pharyngo-esophagus 
Anterior End of Body of Lancelet (Branchiosforna or Amphiaxus), 
representing the Pharyngobrancllii. 
Ch, notochord ; My, myelon, or spinal cord ; 17, position of olfactory 
') sac ; 6, optic nerve ; c, fiftli ( T) pair of nerves ; d, spinal nerves ; e. 
representatives of neural spines or of fin-rays ; f, g t oral skeleton. 
(The heavy lighter and darker shading represents 
ments, or myotomes, and their interspaces.} 
4438 
stroke.] Paralysis of the muscles of the 
pharynx. 
pharyngopleural (fa-ring-go-plo'ral), a. [< 
Gr. $apv)'% (i/tapv)}'-), throat (see pharynx), + 
TT/tttipd, arib: see pleura! 1 .] Pertaining'or com- 
mon to the pharynx and to the lateral body- 
walls: as, "the fluted phary>igit-pleur<il mem- 
brane " [of a lancelet], Eneyc. Brit., XXIV. 184. 
Pharyngopneusta (fa-ring-gop-nus'ta), . pi. 
[NL., < Gr. ipdpvyt- (^>apvyy-), throat, + Vveiwrdf 
(cf. nveva-iKof), verbal adj. of irvriv, breathe.] 
A superordinal division proposed by Huxley 
to be established for the reception of the tuni- 
cates or ascidians and the Enteropneusta (Bala- 
noglossut). 
pharyngopneustal (fa-ring-gop-nus'tal), a. [< 
I'ltaryngopneiista + -al.J Of or pertaining to 
the Pharyngopneusta Pharyngopneustal series, 
a name proposed by Huxley in 1877 for the series of ani- 
A gullet extended to a mouth; a struc- 
ture representing or consisting of a pharynx 
and an esophagus combined. 
pharyngoglossal (fa-ring-go-glos'al), a. [< Gr. 
0dpt>j'f (0a/w}7'-), throat, + y^ocaa, tongue : see 
glossal.} Of or pertaining to the pharynx and 
the tongue ; glossopharyngeal : as, a pliaryngo- 
glossal nerve. Dnnglison. 
pharyngognath (fa-ring'gog-nath), a. and n. I. 
a. Of or pertaining to the Pharyngognathi. 
II. . A member of the Pharyngognathi. 
Pharyngognathi (far-ing-gog'na-thi), n. pi. 
[Nil., < Gr. 0dpuyf (tpapvyy-), throat, + -yvaBos, 
jaw.] In J. Mutter's classification, an oTder of 
teleost fishes, having the inferior pharyngeals 
ankylosed and the pneumatic duct closed. It 
embraced l>oth spine-rayed and soft-rayed fishes. In Gun- 
ther's system the group was similarly constituted, and con- 
tained the families Labridee, Embiatocidse, Chromides, and 
Pomacentridte. In Cope's system the Pharyngognathi are 
an order of physoclistous fishes with the cranium normal, 
bones of the jaws distinct, third superior pharyngeal bone 
enlarged and articulating with the cranium, and inferior 
pharyngeals coalesced. It includes the same fishes as Giin- 
ther's group. 
pharyngognathous (far-iug-gog'na-thus), a. 
[< pharyngognath + -os.] Same as pharyn- 
gognath. 
pharyngographic (fa-ring-go-graf'ik), a. [< 
phanjngograph-y + -ic.] Descriptive of the 
pharynx; of or pertaining to phavyngography. 
pharyngography (far-ing-gog'ra-fi), . [= F. 
pharyngographie, < Gr. ^a/wjf (<f>apvyy-), throat, 
+ -ypaQia, < ypdfatv, write.] An anatomical de- 
scription of the pharynx. 
pharyngqlaryngeal (fa-riug"g6-la-rin'je-al), a. 
[< Gr. ^>dpi>}-f (<t>apiryy-), throat, 4- ^4pt>y| ()M- 
P"') }')> larynx : see laryngeal.'] Of or pertaining 
to both the pharynx and the larynx: as, a,pha- 
ryngolaryngeal membrane Pharyngolaryngeal 
cavity, (o) The lower part of the pharynx, into which 
the larynx opens, separated from the pharyngo-oral cavity 
by a horizontal plane passing through the tips of the hyoid 
cornua. (6) The part of the pharynx lying below the soft 
palate in deglutition. See cut under mouth. 
pharyngological (fa-ring-go-loj'i-kal), a. [< 
pharyngolog-y + -ic-al.] Of or pertaining to 
pharyngology. 
pharyngology (far-ing-gol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. $d- 
pt>)$ (0apt>>7-), throat, + -/loyia, < /leye<v, speak: 
see -ology.~\ That part of anatomy which treats 
of the pharynx. 
pharyngomycosis (fa-ring"go-mi-k6'sis), n. 
[NL., < Gr. <l>dpvyi;(<t>apvyy-), throat, + NL. myco- 
sis, q. y.] The growth of fungi, usually lepto- 
thrix, in the pharynx. 
pharyngonasal (fa-ring-go-na'zal), a. [< Gr. 
