pharmacological 
pharmacological (far'ma-ko-loj'i-kal), ii. \< 
pli<ii-miii-i>ln<i-i/ + -ir-al.} Of <ir pertaining 
to phiirinaciiliigy : as, fSafmOOolofficai experi- 
ments. 
rhiirinaaitiiuical consideration* certainly rendi-r the 
practical identity of the two solutions very probable. 
l.,lm;l. \,,. :;lll, p. -.III). 
pharmacologist (lar-ma-kiil'ii-jist), n. [= Sp. 
t'liriiuH'iiliiiiixtu = I'g- pKarmacologifta : as /ilnn- 
iiiiii-iilni/-!/ + -/'.</. I ( (ni 1 skilled iii pharmacology. 
pharmacology (t'iir-ma-kol'o-ji), n. [= F. phur- 
nii/i'iiiiii/ii Sp. It. farmacologia = I'g. pluirnin- 
drtig, medicine, 4- -/iojm,< '/.iyr.iv, speak : see -<>/- 
i/i/.} 1. The sum of scientific knowledge con- 
cerning drugs, including (a) pharmacy, or the 
art of preparing drugs, and (l>) pharmacody- 
namics, what is known concerning their act inn. 
2. More specifically, same as phiirnntroili/- 
pharmacomaniacal (fiir ma-ko-niij-ni'a-kal), 
ii. [< (if. ipap/inkin', a drug, medicine. + /tavia, 
madness: see inmiiai; iiiiiniiicul.'] Kxeessively 
or irrationally fond of the use or trial of drugs. 
pharmacomathy (far-ma-koin'a-tlii).. (<<!]. 
i.Hi/iinik'n-, a drug, medicine, + -/uillin, < /mllm; 
iiin'thii'tti; learn.] Same as /iliiirmncognosticg. 
pharmacon (filr'ma-kon), M. NL. (> It. far- 
mum = Sp. fdrmaco), < Gr. ijxip/janov, a drug, 
whether healing or noxious, a healing drug, a 
medicine', remedy, a potion, charm, spell, a 
deadly drug, poison, a dye, color, etc.] A 
drug: a medicine. Also phtirmaniiii. 
pharmacopoeia (far*ma-ko-pe'iii), n. [= F. 
pharmacoiMT = Sp. It. fttrmttOOpea = Pg.phiir- 
iiini'iijiiii, pliiiruiiiropria, < NL. pharmacopoeia, < 
Gr. Qapiuuumotia, the art of preparing drugs, < 
<f*itiiinKoiroi6f, one who prepares drugs, < <pap/MKof, 
a drug, medicine, + TTUIC'IV, make.] 1. A book 
of formula) or directions for the preparation, 
etc.. of medicines, generally published by au- 
thorit V. The United States Pharmacopoeia Is revised de- 
ccnnlaUy by delegates in national convention, not more 
than three each from incorporated medical colleges, incor- 
porated colleges of pharmacy, Incorporated pharmaceuti- 
cal societies, the American Medical Association, and the 
American Pharmaceutical Association, and not exceeding 
three each appointed by the surgeon general of the army, 
the surgeon-general of the navy, and the surgeon-general 
of the Marine Hospital. This convention met last in 
Washington in May, ISflO. 
2f. A chemical laboratory. 
pharmacopoeial (far'ma-ko-pe'ia)), a. [< phar- 
uiiicopii'ia + -flZ.] Of or pertaining to a phar- 
macopoeia; made or prepared according to the 
formula of the pharmacopoeia: as, phariiiaco- 
pii'iiil preparations; a pharmacopariat solution. 
pharmacopolist (far-ma-kop'o-hst), . [= Pg. 
pharmaropoKsta; cf. Y.pharmacopole^&p.far- 
iHin-opolii = Pg. plian>iacopola=lt. farmacopoln, 
< L. pharmacopeia, < Gr. tyapfuiKtmuHr/i;, one who 
sells drugs, an apothecary, < itiapfiaKov, a drug, + 
TruAriv, sell.] A dealer in drugs or medicines; 
an apothecary. 
No pharmacopolist could sell one grain of hellebore. 
Sterne, Sentimental Journey. 
The phannacopolisl . . . compounds the drugs after 
the order of the mediciner. Scott, Abbot, xxxii. 
pharmacosiderite (far'ma-ko-sid'e-rit), n. [= 
F. pharmacosiderite, (. Gr. <tuip/ianor, a drug, + 
niHi/pof, iron: see siderite.] A hydrous arseui- 
ate of iron: same as cube-ore. 
pharmacum (far'ma-kum), n. Same as phar- 
pharmacy (far'ma-si), n. ; p\. pharmacies (-siz). 
