plentiful 
If it be a long winter, it is commonly a more plentiful 
year. Bacon, Nat. Hist. 
For as plentiful springs are fittest, and best become 
large aquuducts, so doth much virtue such a steward and 
officer as a 1'hristian. Donne, Letters, I \ \ \i\ 
3f. Lavish. 
He that h plentiful in expenses of all kinds will hardly 
be preserved from decay. Bacon, Expense (ed. 1887). 
= Syn. 1 and 2. Profuse, luxuriant. Plentiful is essential- 
ly the same as plenteous. See comparison under ample. 
plentifully (plen'ti-ful-i), adv. In a plentiful 
manner; copiously; abundantly; with ample 
supply. 
Berne is plentifully furnished with water, there being a 
great multitude of handsome fountains planted at set dis- 
tances. Addition, Remarks on Italy. 
Sometimes the Oashif sent for me to dine with him, 
when the drams went round very plentifully whilst we 
were eating. Pococke, Description of the East, I. 59. 
plentifulness (plen'ti-ful-nes), n. The state of 
be ing plentiful; abundance, 
plentifyt (plen'ti-fi), v, t. [< plenty + -fy.] To 
make plenteous; enrich. 
For alms (like levain) make our goods to rise, 
And Cull His owne with blessings plentijiet. 
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Vocation. 
plentivoust, adv. A Middle English form of 
plen teoii.i. 
plenty (plen'ti), n. and a. [< ME. plentee, plente, 
< OF. plente, plentet, < L. plenita(t-)s, fullness, 
repletion, abundance, < plenus, full; cf. Gr. 
jr/A>f, full; akin to E.full: see/uW 1 .] I. . 1. 
Fullness; abundance: copiousness; a full or 
adequate supply; sufficiency. 
There ben Hilles where men geten gret plrntee of Mannx, 
in gretter habundance than in ony other Contree. 
MtiiulftUle, Travels, p. 152. 
The fyer towards the element flew, 
Out of his mouth, where was great plentie. 
Ballad of Kiny Arthur (Child's Ballads, I. 23). 
God give thee . . . plenty of corn and wine. 
Gen. xxvii. 28. 
They have great plentu of very large carp in this river. 
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. . 
2. Abundance of things necessary for man ; the 
state in which enough is had and enjoyed. 
It lie may ban togldere al the plente of the lyt. 
Chaucer, Bocthius, v. prose G. 
Ye shall cat in plenty and be satisfied, and praise the 
name of the Lord. Joel ii. 2(1. 
Thy lopp'd branches point 
Thy two sons forth ; . . . whose issue 
Promises Britain peace and plenty. 
Shak., Cymbi'line, v. 5. 458. 
3. A time of abundance; an era of plenty. 
Peace, 
Dear nurse of arts, plenties, and joyful births. 
Shak., Hen. V., v. 2. 35. 
If a man will goe at Christmas to gather Cherries in 
Kent, though there be plenty in Summer, he may be de- 
ceiued ; so here these plenties haue each their seasons. 
Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 196. 
Horn Of plenty. See Aorn. = Syn. Plenty, Abundance, 
Exuberance, Profusion. These words are in the order of 
strength. Plentu is a full supply, all that can possibly be 
ni'i'ded. Abundance is a great plenty, as much as can be 
wanted or more. Exuberance Is an overflowing plenty, an 
abundance that bursts out with fullness: as, the emlxr- 
ance of the harvest. Profusion is a plenty that is poured 
or scattered abroad ; profusion naturally applies to a Inrge 
number of units: as, a plenty of food; a profusion of 
things to eat. Exuberance and profusion may mean an 
amount that needs to be restrained or reduced. See 
ample. 
Enough is a plenty. Old proverb. 
All they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her 
want. Mark xil. 44. 
With an exuberance of thought and a splendour of dic- 
tion which more than satisfied the highly raised expecta- 
tion of the audience, he [Burke] described the character 
and institutions of the natives of India. 
Macaulay, Warren Hastings. 
One boundless blush, one white-empurpled shower 
Of mingled blossoms, where the raptur'd eye 
Hurries from Joy to joy, and, hid beneath 
The fair profusirn, yellow Autumn spies. 
Thomson, Spring, L 112. 
