phonikon 
spherical-shaped bell, invented in 1848 by B. 
I 1 '. Cy.erveny of Koniggriitz, Bohemia. 
phonocamptic (fo-im-kamp'tik), n. [= ]'. )iln>- 
iiiic/nii/ilii/iH' = Pg. iiliiiiiiii'iiiiijilii-ii. < (ir. Quvi/, 
Hound, voice (see /ilmm-l ), + k<ui~Tni , verbal adj. 
of KOUTTTCIV, bend.] Reflecting or deflect ing 
sound. 
The magnifying the sound by the polyphonlsms or re- 
in missions of the rocks ami other //A"io<v/i;i/^/cA i ihjrrt^. 
Drrhaui. 
Phonocamptic center. Seecenteri. 
phonocamptics (fo-no-kump'tiks), . [PI. of 
plKHtoeamptic : see-iiw.] Tnat branch of phys- 
ics which treats of the reflection of sound. 
rs what the masters of ... phottocmnptics, ota- 
rmiMtics, eie., have <lon t something has ben attempted !> 
tin- lioyal Society. Krrlii,,. To hnct.n- Beale. 
phonogram (fo'no-gram), H. [< (,!r. <p<.<r/}, .sound. 
voice, + }pAfi/ia, a writing, letter: see i/ram 2 .] 
1. A graphic character representing a sound of 
the human voice. 
It Is probable that the adoption of the important step 
by which the advance was made from ideograms to pho- 
nugravM arose out of the necessity of expressing pn>] i 
names. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 22. 
2. The record of sound produced by a phono- 
graph, or the sheet of tin-foil or cylinder of wax 
on which it is produced. 
There is a brass cylinder, on which the wax />ti"n<irain 
Is placed. Nature, XXXIX. 108. 
phonograph (fo'no-graf), M. [= F. phono- 
;/>'ni>lic, < Gr. 06OT?, sound, voice, + ypaipttv, 
write.] 1. A type or character for expressing 
are made to produce on a register permanent 
tracings, each having an individual character 
corresponding to the sound producing it. The 
sounds can be afterward reproduced from the 
register. In its original form it consists essentially of 
a curved tube, one end of which is fitted with a mouth- 
piece, while the other end (about two inches in diame- 
ter) Is closed with a diaphragm of exceedingly thin metal. 
Phonograph (earlier form). 
Connected with the center of this diaphragm is a steel 
fii'int, which, when the sounds are projected on the disk 
rom the mouthpiece, vibrates backward and forward. 
This part of the apparatus Is adjusted to a cylinder which 
rotates on a horizontal axis. On the surface of the cylin- 
der is cut a spiral groove, and on the axis there IB a spiral 
screw of the same pitch, which works in a nut. When the 
instrument is to be used, a piece of tin-foil is gummed 
round the cylinder, and the steel point is adjusted so as 
j nst to touch the tin-foil above the line of the spiral groove. 
If words are now spoken through the mouthpiece, and the 
cylinder is kept rotating either by the hand or by clock- 
work, a series of small marks will be made on the foil by 
the vibratory movement of the steel point, and these mark- 
ings will each have an individual character corresponding 
to the various sounds. The sounds thus registered are re- 
produced by placing the diaphragm with its steel point in 
the same position with reference to the tin-foil as when the 
cylinder originally started. When the cylinder is rotated, 
the indentations previously made cause the steel point to 
rise or fall, or otherwise vibrate, as they pass under It, and 
the diaphragm is consequently thrown into a state of vi- 
bration exactly corresponding to that which produced the 
markings, and thus affects the surrounding air so as to 
produce sounds closely similar to those originally made 
by the voice. The reproduced sound is, however, more or 
less metallic and nasal, ivnd some of the consonants, a> 
Phonograph (recent form). 
a, armature ; *, field ; c , governor ; d, switch ; t. main pulley on 
armature-shaft ; f, pulley on cylinder-shaft ; r. fixed screw ; A, spring 
holding fixed-screw nuts ; i', carriage ; /. diaphragm : *. diaphra^tn- 
-inn: A cylinder on mandrel; w.hody; tt, bed-plate; <?, Jock-bolt ; 
/. IwlDgine nn " = ! st "!> lllli start lift; r. keys tc. start lift ; s, lever 
lor changing diaphragm from recorder to reproducer. 
4451 
and t, are not clearly given. The contents of the strips of 
foil niiiy lie reproduced in hound utter any length of time, 
altd repeated until the markings hccoiue effaced. The 
niMi uiiirnt has recently been improved an-l made In the 
form shown In the second cut, in which the cylinder is 
driven by an electric current from a battery, and the tin- 
foil is replaced by a cylinder of hard wax, which can be 
turned off to remove marks and thus fitted to register other 
sounds a process that may be repeated many times before 
the cylinder is rendered useless. 
phonograph (fo'no-graf), t'. t. [(.phonoijnnili, 
n .] To register or record by means of the pno- 
phonographer (fo-nog'ra-fer), n. [< phoim- 
!/i-ni>li, jihiiiiiii/riiph-y, + -er 1 .] 1. One who is 
versed in phonography ; a writer of phonogra- 
phy, or phonetic shorthand. 2. One who uses 
or who in skilled in the use of the phonograph. 
phonograph-graphophone (fo'no-graf-graf'o- 
fon), n. See ifrn/ilt'ijilitnic. 
phonographic i fo-no-graf'ik), a. [= F. ;>A- 
1. Pertaining to or used in the writing or rep- 
resentation of sound. 