[< MK. Jcrmacyc^ OF. J'armacic, F. pharmacic 
= Sp. It. farmacia = Pg. plniriinicia, < Gr. <t>ap- 
/mKFia, the use of drugs or medicines, pharmacy, 
< tap/uuctixiv, use drugs, < Qapfianov, a drug, med- 
icine: see jiliitriinicfiii.] 1. The art or practice 
of preparing, preserving, and compounding 
medicines, and of dispensing them according 
to the formulae or prescriptions of medical 
practitioners. 
Each dose the goddess weighs with watchful eye; 
So nice her art in impious pharitwci/ ! 
Garth.tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xiv. 
Their pain soft arts of pharmacy can ease, 
Thy breast alone no lenitives appease. 
Pope, Iliad, xvi. 38. 
2. The occupation 
of an apothecary 
or pharmaceutical 
chemist. 3. A place 
where medicines are 
prepared and dis- 
pensed; a drug-store: 
an apothecary's shop. 
Pharmacy 'Act, an 
English statute of 1868 
(31 and :tl! Viet., C. 121^ Pharmacy Jars. i?th century 
27!) 
4437 
amended 1869(32 and S3 Viet., c. 117). regulating the sale 
..f p.iin.m. Pharmacy Jars, a mime given to vases ..f 
majoliea anil like ware* made for use in dispensai ies uf con 
veil Is anil siniilal- phai niaei ntical establishments in Italy, 
the south of Prance, ami elsewhere, and painted with the 
ii M f the drng for which the jar was intended. Vases 
nf lln- fi'ini ealleil nUmn-lln were used for this purpose, 
am! a pili lier-shaped jar with handle anil spout was also 
en ion. See cut in preceding column. 
Pharnaceum (far-na-se'ura), n. [NL. (Lin- 
nii'iis, 17~>:t), cf. L. piiiiriiiii-inii, < Gr. QapviiM'ot . 
a certain plant, a species of panax, so named, 
according to I'liny, from Phaniaces n. (Gr. Qap- 
vdKr/f), son of Mithridates the Great, and King 
of Pontus or of Bosporus.] An apetalous ge- 
nus of the order l''iroiili-tr and tribe Miillui/int;i', 
characterized by the lacerate or lobod stipules, 
live sepals, and stamens, styles, and carpels 
usually three to five. Theiespeclcsarcmainly South 
African. They are low herbs, erect or spreading, with al- 
ternate or almost whorled leaves, often bristle-hearing at 
Die apex, and cluster* of small white, greenish, or pur 
pllsh (lowers. Some species are cultivated for the flowers, 
and /'. ti<-i>luni, the Umgwood samphire of St. Helena, 
yields an acid salad from its crowded succulent leaves. 
pnaro',''. See. /'/. 
pharo-t, Same axpharog. 
pharoht, . [Ct.lr.faram, noise (f).] A shout 
or war-cry of Irish soldiers. Darii:*. 
That barbarous Pharoh and outcry of the Soldiers, which 
with great straining of their voice they use to set up 
when they Joine battaile. Holland, tr. of Camden, II. 76. 
pharology (fa-roro-ji), n. [< Gr. ^Apof (see 
plmrox) + -Atryla. < Mytiv, say: see -ology.] The 
art or science of directing the course of ships 
by means of light-signals from the shore. 
Pharomacrus (fa-rom'a-knis), n. [NL. (De La 
Llave, 1832), < G'r.^dpof(f), a lighthouse, + //o- 
tspof, long.] A genus of trogons: same as < 'uln- 
rutt, and of prior date. /'. mocimio is the para- 
dise-trogon. See cut under trogon. 
pharos (fa'ros), n. [Also jihare, < F. phare = 
Sp. It. faro = Pv.pharo; < t,. pharos, pliarti/<,< 
Gr. frlpoi:, a lighthouse, < *<ipoc, Pharos, an island 
in the Bay of Alexandria, famous for its light- 
house.] 1. A lighthouse or tower which an- 
' ciently stood on the isle of Pharos, at the en- 
trance to the port of Alexandria. 
The famous Pharia, or light-house, was on a rock at the 
east end of the island, that was on every side encompass'd 
with water, and so in a manner a small separate Island. 
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 2. 
Hence 2. Any lighthouse for the direction 
of seamen ; a watch-tower; a beacon. 
So high nevertheless It [the Peak of Teneriffe] is as in 
serene weather it is seen 120 English miles, which some 
double; serving as an excellent pharos. 
Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 3. 
We pass'd over to the Pharos, or Lantern, a towre of 
very greate height. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 17, 1644. 
Here the college, which guided them all till they were 
ready to launch on the ocean of life, still stands like a 
pharos founded on a sea-girt rock. 
Everett, Orations, II. 171. 
