Pholadidae 
united and everted upon the nmhonal region, long siphons 
with fringed orillces, narrow branchiie prolonged int.) the 
branchial siphon, and a short truncated foot. The shell is 
gaping and sinupalliate, without hinge or ligament, and 
besides the pair of large valves there are small accessory 
valves near the umbones. The family formerly included 
Teredo, now made the type of Teredinidie. The species 
are generally classed under at least 8 genera, and occur in 
various parts of the world, generally boring into stone or 
wood. See cuts under accessory and piddock. 
Pholadidea (fo-la-did'e-a), n. [NL., < Pholas 
(Pholad-) + -idea.'] A genus of Pholadidse, 
characterized by the development of a corne- 
ous tubular appendage to the posterior end of 
the shell, surrounding the siphons at their base, 
called siphonoplax. P. papyracea, of the Euro- 
pean seas, is the type. 
pholadite (fo'la-dit), n. [= F. pholadite; < L. 
Pholas (Pholad-) + -zfe 2 .] A fossil pholad, 
or some similar 
shell. 
Phpladomyidae 
(f6"la-do-rm'i- 
<&),n.pi. [NL., 
< Pholadomya 
(the typical ge- 
nus) (<Gr. puAdf 
(0u/lrf-), lurk- 
ing in a hole, + 
mussel) + 
4450 
exercises the voice: see phonaseits.] Sys- 
tematic practice for strengthening the voice; 
treatment for improving or restoring the 
voice. 
phonikon 
At a meeting of the Physical Society of Paris, (iuebhard 
. . . showed that even the films condensed from the breath 
may exhibit phoneido,fco2jic properties. 
Quoted in Smithsonian Report, 1880, p. 274. 
phonetic (fo-net'ik), a. [= F. phonetique = Sp 
Pholadomya Candida (exteri 
v, 
-idee.] A family of bivalves, typified by the ge- 
nus Pholadomya. They are related to the Anatinidse. 
The mantle-margins are mostly united, and the sipjions 
long and united ; 
the foot is small, 
with a small pro- 
cess bifurcated be- 
hind, and the bran- 
chiae are thick and 
appendiculate. The 
shell is equivalve, 
very thin, nacre- 
ous internally and 
with radiating ribs, 
without hinge- 
Pkoladomyti Candida (left valve). teeth, and with an 
external ligament. 
The living species are few, and are found only in very 
deep water, but in former ages they were very numerous. 
Pholas (fo'las), n. [NL. (Linnams, 1758), < Gr. 
0<jAaf (06>/la<f-), lurking in a hole, a mollusk that 
makes holes in stones (Lithodomus) ; cf. Qafaiv, 
lurk in a hole, dAe<if, a hole, lurking-place.] 
1. The typical genus of the family Pholadides 
and the subfamily Pholadinx. It was formerly co- 
extensive with the family, but has been variously subdi- 
vided. By recent writers it is restricted to species having 
the dorsal margin protected by two accessory valves (see 
accessory), anterior and posterior, and with umbonal pro- 
cesses reflected over the beaks. The species are of some 
economical value, the Pholas dactylus, called piddock, be- 
ing marketable and also used as bait in England. 
2. [I. c.] A species of the genus Pholas; a 
pholad; a piddock. See cut under piddock. 
Pholcida (fol'si-de), u. pi. [NL. (C. Koch, 
1850), < Pholcus + -idx.] A family of spiders 
formerly placed in the superfamily Retitelarise, 
but recently put among the more primitive 
forms, near the Dysderidse, HypochiliiJse, and 
Filistatidtt. They are pale, long-legged spiders, living 
in dark places and having either six or eight eyes. The 
male palpi are very peculiar. 
Pholcus (fol'kus), n. [NL. (Walckenaer, 1805), 
< Gr. <fKi~An6f, squint-eyed.] A genus of spiders, 
typical of the family Pholcidee, having the eyes 
in three groups, a cluster of three on each side 
of the median two. Nine species are known in the 
United States. They live either in cellars or under rocks 
in the woods, and construct irregular webs in which they 
stand upside down. The webs are violently shaken as a 
defense. The egg-cocoon is carried in the female's mouth. 
The legs of some species are multiarticulate, indicating a 
relationship with the OpUionts. 
pholerite (fol'e-rit), . [Prop. *pholidite, < 
Gr. 0o/Uf (<j>o^.iS-), scale, + -ite 2 .] A clay-like 
mineral closely related to or identical with 
kaolinite. It usually occurs in masses con- 
sisting of minute scales. 
pholidote (fol'i-dot), a. [< Gr. ^ohnar6^, armed, 
clad with scales, < 0o/Uf (<jx>).td-), a scale.] Pro- 
vided with scales ; scaly or squamous. 
