m'- 
Iri-me. 
peritrematous (per-i-trem'a-tus), a. [< NL. 
I a ritrema(t-) + -ous.~) 1. Surrounding a hole, 
as the sclerite or peritreme of the spiracle of 
an insect; of or pertaining to a peritreme. 2. 
Surrounding the aperture of a univalve shell. 
peritreme (per'i-trem), n. [< NL. peritrema, < 
(Jr. irtpi, around, + Tpfj/jui, a hole.] 1. In en- 
tuiii., a small circular sclerite, or ring of hard 
chitinized integument, often surrounding the 
spiracle or breathing-hole of an insect. 2. In 
fniifh., the circumference of the aperture of a 
univalve ; a peristome. 
The mouth or peritreme of the [snail- Jshell overlies the 
thickened anterior border of the pulmonary sac. 
Huxley and Martin, Elementary Biology, p. 274. 
Peritricha (pe-rit'ri-ka), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. 
of "peritriehus : see peritricnous.} An order of 
ciliate Infusoria, containing those which have 
a zone of cilia about the bodv. These animalcules 
are free-swimming or attached, solitary or united in social 
colonies, often in the latter Instance forming branched 
tree-like growths ; they have the oral aperture terminal 
or subtermlnal ; ciliary system consisting of an anterior, 
circular or spiral, adoral wreath with occasionally one or 
more supplementary equatorial or posteroterminal loco- 
motive circlets, the remaining cuticular surface entirely 
smooth. In those Instances in which the adoral wreath 
takes a spiral form the right limb is more usually Invo- 
lute and descending into the oral fossa. The anal aper- 
ture is posteriorly located or debouching upon the ves- 
tibular or oral fossa. The endoplast is mostly elongate, 
band-like. These Infusorians multiply by longitudinal or 
transverse fission. There are eight or ten families, all free 
excepting the VorticeUidee. See cut under Vortieella. 
peritrichan (pe-rit'ri-kan), n. [< Peritricha^ 
+ -an.~\ A free-swimming animalcule of the 
order Peritricha. 
peritrichous (pe-rit'ri-kus), a. [< NL. "peri- 
trichus, < Gr. irepi, around, + flp/f (rptx-), a hair.] 
Having a zone of cilia around the body ; of or 
pertaining to the Peritricha. See cut under 
I tn'ticella. 
peritroch (per'i-trok), n. [< LGr. nepiTp6xu>v, 
a wheel revolving round an axle, < Gr, irepi, 
around, + rpo^Af, a wheel, a runner, < rpexetv, 
run.] 1. A circlet of cilia, as that of a rotifer. 
2. That which has such a circlet, as a cili- 
ated embrvo. 
peritrochal (per'i-tr6-kal) ; a. [< peritroch + 
-/.] Pertaining to a peritroch, or having its 
character. 
peritrochiumt (per-i-tro'ki-um), n. [NL. : see 
prritrocli.'} A wheel fixed upon an axle so as 
to turn along with it, constituting one of the 
mechanical powers called the wheel and axle. 
See irln-il. 
peritropal (pe-rit'ro-pal), a. [< Gr. irfpirpoirof, 
turned round (see {MrUNWOW), + -?.] 1. Ro- 
tatory; circuitous. 2. Same as peritropous. 
peritropOUS (pe-rit'ro-pus), n. [< Gr. irepirpoirof, 
turned round, < mpl, around, + Tpcircu', turn.1 
277 
I in;, 
In lint., horizontal in the pericarp, as a si.-, I; 
also, huvingthe radicle pointing toward the side 
of the pericarp, as tin embryo. [Hare.] 
peritypnlitic (per'i-tif-lit'ik), . [< XL. /;/ 
h/lili/iti.* + -/.) Pertaining to, of the nature of, 
or accompanied by perityphlitis; affected with 
perityphlitix. 
perityphlitis (per'i-tif-li'tis), M. [NL., < Gr. 
trtpi, around, + ru^/ioY, blind (with ref. to the 
caecum or blind gut), + -itiy.~] 1. Inflammation 
of the caecum, appendix, and connective tissue 
behind the ctecum. 2. Inflammation of the 
peritoneum covering the caecum and appendix. 
periuterine (per-i-u'te-rin), a. [< Gr. irepi. 
around, + L. uterus, the womb: see t>-r<m-.\ 
Surrounding the uterus; situated or located 
about the. uterus; perimetral: as, periuterine in- 
flammation. 
perivascular (per-i-vas'ku-lar), a. [< Gr. mpi, 
around, -t- L. vasculum, a small vessel : see vascu- 
lar."] Surrounding a vascular structure, as a 
blood-vessel ; inclosing or containing an artery 
or a vein : as, a periraxmlar network of sympa- 
thetic nervous filaments about an artery. Peri- 
vascular canals, the canals formed by perivascular 
sheaths. Perivascular lymphatic, a lymphatic vessel 
or plexus when it I nsheathcs, partially or wholly, a vein or 
an artery. Perivascular sheath, the sheath composed 
of pial tissue, formlnga canal about the vessels In the brain. 