Pharus (fa'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. <t>apf, a wide 
cloak or mantle.] 1. In conch., the typical ge- 
nus of Pharidee. J. E. Gray, 1840. 2. In en- 
tow. , a genus of coleopterous insects of the 
family Coccinellidss, or ladybirds. Only a few 
species are known, one Tasmanian and the 
rest African. Mulsant, 1851. 3. A genus of 
opilionine arachnidans. Simon, 1879. 4. An 
anomalous genus of grasses, classed with the 
tribe Oryzcse, and characterized by monracious 
panicles with spikelets in pairs, one of them 
pistillate and sessile, the other much smaller, 
Htaminate, and pedicelled. The 5 species are found 
from Florida and the West Indie* to Brazil. They are 
stout grassed, bearing a loose and ample terminal panicle 
with long slender branches, and are remarkable for their 
large leaves, which are somewhat feather-veined, unlike 
those of other grasses, and are often borne reversed on 
their long-exserted twisted leafstalks. P. lattfolita Is the 
wild oat of Jamaica; its leaves, which reach 3 inches 
broad and 8 long, are in use for wrapping small articles, 
etc. Linnxus, 1767. 
pharyngalgia (far-ing-gal'ji-a), n. [NL., < Gr. 
Qapvyf (Qapvyy-), throat (see pharynx), + oXj-oc, 
pain.] Pain in the pharynx. 
Pharyngea (fa-rin'je-a), .jp/. [NL., < Gr. $a- 
pt')f (ipapvyy-), the throat: see pharynx."] A 
group of planarians or Rhabdoctela having a 
pharynx: distinguished from Apharyngea. 
pharyngeal (fa-rin' je-al), a. and n. [< NL. ;>/m- 
I-I/HS ( iilniri/iifi-), pharynx, + -e-al.'] I. or. 1. Of 
or pertaining to the pharynx ; entering into the 
structure of the pharynx : as, a pharyngeal arte- 
ry, vein, nerve, muscle, gland, etc. 2. Having 
a pharynx ; specifically, of or pertaining to the 
Phiiri/ni/i'a : as. a fktOfyngeal planarian. 8. 
Having ankylosed pharyngeal bones, as a fish ; 
pharyngognathons. - pharyngeal aponeurosis, 
the connective-tissue layer of the walls of the phar\ n\, e\ 
ternal to the mucous membrane. Pharyngeal arches. 
pharyngo-esophagus 
Same as jxwd.iv// nrrin-t. Pharyngeal artry. (a) At- 
i tin- -in all* st luanrli "f tilt- * xt-l nal - ali.t i't, -tip 
plying 'the prcvi'ili-linil miiM-lrii, tin- i-iiimtiii-torn "f tin- 
l>hamiv tli. .-I- \:ttir and tensor iniisrl.- "f tin palate, 
tlletoimil. ami tin- l.n-larliian till..-, {lit >'u; //..;-. same an 
1,1, i<l>i!tlulin'' nit' fit ( w hirh -IT, nnili r //' <7/.-/"/*i/'//i'/i' ). 
Pharyngeal bones, Kb* boots behind UM hist branchial 
arch In fishes, generally in a pair below (called hypiipharyn- 
;/</) anil in i mi 1 In (nil] pairs al>\e<i -ailed r/fl/iAim/fi.walf). 
Pharyngeal bursa, a mucous crypt in tin- miii lin. nn 
der the sphenniil IKUIC, ju-t l-liind the voiiirr. Medical 
.\Vini, .Si|,t . 1--VI, p. i r >4. Pharyngeal clefts. Sameu 
i,li,iniiin,iii ,-li'-. Pharyngeal taBcia, the fania hm-t 
Ingthewallofthepharynx.- Pharyngeal fishes.the /'/- 
npfofnntlii. Pharyngeal ganglion, see ponfMon 
Pharyngeal glands, nicelnose mneiius vlatidK, found 
everywhere in the Hiilunuei'iiK t issue of the pharynx, but es- 
pecially numerous at the upper part, around the ot litres of 
tin- Kustachlan tubes. Pharyngeal Jaws, (a) Jaw-like 
organs in the pharynx, as in certain nereid worms. I'M The 
pharyiigeal liones when they have a law-like form or func- 
tion. Pharyngeal nerves, inam In of the vagus, glos- 
sopharyngcaf, sympathetic, and Merkel'H t-'an^limi. I In 
flrst three unite to form the pharyngeal plexus; the last, 
after passing through the pMygeMMaM canal, Is dis- 
tributed chiefly to the mucous membrane of the pharynx. 