Although our own writing has reached the alpha!" tie 
stage, yet we still continue to employ a considerable num- 
ber of phonographic and ideographic signs. 
Imac Taylor, '1 he Alphabet, I. 6. 
2. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of pho- 
nography, or phonetic shorthand; made in or 
using phonetic shorthand : as, a phonographic 
note or report; a phonographic reporter. 3. 
Of or pertaining to the phonograph; produced 
by means of the phonograph. 
phonographical (fo-uo-graf'i-kal), a. [< phti- 
iiHi/mpliic + -til.] Same as phonographic. 
phonographically (fo-no-graf'i-kal-i), ode. In 
a phonographic manner. ( ) As regards or by means 
of phonography. (6) As regards or by means of the pho- 
nograph. 
phonographist (fo-nog'ra-fist), . [< phono- 
iiraph, phnuograph-y, + -ist.] A phonographer. 
phonography (fo-nog'ra-fi), n. [= F.phonogra- 
phie, \ Gr. Quvfy, sound, voice, + -ypatyia, < yp&- 
<fifiv, write.] 1 . The science of sound-signs, orthe 
representation of vocal sounds. 2. The rep- 
resentation of words as they are pronounced ; 
specifically, a system of phonetic writing in 
shorthand introduced by Isaac Pitman of Bath, 
England, in the year 1837. The consonants are rep- 
resented by simple lines (called stems), curved or straight, 
light or heavy, vertical, horizontal, or slanting, with initial 
and terminal hooks, circles, loops, etc. ; the vowels are 
represented by dots and dashes, light or heavy, by com- 
binationsof them, and by small angles and semicircles. In 
actual use most of the vowel-signs are omitted (though 
they may in many cases be approximately indicated by the 
position above, on, or below the line of the consonant- 
stem), and the consonant-stems, by halving, doubling, etc. , 
are made to perform extra duty. To secure further brev- 
ity, various arbitrary devices are employed. Mr. Pitman's 
system has been variously modified and improved by him- 
self and others in England and America. See shorthand. 
3. The construction and use of phonographs, 
and the recording of sound by mechanical 
means, with a view to its reproduction. 
phonolite (fo'no-lit), . [= F.phonolithe = Pg. 
phonolite; equiv. to clinkstone; < Gr. tpuvq, sound, 
+ A*0oc, stone.] The name given by Klaproth 
to certain volcanic rocks of exceedingly varia- 
ble and complex character, but closely related 
to the trachytes. The essential constituents of pho- 
nolite are sanidine and nephelin, and some authors restrict 
the name to rocks having this composition. Rocks con- 
taining sanidine and leucite are called by Rosenbusch 
Irtidte-phoHolite*, varieties of which pass into or are closely 
allied with leucitophyre and lencite-basalt. Nosean and 
haiiyne are often present in rocks of this class, and give 
names to varieties known as nogtan-photwlite and haiiyne- 
phonolite. Authors are by no means agreed in opinion with 
regard to the classification of the many varieties of neph. 
dm and lencite rocks, which frequently pass into each 
other by insensible gradations. Boricky makes eight di- 
visions of the phonolite family. With the essential con- 
Htituents of the various phonolites arc associated many 
accessory minerals, especially magnetite, as well as olfvfn, 
apatite, zircon, etc. Various zeolitic minerals are of fre- 
quent occurrence In the phonolites as alteration products. 
Phonolite is peculiarly a modern volcanic rock. Auvergne 
and Bohemia are localities in which it is found In various 
forms characteristic of volcanic action. 
phonolitic (fo-no-lit'ik), a. [<phonolite + -ic.] 
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of phonolite ; 
composed of phonolite. 
phonologer (fo-nol'o-jer), n. [< pho>iolo</-i/ + 
-fr*.] Same as phonologist. 
phonologic, phonological (fo-no-loj'ik, -i-kal). 
</. [= Sp. foiioUgico = Pg. phonolof/ico ; as 
phonoloy-y + -ic, -ic-<il.] Of or pertaining to 
phonology. 
phonologi'cally (fo-no-loj'i-kal-i), adv. In a 
phonologic manner; as regards phonology. 
phonologist (fo-nol'o-jist), n. [< ]ihonolog-y + 
-int.] One who is versed in phonology. 
phonology (fo-nol'o-ji), n. [= F. phonnlogie = 
S|>. foHologia = Pg. phonologia = It. fnniilniiiii. 
phonotypical 
< NL. "/ilioiniloi/iii, < lir. <.i:i,. sound, voice, + 
-/</;.< n. < '/i, in, speak: see -/i>,/y. J 1. The 
science ur doctrine of the sounds uttered by 
the human voice, or used in a particular lan- 
guage; phonetics. 2. That part of grammar 
which treats of pronunciation. Compare or- 
thofi>y. 3. The system of sounds and of their 
combinations in a language. 
