Phyllorhininae 
4462 
phylloxera-mite 
brusca on the crape (thought to be one form of the black- Phylloxera (fil-ok-se'ra), . [NL. (FonscO- 
P- acerimla on the maple, etc. 
Phyllostoma (fi-los'to-ma), . [NL. (Geoffrey, 
lombe, 1834), < Gr. QtfJuov, leaf, + ftpflc, dry.] 
1. A genus of plant-lice or homopterous in- 
1797): see phyllostom'atous.'] A South Ameri- sects of the family AplMidx and subfamily 
can genus of phyllostomine bats from which Chermcsinee, usually of gall-making habits. 
HIP snbfamilv and the family each takes its The front wings have two discoidal veins, and the an- 
iue BUUJ.UULIIJ j tonnm or th.-Bo.ini .itprl trip third ioiiit beine much the 
name. P. hastatum is one of the largest bats of South 
America, next in size to Yampirus spectrum; P. elmujn- 
tum is smaller, with a larger nose-leaf. 
are three-jointed, the third joint being much the 
longest. The young larvse have one-jointed tarsi, and all 
forms are destitute of honey-tubes. It is a somewhat 
large genus, nearly all of whose species are North Amer- 
., j-\ 7 HUgt; ^l I Ilia, itvttny nil Ul wiiuac DJJ^VIVO tn v. i. u v .. 
Phyllostomatidse (fil"o-sto-mat 1-de), n. pi. ican> f onn i n g galls on the leaves of the hickory in par- 
TNL < PliullOKtoma. l-Stbmaf-) + -ides."] A fam- ticular, but also on those of the chestnut, butternut, and 
[ly of tropical and subtropical American bats fiffftiS^flSS^SS^SK 
of the emballonurme series. They have a nose-leaf 8eede f9 
%%%$^S^^T^%$ 2. [/. C .] Amember of thisgenus especiallythe 
'"different alliance (the vespertili.mine)), three phalanges species just named, known as the grape-vine 
of the middle finger, and large middle upper incisors, phylloxera and vine-pest, the worst enemy of the 
The eyes are comparatively large, and there is a distinct Kuropean or r i n if er(t grape. The fact that a vine- 
!...,.,,,;. A,7<i.itinlr in HI, > Itnlllt, IK :r) TllC fillllllV lllCllldeS .?. *fj : n x, .... 
Head of Leaf-nosed Bat (.rhyltorhina trams). 
tineal spine united with a bony process of the 
ilium. 
tragus (wanting in RhinoloplMsB). The family includes 
the vampire-bats, some of which are true blood-suckers, 
as the genera Desmodon and Diphylla. The presence of 
variously formed appendages of the snout hasoften caused 
bats of this group to be confused with the horseshoe-bats ; 
but the presence of a tragus alone is sufficient to distin- 
guish the phyllostomes. 
Phylloslmna, 
disease which had long existed in southern France was 
due to this insect was discovered in 18C5 by Planchon, 
who described the insect as P. vastutriz. The species 
, , . 
Dennodon. The family is divisible into PhjjUogtomatime 
___ __ . , i/fJF/MOUU/l. 11C UMUUJ o "i .. if ,*~ 
Phyllomis (fi-lor'nis), . [NL. (Temminck, and Lobostamatinie. Also PhyUostamidte. 
1829, appar. from a manuscript name of Boie's), Phyllostomatinae (fil-o-sto-ma-ti'ne), n. pi. 
j In ornith., resembling a species of o j ^ ie ^{^ g ee cu ts under "Desmodontes, 
Phylloscopus in the character of the bill : said Glossoptuifia, Stenoderma, and Vampyrus. 
of certain warblers. H. Seebohm. phyllostomatOUS (fil-o-stom'a-tus), a. [< Gr. 
Phylloscopus (fi-los'ko-pus), n. [NL. (Boie, AiMtrv, leaf, + aro/ia, month.] Leaf -nosed, as 
1826), < Gr. <fiMm>, leaf, + aom~iv, view.] An a ^ a t. belonging to the family Phyllostomatidse. 
extensive genus of Old World warblers of the phyllostome (fil'o-stom), 11. [< NL. phyllosto- 
family Sylriitlse and subfamily Si/Minx. The ma i A leaf-nosed bat of the genus Phyllosto- 
type is Sylma trochUw, it has twelve rectrices, yellow ax- j)M OJ . family pkyllostomatidx. 
Phyllostomidae (fil-o-stom'i-de), n. pi. [NL., 
< Phyllostoma + -idee.] Same as Phyltosto- 
matidse. 
phyllostomine (fl-los'to-min ), a. [< phyllostome 
+ -we 1 .] Leaf-nosed,' as a bat ; phyllostoma- 
tous or phyllostomous ; of or pertaining to the 
Pliyllostomatinse. 
phyllostomous (fi-los'to-mus), a. 