Phoma (fo'ma), n. [NL. (Fries, 1828), < Gr. 0u/f, 
a blister.] A genus of parasitic fungi, of the 
class Sphierioideee, producing little pustules on 
plants. About 650 species have been referred to this 
genus, but they probably represent different stages in the 
development of other forms. P. uvicola, of the grape, for 
instance (see grape-rot), is now understood to be only a 
stage in the life-history of Physalospora Bidwettii. 
phonal (fo'nal), a. [< Gr. ^uvrj, voice (see 
phone 1 ), + -al.] Of or pertaining to sound or 
the voice. [Bare.] 
The Thibetan is near in phonal structure. 
Max Mutter, Selected Essays, i. 74. 
phonascetlCS (fo-na-set'iks), n. [< Gr. <f>uvaa- 
KUV, exercise the voice ; cf . cpwvao-Ko'f, one who 
ascetic.] In anc. Gr. music, a trainer of the 
voice ; a teacher of vocal music, 
phonate (fo'nat), v. i. ; pret. and pp. phonated, 
ppr. phonathig. [< Gr. <jiovt/, sound, voice (see 
phone 1 ), + -ate 2 .] To utter vocal sounds; pro- 
duce a noise with the vocal cords. 
In a marked case, on the patient's attempting to pho- 
nate, the cords remain perfectly movable during the at- 
tempt. Lancet, No. 3417, p. 373. 
phonation (fo-na'shon), n. [= F. phonation; 
as phonate + -ion.]' The act of phonating ; 
emission of vocal sounds; production of tone 
with the vocal cords. Encyc. Brit., XXI. 202. 
phonatory (f o'na-to-ri), a. [< phonate + -ory.] 
Of or pertaining to phonation. 
phonautogram (fo-na' to-gram), . [< Gr. javfi, 
sound, voice, + avr6s, self, + jpafifta, inscrip- 
tion.] The diagram or record of speech or 
other sound made by a phonautograph or a 
gramophone. 
phonautograph (fo-na'to-gp-af), . [< Gr. fw#, 
sound, + airof, self, + ypatyuv, write.] 1. An 
instrument for registering the vibrations of a 
sounding body. That devised about 1858 by Leon Scott 
consists of a large barrel-shaped vessel made of plaster of 
Paris, into the open end of which the sound enters ; the 
tone, prop, the sound of the voice (of man or 
brute): see phone 1 .] 1. Relating or pertain- 
ing to the human voice as used in speech; con- 
cerning articulate sounds, their mode of pro- 
duction, relations, combinations, and changes: 
as, phonetic science ; phonetic decay. 2. Rep- 
resenting articulate sounds or utterance : as, a 
phonetic mode of writing (in contradistinction 
to an ideographic or pictorial mode) ; a pho- 
netic mode of spelling (in contradistinction to a 
traditional, historical, or so-called etymological 
mode, such as the current spelling of English, 
in which letters representing or supposed to 
represent former and obsolete utterance are 
retained or inserted according to chances of 
time, caprice, or imperfect knowledge). 3. In 
entom., as used by Kirby, noting the collar or 
prothorax of a hymenopterous insect when it 
embraces the mesothorax and the posterior an- 
gles cover the mesothoracic or so-called vocal 
spiracles Phonetic shorthand, a system of short- 
hand or stenography in which words are represented by 
their sounds, and not by their spelling as in ordinary long- 
hand writing ; phonography. All systems of shorthand in 
use in writing English are phonetic, the phonetic princi- 
ple being absolutely necessary to the requisite brevity. 
Phonetic spelling, spelling according to sound ; the spell- 
ing of words as they are pronounced. 
phonetical (fo-net'i-kal), a. [< phonetic + -al.] 
Same as phonetic. 
phonetically (fo-net'i-kal-i), adv. In a phonetic 
manner ; as regards the sound and not the spell- 
ing of words. 
phonetician (fo-ne-tish'an), n. [< phonetic + 
-ian.] One who is versed in or is a student of 
phonetics. 
We must serve our apprenticeship as phoneticians, ety- 
mologists, and grammarians before we can venture to go 
beyond. Max MiOler, in Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLI. 700. 
phoneticism (fo-net'i-sizm), n. [< phonetic + 
-ism.] The quality of being phonetic; pho- 
netic character; representation, or faithful rep- 
resentation, of utterance by written signs. 
The Egyptian and Chinese alphabets, each of which be- 
Phonautoe h gan as simple picture-writing and developed into almost 
j complete phoneticism. Science, VIII. 553. 