These common characteristics of the Semitic alphal>ets 
consist in the direction of the writing, the absence of true 
voweln, the unique phonology, the number, the names, 
and the order of the letters. 
liaae Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 169. 
phonomania (fon-o-ma'ni-a), n. [< Gr. javq, 
slaughter, murder, killing, + /itivia, madness.] 
A mania for murder or killing. 
phonometer ( fo-nom'e-ter), . [= F. /</m.</< - 
trr = Pg. jihmiometro, < Gr. Quv>/, sound, voice, 
+ fitrpov, measure.] An instrument for ex- 
perimentally determining and exhibiting the 
number of vibrations of a sonorous body (as a 
string or tuning-fork) in a unit of time. The 
simplest form comprises apparatus for uniformly moving 
a paper tape coated with lampblack, in contact with a 
delicate tracing-point fixed to the vibrating body. By this 
means an undulating curve is traced having a length cor- 
responding to the time of its motion. The number of un- 
dulations In the curve Is also the number of vibrations 
made by the sounding string or fork. By the substitution 
of sensitized paper for the blackened tape, and a small 
mirror for the tracing-point, permanent photographic 
tracings of such curves can be made. See Sacarts u-fiftl 
(under wheel), and triren, and compare phonautograph. 
phonomotor (fo-no-mo'tor), n. [< Gr. $uvii, 
sound, voice, + L. motor, mover: see motor.] 
An instrument by which the energy of sound- 
waves, as those produced by the human voice, 
may be made to perform mechanical work. 
Such an instrument invented by Edison has a mouthpiece 
like that of a phonograph, and a diaphragm the vibration 
of which, transmitted by means of a pawl, causes a small 
wheel to revolve. Compare phonoscope. 
phonophore (fo'no-for), n. [< NL. phonopho- 
rus, < Gr. ^uwj, sound, voice, + </x>pof, bearing, 
< ijiepetv = E. bear 1 .'] 1. An auditory ossicle; 
one of the phonophori. Coues. 2. An appa- 
ratus by means of which telephonic communi- 
cation may be maintained over a telegraph- 
line without interfering with its use in the or- 
dinary way. The principal feature of the Instrument 
consists In the arrangement of two wires of considerable 
length, wound in close proximity to but completely insu- 
lated from each other, which together act as a condenser. 
Also called phonopore. 
phonophori (fo-nof'9-ri), n. pi. [NL., pi. of 
phonophonts : see phonophore.] The auditory 
ossicles, or ossicula auditus, of Mammalia, col- 
lectively considered as bones subservient to the 
office of hearing. Coues, Amer. Jour. Otology, 
IV. 19. See cut under tympanic. 
phonophorons (fo-nof'o-rus), a. [As phono- 
phore + -otis.] Conveying sound; having the 
function of the phonopnon. Coues. 
phonoplez (fo'no-pleks), . [NL., < Gr. <t>uvr/, 
sounds voice, + irfeiiTr/, a twisted rope, < *vltctvi>, 
twist.] A system of duplexing on telegraph- 
lines by the use of condensers and the tele- 
phone as a receiver, devised by Edison. 
phonopore (fo'no-por), n. [< Gr. Qavt/, sound, 
voice, + n-opof, a means of passing: see pore 1 .] 
Same as phonophore, 2. 
phonoporic (fo-no-por'ik), n. [< phonopore + 
-ic.] Of or pertaining to, or made by, the pho- 
nopore. Electric Her. (Amer.), XIV. 6. 
phonorganon, phonorganum (fo-ndr'ga-non, 
-num), n. [NL., < Gr. ^uny, sound, voice, + 
bpyavav, an instrument: see organ!.] An in- 
strument for imitating vocal sounds or speech ; 
a speaking-machine. 
phonoscope (fo'no-skop), n. [< Gr. juri/, sound, 
voice, + axmreiv, view.] 1. A machine for re- 
cording music as it is played or sung, or for 
testing the quality of strings for musical in- 
struments. 2. Same as microphone. 
phonotelemeter (fo-no-te-lem'e-ter), n. [< Gr. 
puvj?, sound, voice, + Tijfa, far, + iitrpov, mea- 
sure".] An instrument for determining dis- 
tances by means of the velocity with which 
sound is transmitted. 
phonotype (fo'no-tip), . [< Gr. <rWti, sound, 
\oi ( -e, + ri'iroc, mark, type: see type.] A sys- 
tem of expression whicn provides a distinct 
character for every distinct sound of speech ; 
a phonetic alphabet, or writing or printing in 
phonetic characters. 
phonotypic (fo-no-tip'ik), a. [< phonotype + 
-ic.] Of or pertaining to phonotypy : as, a pho- 
notypic alphabet ; phonotypic writing or print- 
ing. 
phonotypical (fo-no-tip'i-kal), a. [< phono- 
typic + -/.] Same as phonotypic. 