(/idpvyj (ifiapvyy-), ttiroat, + L. ndsus, nose : see 
nasal.'} Of or pertaining to both the pharynx 
and the nose Pharyngonasal cavity, the upper- 
most part of the pharynx, separated from that below by a 
horizontal plane passing through the base of the uvula, 
or again defined as that part above the soft palate during 
deglutition ; the nasopharynx. See cut under mmttk. 
pharyngo-oral (fa-ring-go-6'ral), a. [< Gr. 
^dptijf (<l>apvy-y-), throat. + L. os (or-), mouth : 
see oral.] Of or pertaining to both the pharynx 
and the mouth; oropharyngeal Pharyngo-oral 
cavity, the middle part of the pharynx, that into which 
the month opens ; the oropharynx. 
pharyngopalatinus (fa-ring'go-pal-a-ti'mis), 
n.; pl.i)haryngopalatini'(-ni). [NL.,'< Gr. <j>a- 
puyf (tyapvyy-), throat, + li.palatum, palate : see 
mals constituting the Pharyngopneuxta. 
iscuiar seg- pharyngorhinitis (fa-ring"go-ri-ni'tis), . 
[NL., < Gr. tyapvyf (<j>apvyy-), throat, + pif (pir-). 
nose, + -itis."] Inflammation of the pharynx 
and the mucous membrane of the nose. 
pharyngorhinoscopy (fa-ring"go-ri-nos'ko-pi), 
n. [< Gr. (Jdpt>}- (0opt')7-), throat, + pif (piv-), 
nose, -f- OKOKUV, view.] Examination of the pos- 
terior nares and adjacent parts of the pharynx 
with a rhinoscopic mirror. 
pharyngoscope (fa-ring' go-skop), n. [< Gr. 
pdpuyf (<j>apvyy-), throat, + GKoireiv, view.] An 
instrument for inspecting the pharynx. 
pharyngOSCOpy (fa-ring'go-sko-pi), . [< Gr. 
0dpt>;-f ((papvv)'-), throat, Hr ommelv, view.] In- 
spection of the pharynx. 
pharyngospasmus(fa-ring-go-spaz'mus), n. [< 
Gr. ipdpvyi- tyapVYY-), throat, -f airaofioc,, spasm.] 
Spasm of the pharynx. 
pharyngotomy (far-ing-got'o-mi), . [= P. 
pharyngotomle = Sp. faringotomia = Pg. pha- 
ryngotomia = It. faringotomia, < Gr. Qdpvyt; (fa- 
pvyy-), throat (see pharynx), + -rojiia, < rtpieiv, 
rape'iv, cut.] In surg., incision into the pharynx. 
pharynx (far'ingks), n. ', pi. pharynges (fa-rin'- 
jez), rarely pharynxes (far'ingk-sez). [= F. 
pharynx = Sp. It. faringe = Pg. pharynx, pha- 
rynge, < NL. pharynx, the pharynx, < Gr. <t>dpvy^, 
the throat ; technically the joint opening of the 
gullet and the windpipe, but also applied to the 
windpipe and the esophagus ; cf . ddpayf , a cleft ; 
< \/ (jmp, bore, in <jmpdv, plow.] 1. A musculo- 
membranpus pouch situated at the back of the 
nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx, and extend- 
ing from the base of the skull to the cricoid car- 
tilage. It ia continuous below with the esophagus, and 
communicates above with the nasal passages, Eustachian 
tubes, mouth, and larynx. It may be conveniently con- 
sidered to be divided into the pharyngonasal, pharyngo- 
oral, and pharyngplaryngeal cavities. The pharynx has 
also been divided into two parts, called nasopharynx and 
oropharynx. See cuts under Branchiostoma, mouth, and 
lamprey. 
2. In invertebrates, some tubular or inf undibu- 
liform beginning of the alimentary canal or 
continuation of the oral aperture. A structure to 
which the name applies is very commonly found in inver- 
tebrates, even among those of microscopic size, as rotifers 
and infusprians. See cut under Oxyuris, Appendicvlaria, 
and Arctiaca. Branchial pharynx. See branchial. 
Constrictor pharyngis superior, medius, inferior. 
See constrictor, and cut under muscle. Levator or dila- 
tator pharyngis. Same as stylopharyngewi. Nasal 
pharynx, the pharyngonasal cavity; the nasopharynx. 
Oral pharynx, the pharyngo-oral cavity ; the oropharynx. 
Phascacese (fas-ka'se-e), 11. pi. [NL., < Phas- 
cum + -ace*.] An order of bryaceous mosses, 
named from the genus Phasemu. They are very 
small soft plants, with loosely areolate leaves and globu- 
lar, immersed, subsessile or short pedicellate capsules, 
which rupture irregularly across the middle for the dis- 
charge of the spores, there being no deciduous opercu- 
lum as in most mosses. 
Phasceae (fas'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < Phascum + 
-ex.] Same as Phascaceee. 
phase 
Phascogale (fas-kog'a-le), w. [NL. (Temminck, 
1827), contr. ior f Phascolvgale, < Gr. ^draw/of, a 
leathern bag, + ya/ij, a weasel.] A genus of 
small insectivorous and carnivorous marsupial 
mammals of the family Dasyuridee, inhabiting 
the whole of the Australian region. They are of 
the size of a rat or less, are of arboreal habits, and have a 
pointed snout, rounded ears, and the fore feet five-toed, 
tho hind feet being variable in this respect. There is usu- 
ally one more premolar above and below on each side than 
in the typical dasyures, making a total of 46 instead of 42. 