Pert vascular spaces, lymph-spaces between the mid- 
dle and outer coats of an artery. 
perivasculitis (per-i-vas-ku-li'tis), n. [NL.,< 
Gr. irepi, around, + L. vasculum, a small ves- 
sel, + -Mi*.] Inflammation of a perivascular 
sheath. 
perivlsceral (per-i-vis'e-ral), a. [< Gr. irepi, 
around, + L. viscera, entrails: see visceral.] 
Surrounding and containing viscera, as a cav- 
ity ; perienteric ; cffilomatic : chiefly said of the 
large or general body-cavity, called theperivis- 
ceral cavity or space, in which are contained the 
alimentary canal and its appendages. See cut 
under Actinozoa Perivisceral cavity. See the 
quotation. 
What la called a periuinceral cavity may be one of four 
things: 1. A cavity within the meeoblast, more or less 
representing the primitive blastocoele. 2. A divertlculuin 
of the digestive cavity, which has become shut off from 
that cavity (enteroccele). 3. A solid outgrowth, represent- 
ing such a divertlculum.ln which the cavity appears only 
late (modified enterocoele, or schizocaele). 4. A cavity 
formed by invaglnatlon of the ectoderm (eplccele). And 
whether any given perivigceral cavity belongs to one or 
other of these types can only be determined by working 
out its development. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 644. 
peri venous (per-i-ve'nus), a. [< Gr. Kepi, 
around, + L. vena, a vein: see venous.'] Sur- 
rounding or investing a vein : as, inflammation 
of the perircnous tissue (that is, periphlebitis). 
perivitelline (per'i-vi-tel'in), a . [< Gr. irepi, 
around, + L. vitellus, yolk.] Surrounding the 
vitellus: as, the periritelline space (the space 
between the vitellus and the zona pellucida, 
caused by a shrinking of the former). 
periwickt, An obsolete form ot periwig. 
periwig (per'i- wig), n. [Formerly also perriwig, 
perrewig, pereicig, peruwig, periwick, periwinke, 
perewake (these forms having peri-, pere- for 
per-, appar. by association with peri-, the pre- 
fix (cf . periwinkle^-, peritcinkle%, where also pen- 
is simulated); earlier perwig, perwigge, perwick, 
perwicke, pirwike, in earliest instance perwyke; 
an altered form (with wi for .) of peruke, < OF. 
peruque, perruque, perrucque, P. perruque, a 
peruke, wig: see peruke. The alteration evi- 
dently took place in E., in simulation of the 
F. pron., and could hardly Be due to D. peruyk 
(Sewel), as Skeat explains it. The D. form at 
the time in question was perruycke, perhuycke 
(Eilian). Similar interchange of wi () and u 
appears in the history of cubeb (ME. quibibe, 
etc.), cushion (ME. quisshen, etc.), cud and quid 
(AS. cudu, cwidu), quick (AS. cwicu, cucu), etc. 
From periwig, regarded appar. as < peri- + "wig, 
as something put 'around' the head, was de- 
rived, by omission of the supposed prefix, or by 
mere abbreviation (as in bus for omnibus, van 
for caravan, etc.), the form wig : see wig.] 1. 
Same nspernh: 
A pervyke for Sexton, the King's fool. 
Privy Purse Expentei of Henry VIII., Dec., 1529. 
\(FairhoU.) 
Sometimes like a periiritj 
I sit upon her brow. Manatee, Fanstus, li. 2. 
I warrant you, I warrant you, you shall see mee proove 
the very pereurig to cover the balde pate of brainelesse 
gentilltle. Marston, Antonio and Mellida, Ind., p. 3. 
The Janizaries went first ; then the two dragomen, or 
interpreters; after them the consul in the Turkish dress, 
having on a purple ferljee, or gown of ceremony, but with 
a perriirig and hat. 
Pocockr, Description of the East, II. I. 102. 
perjenete 
2f. In fool., a periwinkle. 
The luscious Lobster with the Crahflsh raw, 
The British Oyster, Muscle, I'erimn. 
. . . The Peritriy lies In the Oase [ooze] like a head of 
hair, which being touched, draws back it self, leaving no- 
thing but a small i-mmd hnl. 
.V. Clarke, Four chiefest Plantations (1670^ pp. 87, 38. 
periwig (pcr'i-wig), r. t.; jpret. and pp. juriiri,/- 
!/ril, ppr. iM-riiriijijing. [Formerly also perri- 
f'fft penrig, from the noun. Cf . peruke, r.] To 
ilrcss withaperiwig; hence, to put a head-dress 
upon; cover or dress the head of. [Bare.] 