II. n. Being in abundance; plentiful: an 
elliptical use of the noun, now chiefly collo- 
quial. 
The! ordeyned hir a litier vpon two palfrayea, and leide 
ther-ynne fresch gras and ernes plente and clothes, and 
than leide her ther-ynne softely. 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.X ii. 301. 
For he maye not lese at the moost but a lyne or an hoke : 
of whyche he maye haue store plentee of his owne makynge, 
as this symple trcatysc shall tcche hym. 
Juliana Berners, Treatyse of Fysshynge, fol. 2. 
They seem formed for those countries where shrubs are 
plenty and water scarce. OoldtmiUi. 
When labourers are plenty, their wages will be low. 
Franklin. 
plenum (ple'mim), n. [< L. plenum, neut. of 
l>li'ints, full: see iilriiti/.] 1. The fullness of 
matter in space: the opposite of rncuum: also 
4803 
used to denote fullness in general. 2. A quan- 
tity of a gaseous body in an inclosed space 
greater than would remain there under normal 
atmospheric pressure Plenum method (or gys- 
tem) of ventilation, a system In which the air Is fun .-.I 
by artificial means Into the space to be ventilated, while 
vitiated or heated air is forced out by displacement, 
plenytidet, n. [Irreg. (appar. after plenitude) 
< L.pfe/iiw, full, + E. title.] A full tide ; flood- 
tide. 
Let row ling teares In pleny-tides oreflow, 
For losse of England's second Cicero. 
(Ireeite, OroaU-worth of Wit. 
pleochroic (ple-6-kro'ik), a. [< Gr. irteuv, ninuv, 
more,+ xp", color, + -ic.] Exhibiting pleochro- 
ism. The epithet includes dichroic and trichroic. 
Also pleoenromatic, pleochroous, polychroic. 
Pleochroic halo or aureole, a spot within a mineral 
(for example, biotlte) characterized by strong pleochroism. 
Such spots are frequently observed in sections when ex- 
amined under the microscope, and are usually Immedi- 
ately associated with microscopic Inclusions. 
pleochroism (ple-ok'ro-izm), n. [< pleach ro-ic 
+ -ism.] In crystal., the variation in color ob- 
served in some crystals when viewed in differ- 
ent directions, due to the fact that the rays hav- 
ing vibrations in different planes suffer absorp- 
tion in different degrees. In general, a nniaxial crys- 
tal may be dichroic, or have two axial colors, corresponding 
respectively to theordinary ray, whose vibrations arc trans- 
verse to theaxls, and the extraordinary ray, with vibrations 
parallel to this axis : biaxial crystals may be tnchniie, and 
the axial colors are generally taken as those determined 
by the absorption of the rays which are propagated by 
vibrations parallel to the three axes of elasticity. Tour- 
malin Is a striking example of a dichroic species, epldotc 
and hornblende of trichroic species. A more general epi- 
thet for both is pleochrtiic. 
pleochromatic (ple'o-kro-mat'ik), a. [< Gr. 
Tr'/.fuv, ir).?iui; more, + xpt/ja(r-), color. + -ic.] 
Same as pleochroic. 
pleochromatism (plS-6-kr6'ma-tizm), . [< 
iileochromatic + -ixm.] Same Mpleockroim, 
eochro8us (ple-ok'i\)-ns),<;. [4 pleochro-ie. + 
-IIIIK.] Same as pleochroic. 
pleodont (ple'o-dont), a. [< Gr. ir/ruf, full, + 
orfoi'f (oifc)iT-) = E. tooth.] Solid-toothed: op- 
posed to ca'lotloiit. 
pleomastia (ple-r>-mas'ti-a), . [NL.. < Gr. 
ir?juv, more, + /uian'if, one of the breasts.] The 
presence of more than one nipple to one mam- 
mary gland. 
pleomazia (pl6-o-ma'zi-ft), n. [NL.. < Gr. v).t<w, 
-).FUJV, more, + /'oC<if, Ionic ami epic for /laarof, 
one of the breasts.] The presence of a greater 
number of mammary glands than is normal. 
pleomorphic (ple-o-inor'fik), n. [ < nleomorph-y 
+ -ic.] Same as nlroii-]>hons. L. It. Lankex- 
ter, Nature, XXXIII. 413. 
pleomorphism (plS-fi-mor'&sin), . [< nleo- 
morj>h-ii + -ixm.] 1. Same as polymorphism. 