BC, barrel with opening at C; c, brass tube with membrane and 
style at , and movable piece o, by which the position of the nodal pflonetlCist (fO-liet'l-SlSt), 11. [<.pltOnetiC + -ISt.] 
points can be regulated; A, handle to turn cylinder (A) covered with f**"vw*^Aow v , L 1 J 
lampbiacked paper. One who adopts or favors phonetic spelling. 
phoneticize (fo-net'i-siz), v. t.; pret. and pp. 
other end, somewhat contracted in shape, is closed by a r .T, ntt -tj f i"f/l _ nhnmftinyinn r( nlmurfip + 
membrane with a style attached on the outside, whose pnonetiCMd, ppr. .phoneticizing, ^plionetit -r 
point rests against a horizontal cylinder covered with -tee.] 1 o make phonetic ; render true, or more 
lampbiacked paper. If the membrane is at rest the trace nearly corresponding, to utterance. Science, 
of the style is a straight line, but when the sound enters XV. 7 
the membrane vibrates, and the writing-point registers -i,-.!-*!,,- it?. npfiVsl n FP1 nfnhonetif RPP 
these vibrations with great perfection. pnonOUCS (to-net IKS;, n. in, OlpllOt 
2. Same as music-recorder. ~ lcs ^ Phonetic science; that division of lan- 
[< pho- guage-study which deals with articulate sounds 
or made an( ^ whatever concerns them ; phonology. 
i-aph or gramophone. Jour, phonetism (fo'ne-tizm), n. [<phonet-ic + -ism.] 
Sound; pronunciation. 
[< phonet-ic + -iff.] 
A student of or one versed in phonetics. 
Different phonetists of that time giving different lists. 
Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass., XVI. ee. 
x. same as musvc-recoraer. 
phonautographic (fo-na-to-graf 'ik), a. 
nautograph + -ic.] Of, pertaining to, o 
by the phonautograph or gramophone. 
Franklin Inst., CXXV. 53. 
phonautographically (fo-na-to-graf 'i-kal-i), phonetist (fo'ne-tist), n. 
adv. By means of the phonautograph. Jour. 
Franklin Inst., CXXV. 53. 
phone 1 (fon), n. [< Gr. ^uvri, a sound, tone, 
amiTirl r>f flip vnino I Yvf TnaTi nr bnitfO vrvW Tl> e author of the Ormulum was a phonetift, and em- 
Ite;, V( ice, spelling of his own to represent not only 
speech, cry, etc., any articulate sound, vowel h e quality but the quantities of vowels and consonants. 
or consonant (later restricted to vowels as Encyc. Brit., VIII. 396. 
opposed to consonants), also the faculty of pfconetization (fo"ne-ti-za'shon), n. [< pho- 
speech, language, a language, dialect, also a " netize + -ation.] The act or art of represent- 
report, rumor, etc., < -/ <t>a m <?/?, speech, i ng SOU nd by phonetic signs. Webster's Diet.; 
report, etc., = Li.fanm, etc. : see fame L , table. I r ~. -n;,f rRot-o i 
f ' . ^ - ' " j ., 1111). J-ftljt. 1-lVitlc.J 
A sound; a vocal sound; a tone produced by p j! 0n etize (fo'ne-tiz), . *. ; pret. and 
the vibration of the vocal cords; one of the ",, fH! , Kd _ nnr _ n hon,etizina. f< nhnnet-i 
See phonate, 
, . pp. pho- 
netized, ppr. phonetizing. [< phonet-ic + -ize.] 
To represent phonetically. [Rare.] 
I find a goodly number of Yankeeisms in him [Spenser], 
such as idee (not as a rhyme); but the oddest is his twice 
spelling dew deow, which is just as one would spell it who 
wished tophonelize its sound in rural New England. 
195 ' 
primary elements of utterance 
phonetic. 
phone 2 (fon), n. [Abbr. of telephone, .] A 
telephone : generally applied to the receiver, 
but sometimes to the whole apparatus. Sci. 
Amer., N. S., July 19, 1884, p. 43. [Colloq.] 
phone 2 (f on), v.; pret. and pp. phoned, ppr. phon- phonic (fon'ik), a. [= F. phonique = Sp.fonieo 
ing. [Abbr. of telephone, v.] To telephone. = It. fonico, < Gr. as if *0uw:of, < Quvft, sound, 
[Colloq.] voice : see phone^. Cf. phonetic.] Oforpertain- 
phoneidoscope (fo-ni'do-skop), . [< Gr. fyuvf], ing to sound; according to sound: as, thephonic 
sound, + cloof, form, -I- OKoireiv, view.] An in- method. See plionics. 
strument for observing the color-figures of li- phonics (fon'iks), n. [PI. of phonic: see -ics.] 
quid films under the action of sonorous vibra- 1. The doctrine or science of sounds, especially 
tions. E. H. Knight. those of the human voice ; phonetics. 2. The 
phoneidoscopic (to-ni-do-skop'ik), . [< pho- art of combining musical sounds. 
neidoscope + -ic.] ' Of or pertaining to the pho- phonikon (fo'ni-kon), n. [NL., < Gr. as if <j>u- 
neidoscope or the phenomena observed by VIK.O.V, neut. of "tfiwmKoi; : see phonic.] A musical 
means of it. instrument of the metal wind group, with a 