Having by much dress, and secrecy, and dissimulation, 
as It were, jirriwigy'd his sin and covered his shame, he 
looks after no other Innocence but concealment. 
South, Sermons, VIII. I. 
There (conies) the periwigged and brocaded gentleman 
of the artist's legend. Hawthorne, Seven (j allies, xvili. 
periwig-pated (per'i-wig-pa'ted), a. Wearing 
a periwig or peruke. 
O, It offends me to the soul to hear a robustious periwig- 
IMteil fellow tear a passion to tatters to very rags. 
Shai., Hamlet, lu. 2. 10. 
periwinket, An obsolete form of periwig. 
Ills bonnet vaiTd, 'ere ever he could thinke, 
Th unruly wlndo blows off his perivinlce. 
Bp. Halt, Satires, III. v. 12. 
periwinkle 1 (per'i-wing-kl). . [Formerly also 
perwinklc,perwinde; < M.K.pencynke,partrynke, 
pervynke, pervenkc, parrenke, < AS. pervincte, 
vervince, late AS. perrenke = F. pervenche = 
Bp. Pg. It. nervinca, < li.pervinea, earlier tiiica 
pervinca, also written as one word rincaper- 
finca, ML. also pervenca, a plant, periwinkle ; a 
peculiarly formed name, appar. < *vinca, a twist 
(< rineire, bind), + per, through, + 'vinca, a 
twist.] A plant of the genus Vinca, most of- 
ten one or other of the familiar garden species, 
V. major, the larger, and V. minor, the lesser 
periwinkle. These are natives of southern Europe, trail- 
ing plants with deep-colored evergreen leaves and blue 
flowers, In V. minor varying to white often known as 
myrtle*. The small species to the more hardy, and hence 
the more common northward. V. herbacea, another Euro- 
pean species, differs from these In that its tops die down 
annually. ('. rotea, sometimes called Madagascar peri- 
winkle though natlveof tropical America, Is an erect plant 
with continuously blooming showy rose-purple or white 
flowers, excellent for bedding or In the greenhouse. 
The prlmerole he passeth, the panenke of pris. 
With allsaundre thare-to, ache and anys. 
MS. Harl. 2263, t 63. (HaUiwell.) 
Through primrose tufts, in that sweet bower, 
The perimnkle trailed its wreaths. 
Wordtworth, Lines Written in Early Spring. 
periwinkle 2 (per'i-wiug-kl), n. [Earlymod. E. 
also periwincle, periwynkle, periwinkil, periicinkf, 
perewincle; no ME. form found ; commonly re- 
ferred to AS. "pinewincle or "mnewincla, found 
only in pi. pinewinclan, in the ML. glosses, " tor- 
niculi, pinewinclan," sea-snails (Wright's Voc., 
ed. WUlcker,94, 14), "chelip, testudo,uel marina 
gugalia, slesnffil ['sea-snail'] uel pinewinclan" 
(id., 122, 23) ; but according to the entry in Bos- 
worth (ed. Toller), pinewinclan is here an error 
for winewinclan (due to the frequent confusion 
of the AS. p and w, which are very much alike 
in the manuscripts) ; the first element in pine- 
winclan or winewinclan is uncertain; the second, 
wincle, appears as E. winkle: see winkle. Wedg- 
wood, referring to the equivalent dial, name 
pennywinkle and pinpatch, explains periwinkle 
or the supposed AS. pinewincle as "pinwinkle, 
or winkle that is eaten by help of a pin used in 
pulling it out of the shell." For this there is 
no evidence. The form seems to be corrupt. 
Cf. periwinkle 1 , periwig.] 1. A kind of sea- 
snail; any member of the family Littorinith?, 
and especially of the genus Littorina. See cuts 
under Littorina and Littorinidee. 
And white sand like honre-glasse sand, and sometimes 
periwinldet, or small shelles. BaUuyt'i Voyages, III. 619. 
The periwincle, prawn, the cockle, and the shrimp. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. 180. 
2. One of several large whelks or conch-shells, 
as Busycon (Fulgur) carica, Sycotypus canalicula- 
tus, and various species of Purpura, as P. os- 
trina, P. lapillus, P. floridana : commonly called 
winkles or wrinkles. They are pests in the oys- 
ter-beds. [U. 8.] 
perizonium (per-i-zo'ni-um), n.; pi. perizonia 
(-a). [NL., < Gr. irepl, around, 4- C"""/, girdle.] 
In Diatomaceee, the thin non-silicious mem- 
brane of a young auxospore. Goebel. 
perjenetet, . [ME., also pereionette, < F. poire 
ji n iii-tte, a young pear-tree: poire, < L. pirutn 
(see pearl) ; jeunette, fern. dim. ofjevne, <l,.ju- 
iH, young: seejuvenile.] A young pear-tree. 
Rhe was ful moore bllsfnl on to se 
Than is the newe ptreionette tree. 
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, L 62. 