\a litre, XXX. 4'!Ii. 2. Same as plciomorphism. 
pleomorphous (ple-o-mor'fus), a. [< pleomor- 
ph-y + -OHS.] Having the property of pleomor- 
phism ; polymorphic. 
pleomorphy (ple'o-mor-fi), . [< Gr. rttuv, 
/f/ui 1 , more, + uoptfi, form.] 1. Same as poly- 
morphism. 2. Same nsjilciomorplii/. 
pleon 1 (ple'on), n. [NL., < Gr. JTV/UV, Trfaiav, 
more : see plus.] In hot., a term proposed by 
Nageli for those aggregates of molecules which 
cannot be increased or diminished in size with- 
out changing their chemical nature, as distin- 
guished from micellff, or aggregates that can be 
so increased or diminished. See micella. 
pleon 2 (ple'on), n. [NL., < Gr. TT^WV, ppr. of 
trteeiv, TrAf/K, sail, swim.] 1. In Crustacea, the 
abdomen: distinguished from cephalon (head) 
and pereion (thorax). C. Spence. Bate, Encyc. 
Brit., VI. 634. 2. The tail-spine or telson of 
some crustaceans, as the king-crab: so named 
by Owen, on the supposition that it represents 
the abdomen : correlated with thoracetron and 
eephaletron. 
pleonal (ple'o-nal), a. [< pleon 2 + -al.] Of or 
pertaining to the pleon or abdomen of a crusta- 
cean. [Rare.] 
pleonasm (ple'o-nazm), n. [= F. pleonasmc = 
Sp. Pg. It. pleonasmo, < L. pleonasmus, < Gr. 
Tr/Uoroov/of, aoundanee, exaggeration, in gram, 
pleonasm, < irfeovafctv, be or have too much, 
abound, < rf.fuv, Tr/.eiuv, more, compar. of TTO/ ic, 
much: see plug.] 1. Redundancy of language ; 
the use of more words than are necessary to ex- 
press an idea. Pleonasm may be justifiable when the 
Intention is to present thoughts with particular perspi- 
cuity or force. 
The first surplusage the Oreekes call Pleonasmus (I call 
him tim full spr hi, and is no great fault: as if one should 
say, I heard it with mine eares, and saw it with mine eyes. 
as if a man could heare with his heeles, or see with his nose. 
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 204. 
plerome 
2. A redundant phrase or expression; an in- 
stance of redundancy of language. 
Harsh compositions, pleonania at words, tautological 
repetitions. Burton, Anal, of HeL, p. S&. 
3. In med., excess in number or size.-gyn. i. pieo- 
luum, VtrbotSty, Tautology, Ctrcmlocutinn, frriphnuu, 
Verbiage, Rtdundancy. "fiypiono*mlsm<)nt the employ- 
nn'iit nf more words than usual, or of redundant words. 
Wlu-n pntpcrly employed, it Is productive of a high degree 
of emphasis. ... By Verbosity is meant an excessive use 
of words: It arise* from a natural gift of fluent expression, 
which has nut been sufficiently chastened and corrected. 
. . . Tautology arises from verbosity, and may be defined 
as the repetition of the same Idea In different words. . . . 
Circumlocution Is another characteristic of verbosity ; It 
means a roundabout mode of speech, where, instead of a 
direct statement of meaning, the words are multiplied to 
an unnecessary extent When properly employed, this ls a 
recognized figure of speech, peripkratit. . . . Periphrasis 
Is also known as circumlocution, but the term periphrasis 
generally refers to those cases where the figure Is used with 
effect, while ciratmlocution refers to its faulty use. Pi- 
riphrasis may be defined as naming a thing Indirectly by 
means of some well-known attribute, or characteristic, or 
attendant circumstance." ./. DC Millr, Rhetoric, || 27, 28, 
29, 182, 218. Verbiage, and verbosity are contemptuous 
words, verbiage being more often applied to the things 
said or written that are verbose : as, his speech was mere 
verbiage. Pltonasin and periphrasis are terms of rhetoric, 
with some general use ; the others are In common use. 