Yellow-browed Waibler {Phyllosfoptis supercilioi 
Vine-pest (Phylloxera vastatrixl. 
a healthy vine rootlet ; b, rootlet showing nodosities ; c . rootlet in 
phyllotactic (fil-o-tak'tik), . [< phyllotaxis, j^gyK^^W^^MS?!" 1 * 
after tac.tie..] Of or pertaining to phyllotaxis. 
phyllotaxis (fil-6-tak'sis), . [NL. : see phyl- had been named before (though Planchon's name holds by 
totoj,.] In &<< the distribution or arrange- ^^^X^^^S^S^S,^ 
ment of leaves on the stem; also the laws ^ntra^with the European root-louse (Phyl- 
collectively which govern such distribution. 
Leaves are distributed so as to economize space and give 
a good exposure to light ; and to accomplish this they are 
arranged in a variety of ways, which all fall undertwo prin- 
cipal modes. These are the verticillate or cyclical, in 
which there are two or more leaves at the same height of 
the stem, and the alternate or spiral, in which the leaves 
stand singly, one after another. In theverticillatearrange- Iorl ,i 8; L, IC iW fc-iuim, ^iv ,., ~.. 
ment the leaves form a succession of whorls or circles the vine, and the gall-form, called gallicola, in galls on 
illaries, and the greater wing-coverts with pale tips. The 
four British species are P. rttfus, the chiff chaff ; P. trochihw, 
the willow-warbler ; P. silrilatrix, the wood-warbler ; and 
P. supereiliosus, the yellow-browed warbler. See also cut 
undei -chi/cha/ Compare Phyllopseuttt. & succession 01 wnor,s or cu-ci e 
Phyllosoma (fil-o-so ma), n. [NL.,< Gr. atoUov, arollnd the stenlj with two _ thl . ee] , ourj flvCj or more in 
leaf, + cu/ta, body.] A spurious genus ot cms- eac i, whorl. In the alternate or spiral arrangement the 
taceans, based on certain larval forms called leaves are distributed singly at^different heights of the 
by Leach Pliyllosoma efavicornis. See glass-crab. 
Phyllosomata (fil-o-so'ma-ta), n. pi. [NL., < 
stem and at equal intervals. The simplest is the two- 
anked or distichous arrangement, which prevails in all 
grasses, in the linden, elm, etc., in which the leaves are 
Gr. <t>ii/.~/M>, leaf, + au/ia (awfiar-), body.] A spuri- disposed alternately on exactly opposite sides of the stem, 
ous group of crustaceans, based on certain lar- The second leaf is therefore the furthest possible from the 
val forms ; the glass-crabs. They were by Latreille 
made the second family of Stmnatopoda, under the name 
of Bipeltata, composed of forms which are remarkable for 
their rounded shape and the transparency of their tegu- 
ments. They are now known to be larval forms of macru- 
rous decapods, as Palinuridse and Scyllaridse. The name 
is retained for such larvse. See cut under glass-crab. 
first, and the third is the furthest possible from the sec- 
ond, and consequently is exactly over the first, and so on. 
They thus form two vertical ranks in which the angular 
divergence is half the circumference, or 180. In all cases 
the angular divergence may be represented by a fraction, 
in which the numerator designates the number of turns 
of the spiral that are made in passing from one leaf to 
the next one that is precisely vertical to it, while the de- 
PhylloStachyS (fl-los'ta-kis), n. [NL. (Siebold ^^'^1^^' number 'of'vertlcal'rows thus 
and Zuccarini, 1837), so called with ref. to the formed, from which the class of phyllotaxis takes its name, 
leaf -bearing lower branches of the inflores- as the distichous or three-ranked (!), the pentastichous or 
five-ranked (), the octostichous or eight-ranked (g), and 
even as high as a thirteen-ranked (f,) phyllotaxis has been 
made out. 
hyllotaxy (fil'o-tak-si), n. [= F. pltyllotaxic, 
< NL. phyllotaxis, < Gr. ijivUov, leaf, + ralfic., 
taxis.] 
cence : { Gr. <p!'^ov, leaf, + cra^v^, spike.] A 
genus of arborescent grasses, of the tribe Bam- 
busese and subtribe Artmdinaricse, character- 
ized by the one- to four-flowered spikelets, in 
spikes partly included within imbricated spa- 
piKes partly 11 - order: see taxis.'} In bot., same as pliyllotaxis. 