Pharyngeal plexus, (a) A plexus of nerves formed 
by the branches of the vagus, sympathetic, and glosso- 
pnaryngeal, and supplying the muscles anil mucous mem- 
branes of the pharynx. I'M A plexus of veins on the outer 
surface of the pharynx. Pharyngeal sac, a sac or vewel 
in the head of a butterfly, at the base of the proboscis or 
spiral tongue, from which it is separated by a valve. By 
the alternate contraction and expansion of this sac the in- 
sect is able to suck up nectar or other liquids. Pharyn- 
geal silts, the postoral visceral clefts or gill-silts which 
any vertebrate or chordate animal may possess, to the num- 
ber of not more than eight, temporarily or permanently. 
The whole tendency is to the reduction In number of these 
slfU in ascending the vertebrate scale, and to their imper- 
manence in the development of the embryos of the higher 
vertebrates. In adult reptiles, birds, and mammals they 
have all disappeared, excepting the trace of the first one, 
which persists as the auditory passage. In batrachians 
their progressive loss Is seen In the transition from gilled 
tadpoles to the adults with lungs. In fishes and lower 
vertebrates than fishes more or fewer persist as ordinary 
gill-slits or branchial apertures. Also called vuceral 
rtrft*, when the structures which separate the slits on 
each side are known as visceral archet. Pharyngeal 
spine. Same as pharyngeal tubercle. Pharyngeal 
teeth, the teeth on the iiharyngeal lnes, especially on the 
lower pharyngeals or hypopharyngeals. They are much 
used in the taxonomy of the cyprinoid fishes. Pharyn- 
geal tubercle, a small elevation near the middle of the 
under surface of the basilar process of the occipital bone, 
for attachment of the fibrous raphe of the pharynx. 
Pharyngeal veins, tributaries to the Internal Jugular 
vein from the pharyngeal plexus. 
II. n. A structure which enters into the com- 
position of the pharynx : as, the ascending pha- 
ryngeal, a branch of the external carotid artery, 
given off at or near the origin of the latter; the 
ankylosed pharyngeals (bones) of some fishes. 
pharyngectomy (far-in-jek'to-mi), n. [< Gr. 
fdpvy!- (ijxipvyy-), throat (seepfiarynx), + enTO/ji/, 
a cutting out.] The excision of a portion of 
the pharynx. 
pharynges, n. New Latin plural of pharynx. 
pharyngeus (far-in-je'us), n. ; p\. pharymjei (-i). 
[NL., (pharynx (pharyny-), pharynx.] A pha- 
ryngeal muscle. There are several such, distinguished 
by a qualifying word, generally in composition : as, stylo- 
pharyngeug, p&l&topharj/ngevs. See the compounds. 
pharyngismus (far-in-jiz'mus), n. [NL., < 
pharynx (pharyng-), pharynx.] Spasm of the 
muscles of the pharjmx. 
pharyngitic (far-in-jit'ik), o. [< pharyngitis + 
-ir.] Of, pertaining to, or affected with pharyn- 
gitis. 
pharyngitis (far-in-ji'tis). n. [NL., < pharynx 
(pliuryny-), pharynx, + -iff'*.] Inflammation of 
the mucous membrane of the pharynx. Granu- 
lar, follicular, or chronic pharyngitis'. See granular. 
pharyngohranch (fa-ring'go-brangk), a. and n. 
I. a. Of or pertaining to the Pharyngobranchii. 
II. n. A member of the Pharyngobranchii. 
Pharyngobranchia (fa-ring-go-brang'ki-a), w. 
pi. [NL.] Same as Phari/iigobranchii. 
pharyngobranchiate (fa-ring-go-brang'ki-at), 
a. [< Pharyngobninchia + -ate 1 .] Same as ///<- 
rifngobraiich. 
Piaryngobranchii (fa-ring-go-brang'ki-i), n. 
pi. [NL., < Gr. $apv)$ (^api7)-), throat (see 
pharynx), + (lpayx' a , gills-] An order or class 
of acranial fish-like vertebrates, so called from 
the pharynx being perforated at the sides for 
the branchial apertures. The group was originally 
constituted as an order of fishes ; the name is synonymous 
with Cirmtomi, Leptocardii, Entomocrania, and Acrania. 
It Includes only the lancelets. See Branchiofttnna and 
lancelet, and cut on following page. 
pharyngodynia (fa-ring-go-din'i-a), n. [NL., 
< (ir. ^<i/nijf (^api')j-), throat, + Mfov, pain.] 
Pain in the pharynx. 
pharyngo-esophageal (fa-ring'go-e-so-faj'e- 
al), a. [< pharynijn-esophagus + -e-al.~\ Of or 
pertaining to the pharynx and the esophagus. 
pnaryngo-esophagus (fa-ring'go-e-sof'a-gns)* 
n. [NL., < Gr. pn/wyf (apr;j-). throat (see 
pharynx), + oioofAyoc, esophagus: see esopha- 