Redundancy expresses without contempt the fact that 
more words are used than are necessary. 
A work on style might fitly take, from these documents 
which our Government annually lays before all the world. 
warning Instances of confusions, and illogicalities, and 
pleonasms. U. Spencer, Study of Soclol., p. 288. 
A relentless clock that has curbed the exuberant ver- 
bosity of many a lecturer before me. Kature, XXX. 185. 
"In fine," added he. with his usual tautology, "it Is 
right that a man should do his duty." 
MuOey, Dutch Republic, I. 279. 
The circumlocutions which are substituted for technical 
phrases are clear, neat, and exact. Macaulay, Drydcn. 
As the master (Pope! htd made It an axiom to avoid 
what was mean and low. so the disciples endeavored to 
escape from what was common. This they contrived by 
the ready expedient of the periphrasis. They called every- 
thing something else. LouvU, Study Windows, p. ::''. 
Verbiage may indicate observation, hut not thinking. 
irrinff. 
He [Wordsworth] . . . lacked the critical sagacity or 
the hardy courage to condemn and strip away his own re- 
dundancies. D. O. Mitchell, Bound Together, p. 194. 
pleouast (]>lC'o-nast), n. [< LGr. K/.tovaaro^, 
abundant, < Gr. ir/.fovaZnv, abound: see pleo- 
nasm.] One who uses more words than are 
needed ; one given to redundancy in speech or 
writing. 
Ere the mellifluous pleonast had done oiling his paradox 
with fresh polysyllables ... he met with a curious in- 
terruption. C. Reade, Hard Cash, xxv. (Danes.) 
pleonaste (ple'o-nast), n. [So called in allu- 
sion to the four facets sometimes found on each 
solid angle of the octahedron; < LGr. ^ 
rof, abundant, rich, < Gr. rfrova{rtv, abound : 
t66 pleonasm.] In mineral., same as ceylnnite. 
See spinel. 
pleonastic (ple-o-nas'tik), a. [= Sp. pleonds- 
tico = Pg. pleonastieo, < Gr. "irZrovaoTixof, re- 
dnndant, < jr/<-ora<rrof, verbal adj. of Trfjova&tv, 
abound: see pleonasm.] Characterized by pleo- 
nasm or redundancy; of the nature of pleonasm : 
redundant. 
pleonastical (ple-o-nas'ti-kal), n. [< pleonas- 
tic + -al. ] Same as pleonastic. 
pleonastically (ple-o-nas'ti-kal-i), adv. In a 
pleonastic manner; with redundancy. 
pleonexia (ple-o-nek'si-8), n. [NL.,'< Gr. irfto- 
vtfia, greediness, < vtenvhriK, greedv, grasping. 
having or claiming more than one's due, < -'/><,,>. 
irteiav, more, + tff/p, hold, have.] Morbid 
greediness or selfishness. 
pleopod (ple'o-pod), n. [< Gr. irMeiv, swim, + 
irotf (voS-) = E. foot.] One of the abdominal 
limbs of a crustacean ; a swimmeret. The pleo- 
pods are the typical natatory limbs, or swimming-feet, suc- 
ceeding the pereiopods or walking-feet 
pleopodite (pie-op '9-dIt), . [< pleopod + -i'te*. ] 
A pleopod. 
pleroma (ple-ro'mS), n. [XL., < Gr. Trifipuua, a 
filling up. < nhipoin>, fill up, < irtyptK, full : see 
plenty.] 1. Fullness; abundance; plenitude: 
in gnosticism, the spiritual world, or world of 
light, including the body of eons. 
In his system he [Heracleon] appears to have regarded 
the divine nature as a vast abyss in whose plrrrma were 
cons of different orders and degrees emanations from 
the source of being. Eneyc. Brit., .XI. 681. 
2. In hot., same as plerome. 
pleromatic (ple-rn-mat'ik), a. [< pleromn(t-) 
+ -ic.] Pertaining to the pleroma or fullness 
of divine being. 
plerome (ple'rom). . [NL. (Hanstein, 1868), 
< Gr. Tff.iipuua, a filling up: see pleroma.] 1. 
In gnosticism, same as pleroma. 2. In hot., the 
cylinder or shaft of nascent fibrovascular ele- 