thaceous bracts. They are tall grasses with cylindrical Phyllotreta (fil-6-tre'ta), . [NL. (Chevrolat, 
culms and prominent nodes, producing numerous dense ioo.i\ / n w"i*)'. lf -J- ^n^-x^ 
or loose panicled spikes, and short-petioled leaves, jointed i4), <. Ur. ^r/Aov, leat, -t- rp^oc, v * 
with the'sheath and tessellated with little transverse vein- verbal adj. of rerpaiveiv (-\/ rpa), 
lets. The 4 or 6 species are natives of China and Japan, bore.] A genus of leaf-beetles 
resemble the bamboo, and furnish material for walking- or Clmisomelidx, of wide distribu- 
KTiclra nnM nanihnn cnnii-K /' Bluett T^ tin- \v-:m"ncf'-(.:Mii' .' a . , , 
tion in temperate and tropical 
parts of both the Old and the 
New World. They are of small size. 
sticks and bamboo chairs. P. niyra is the wanghee-cane 
of China, with black, nearly solid stems reaching 25 feet. 
P. bambusfndes is a dwarf species from which yellowish 
canes are made. 
Phyllosticta (fil-o-stik'ta), n. [NL. (Persoon), often of metallic colors, and frequently very 
(. Gr. ^i'XXov, leaf, + OTIKTOC,, spotted, < ori'fv, 
prick, stab: gee 8tigna.~\ A genus of parasitic 
fungi of the class Spliseroiisidese, order Spliseri- 
dideie, probably representing stages in the life- 
history of other forms. The perithecia, which occupy 
discoloi 
termh 
cause the 
Caialpse on the catalpa, P. pirina on the appl< 
on roses, P. Kibis on cultivated species of ftfbiu, I'. La 
, 
destructive to vegetation; the larva; are beetle 
white and usually linear. P. vittata is the '"" 
wavy-striped flea-beetle of the United 
"<"'. 
e ' 
loxera vantatrix) by Riley in 1870. The same discovery 
was made by European observers in the same year. It is 
now established that the native country of this phylloxera 
is North America east of the Rocky Mountains from Can- 
ada to the Gulf i 
and more rece 
land, and Austi 
forms the root-form, called radicicola, on the roots of 
the vine, and the gall-form, called gallicola, in galls on 
the leaves of the grape. The galls are transient, being 
numerous one year and scarce the next. The root-form 
is like the gall-form at first, but later acquires certain 
characteristic tubercles. The phylloxera hibernates as a 
winter egg above or below ground, or as a young larva on 
the roots. Late in the summer a generation of winged 
agamic females is produced ; these fly abroad and spread 
the pest. One of the females lays from three to eight 
delicate eggs in or on the ground or on the under side 
of the leaf, and from these eggs issue the true males and 
females, both of which arc wingless. These mate, and 
the female lays the winter egg. The wingless hypo- 
geal female may occasionally lay eggs which bring forth 
the sexual brood without the intervention of a winged 
generation, but this is exceptional. The wingless indi- 
viduals spread from vine to vine, and the winged ones 
carry the pest from one vineyard to another. The symp- 
toms of the disease above ground are the yellowing of the 
leaves the second year and the death of the vine the third 
year. Below ground, little knots are formed on the small 
fibrous roots the first year; these roots decay the next 
year, and the lice settle on the main roots. The third 
year these rot, and then the vine dies. The vines suscep- 
tible to this infestation include all the varieties of the 
ritis mnifera, the wine-grape of Europe and California 
and the hothouse-grape the most valuable of the grape 
family. The French government early offered a reward of 
300,000 francs for a satisfactory remedy, but this prize has 
never been awarded. The most effectual methods of deal- 
ing with the phylloxera thus far ascertained are the under- 
ground injection of bisulphid of carbon by means of a 
specially contrived apparatus, the application of a watery 
solution of sulphocarbonate of potassium, and the graft- 
ing of the European vine upon hardy American varieties, 
as the Taylor, Clinton, and Jacques. See also cuts under 
gall-louse, oak-peM, and pine-pest. 
3. A genus of lepidopterous insects. Rambia; 
1869. 
phylloxera-mite (fil-ok-se'ra-mit), . An 
States, abundant in vegetable gardens, where it attacks at . ar i no Turoghmhus phylloxera?, one of the nat- 
cabbages and other cruciferous plants. P. nemorum of , '', f , ^ i f f ormer l v d e _ 
Hum- kn,.m nK the (,/r,m) ttfn-bffHf. has similar habits. ural enemies ot trie vine-pest, lormeny u 
. . 
Europe, known as the turnip flea-beetle, has similar habits. 
F. 
, yel- 
See ekloro- 
scribed in its transitional and quiescent stage 
as Hoplophora arctata. Hoplophora was supposed 
to be a genus of Oribatuise, characterized by the hard 
covering or shield capable of being folded together to 
inclose the head and limbs, but the members of that ge- 