There are several species, amoiig them P. penicillata, the 
largest one, with ;i lonn bushy tail, somewhat like a squir- 
rel. Some differ in details of form from others, in conse- 
quence of which the genera Cfuetocercus, Antcchitwmys t 
Antechiimx, and Podabrus have been detached from Phas- 
cogale proper. See cut in preceding column. 
Phascogalinae (fas-kog-a-li'ne), . pi. [NL., < 
1'hascogali; + -i>ise.~] A subfamily of Dasyuridee 
based on the genus Phascogale. 
Phaseolarctidae (fas-ko-Uir'k'ti-de'), n.pl. [NL., 
< Pliascolarctos + -idee.] The Phascolarctiiiee, 
raised to the rank of a family. 
Phascolarctinae(fas"ko-lark-t!'ne), n.pl. [NL., 
< Pliascolarctos T -i*.] A subfamily of Pha- 
langislidse based on the genus Pliascolarctos. 
Phascolarctos (fas-ko-lark'tos), n. [NL. (De 
Blainville, 1816), < Gr. f6a*a}iof, a leathern bag, 
+ dp/cro?, bear.] A genus of Plialangistidte, type 
of the subfamily Pliascolarctinee, having cheek- 
pouches, 30 teeth, no lower canines, only 11 
dorsal vertebrae and as many pairs of ribs, no 
external tail, the tongue not peculiar, a cardiac 
gland in the stomach, and a very long crecurn. 
It contains the koala or native bear of Austra- 
lia, /'. cinereus. See cut .under koala. 
Phascolomyid8B(fas-k6-lo-mi'i-de),.j^. [NL., 
< Phascohmys + -idee.] A family of diproto- 
dont marsupial mammals ; the wombats. They 
have two incisors above and two below, as in rodents, 
large, scalpriform, enameled in front only ; no canines ; all 
the teeth with persistent pulps ; the hind feet with four 
subequal, somewhat syndactylous toes, and hallux rudi- 
mentary; the fore feet five-toed ; the tail rudimentary; the 
stomach simple with a cardiac gland ; and a short caecum 
with a vermiform appendage. There is but one genus, 
Phascolomys. 
Phascplomys (fas-kol'o-mis), n. [NL., < Gr. 
(pdoKuAof, a leathern bag, + pif, mouse.] The 
typical genus of the family Phascolomyidse, in- 
cluding the wombats. They are inoffensive terres- 
trial and fossorial herbivorous animals of the Australian 
palatine'*.] Same as paUtopliaryngeus. 
haryngopathia (fa-ring-go-path'i-a), n. 
< Gr. diapvyf <<baovyy-\. throat. + irnffnr a 
. [NL., 
, a suffer- 
Phascogale p 
/;--- 
Wombat (Phascolomys wombat). 
region. The genus has two sections one containing the 
common and broad-nosed wombats, P. wombat and P.platy- 
rhinus, the other the hairy-nosed wombat, P. lattfrons. 
See wombat. 
Phascolosoma (fas-ko-lo-so'ma), n. [NL., < 
Gr. <j>daKu/j>f, a leathern bag, + au/ia, body.] A 
genus of gephyrean worms of the family Sipun- 
culidsp, or spoon-worms. P. cementarium is common 
in deep water on sandy or shelly bottoms along the New 
England coast, living somewhat like a hermit-crab in the 
deserted shell of some mollusk, the mouth of which is 
extended and contracted by sand or mud cemented by the 
secretion of its own body into a kind of tube. 
Phascum (fas'kum), n. [NL. (Linnaeus), < Gr. 
aaanov, same as a^dKof, a kind of tree-moss.] A 
genus of bryaceous mosses, giving name to the 
order Plmncacex. They are minute but distinctly cau- 
lescent plants, mostly growing on the ground, with cos- 
tate leaves and monoecious "flowers." The capsule is 
pedicellate, subglobose or ovate-oblong, dehiscing by ir- 
regular ruptures. There are 3 North American species, 
sometimes called earth-mosses. 
phase 1 (faz), n. [Formerly also, as ML., pjiasis 
(plural phases, whence the E. sing, phase) ; = 
F. phase = Sp. It./ase = Pg.phase, < ML. pliasis, 
< Gr. 0aovf, an appearance, < ifidciv, shine, = Skt. 
l>hd, shine; cf. phantasm, etc., and see face*, 
fiiblc, etc.] 1. Aspect, appearance, or guise; 
the aspect or presentation in which a thing of 
varying modes or conditions manifests itself to 
the eye or the mind, or the stage in its history 
or development which it reaches at a particu- 
lar time ; an era : as, the war entered on a new 
phase; the varying phases of life. 
Certainly the mansion appeared to enjoy a quieter phase 
of existence than the temple; some of its windows too 
were aglow. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, ix. 
