ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., adj adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo- French. 
agri agriculture. 
AL Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Amer American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist. 
appar apparently. 
Ar Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archowl archeology. 
nrith arithmetic. 
art article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
nst n .I astrology. 
nst m 1 1 astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav. Bavarian. 
Beug Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot botany. 
Braz Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
cans. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
Choi Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
compar comparative. 
conch .'. .conchology. 
cnnj conjunction. 
'conir contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craiiiol craniology. 
cranium craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
def definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diff different. 
dim diminutive. 
diatrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E East. 
E. English (usuallymean- 
insrmodern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g. L. exempli gratia, (or 
example. 
Egypt. Egyptian. 
r. I ii'l East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
erabryol embryology. 
Eng. English. 
engln engineering. 
i lit- MI i entomology. 
Epls Episcopal. 
equiv equivalent. 
csp especially. 
I'.th Ethlopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
i ty m. etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
1., (em (emtnlne. 
F French (niiuaUy mean- 
ing modern French). 
I Inn Flemish. 
fort, (ortiflcation. 
(req frequentative. 
Fries. Friesic. 
fut. future. 
G QermsLD(usuallymean- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Mcesogothlc). 
Gr. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet. herpetology. 
Bind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort. horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros. hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (tuuo#.v 
meaning Old Ice- 
landlc, otherwise coil- 
ed Old None). 
ichth Ichthyology. 
I. e. L. id eat, that is. 
impers. impersonal. 
impf Imperfect. 
impv. imperative. 
improp improperly. 
I ml Indian. 
i i "1 Indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
iiuU-f. indefinite. 
inf. ...Infinitive. 
Instr. instrumental. 
interj interjection. 
intr., intrans. . . .intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg Irregular, trregnlarly. 
It Italian. . 
Jp Japanese. " 
I.. Latin (tonally mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LO Low German. 
llchenol llchenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit. literature. 
Lith. Lithuanian. 
lithog. lithography. 
lithol. lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
M. Middle. 
mach. machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf iii!iiiuf;icturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
HE. Middle English (other- 
wise called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech. mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensnr. mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Mex Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHO Middle High German. 
mflit. military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod. modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut neuter. 
N New. 
N North. 
N. Amer. North America. 
nat. natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav navigation. 
NOr. New Greek, modern 
Creek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw. Norwegian. 
nnmls numismatics. 
0. Old. 
obs. obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBuIg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat. Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontoL odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornlth. ornithology. 
OS. Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteol osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
P. a. participial adjective. 
poleon paleontology. 
part. participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
perf. perfect. 
Pers. Persian. 
pers. person. 
persp. perspective. 
Pernv Peruvian. ' 
petrography. 
Portuguese. 
pharmacy. 
hen Pheniclon. 
philoL philology. 
philos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical. 
physlol physiology. 
pl.,plur plural. 
poet. poetical. 
pollt. polltlcaL 
Pol Polish. 
poss. possessive. 
PP post participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr. Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
venfal). 
pref prefix 
prep preposition. 
pret. present. 
pret. preterit. 
prlv privative. 
]u ub probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
pros. prosody. 
Prot Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. qua) 
mde, which see. 
red. reflexive. 
reg. regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Koman. 
Bom Romanic, Romanca 
(languages). 
Buss. Russian. 
B. South. 
8. Amer South American. 
sc. L. scilicet, understand, 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp. sculpture. 
Serv. Servian. 
Ding singular. 
Skt. Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. ...Spanish. 
nbj subjunctive. 
super!. superlative. 
surg surgery. 
surv surveying. 
8w. Swedish. 
yn. synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
technol. technology. 
teleg. .telegraphy. 
teratoL teratology. 
term termination. 
Tout. Teutonic. 
theat theatrical. 
theol. theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicoL toxicology. 
tr. , trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
typog. typography. 
uli. ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var. variant. 
Tet veterinary. 
T. L Intransitive verb. 
v. t. transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wollachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
toogeog zoogeography. 
roof. zoology. 
loot. lootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
ft as in fall, talk, naught. 
a as in ask, fast, ant. 
a as in (are, hair, bear. 
e as In met, pen, bless. . 
e as in mete, meet, meat. 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, It, biscuit. 
I as in pine, flght, Me. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
S as in move, spoon, room. 
as in nor, song, off. 
u as hi tub, son, blood. 
u as In mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: sec Preface, pp. 
ix, x), 
ft as in pull, book, could. 
U German U, French u. 
oi as in oil, Joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable indicates Its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xL 
Thus: 
tt as in prelate, courage, captain, 
e as in ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant, republican, 
e. as in prudent, difference, 
i as In charity, density, 
p. as in valor, actor, idiot. 
ft as In Persia, peninsula. 
E* as in the book, 
as in nature, feature. 
A mark (~) under the consonants t, d. 
i, z indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure, 
d as in arduous, education. 
g as in leisure. 
t as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
ch as In German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (mou- 
ule) 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent is not marked if at its 
regular Interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read /rom ; I. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; t e., (rom which Is derived. 
+ read and; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read coynate with; I e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged; I e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read otaolete. 
