plutocrat 
Hiito. enthroned, with Proserpine. (From a vase-painting.) 
community or society by virtue of his wealth; 
a person possessing power or influence solely 
or mainly on account of his riches; a member 
of a plutocracy. 
We have had 
virtue. 
4572 
vius, rainy: see pluvious. II. n. < F. pluvial (Sp. 
i-ii I'n pluvial), < ML. pluvialis, etc., a rain-cloak : 
see I.] I. a. 1. Kainy; humid; relating to rain; 
also, very rainy ; characterized by great or ex- 
tensive rainfall. 2. In geol., depending on or 
arising from the action of rain. 
The particular kind of denudation effected by means of 
rain Is called pluvial denudation. 
llujrlrii, Physiography, p. 131. 
JI. n. Eccles., a cope: so called from its use in 
outdoor processions, etc., as a protection from 
the weather. 
Pluviales (plo-yi-a'lez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. 
pluvialis, pertaining to rain : see pluvial.] The 
plovers and plover-like birds : synonymous with 
Charadriomorphee. 
pluvialiform (plo-vi-al'i-fdrm), a. [< NL. plu- 
vialiformis, < Pluviales, q. v., + L. forma, form.] 
Plover-like; pluvialine; charadnomorphie. 
Pluvialiformes (pl8-vi-al-i-fdr'mez), n. pi. 
[NL., pi. of pluvialiformis : see pluvialiform.] 
The schizognathous water-birds, an extensive 
series of wading and swimming birds more or 
less related to the plovers, corresponding to the 
Charadnomorphie and Cecomorphie of Huxley, 
or the orders LimicoUe, Longipennes, and Pygu- 
podes. 
pluvialine (plo'vi-a-lin), a. [< Pluvial-es + 
plutologist (plij-tol'o-jist), n. [< plutolog-y + 
-igt.] One skilled in plutology, or the science 
of wealth and its distribution. 
As the plntologittt have explained, the means of happi- 
ness are immensely increased by that complex system of 
mutual co-operation which has ueen gradually organized 
among civilised men. 
//. Sidijirick, Methods of Ethics, p. 408. 
plutology (plQ-tol'o-ji),. [<Gr.7r/loi>rof, wealth, 
+ -yioyi'a, < Atyctv, speak: see-ology.] The science 
of wealth ; the body of natural laws governing 
the production and distribution of wealth ; po- 
litical economy. 
Several authors have tried to introduce totally new names 
[for political economy], such as plutoloyi/, chrenmtistics 
catallactlcs. Jevons, Pol. Econ. (2d ed.), Pref. 
Plutonian (pli?-t6'ni-an), a. and . [< L. Vlu- 
toniitK, < Gr. Hfovruvtof, of Pluto or the nether 
world, < IttoiTuv, Pluto: see Pluto.] I. a. Of 
or pertaining to Pluto ; Plutonic. 
The night's Plutonian shore. Pat, The Raven. 
II. n. A Plutonist. 
Plutonic (plii-ton'ik), a. [< L. Pluto(n-), < Gr. 
n'Miln-uv, Pluto, + -tc.] 1. Of or relating to 
Pluto or the regions of fire ; subterranean ; 
dark. 2. Pertaining to or designating the sys- 
tem of the Plutonists: as, the Plutonic theory. 
3. In geol., formed deep below the surface. 
Plutonic rocks are such Igneous rocks as have been formed 
under conditions of depth and pressure, and have cooled 
slowly, so as to have acquired In general a distinctly crys- 
talline structure : the term Plutonic is opposed to rJoJ- 
contc, the former designating rocks formed at some depth 
beneath the surface, the latter rocks of igneous origin 
but of superficial formation. As used by Lyell, the word 
Is nearly the equivalent of metamarphie. 
Oranltc Is thus a decidedly plutanic rock - that is, It has 
consolidated at some depth beneath the surface, and In 
thlsrespcctdlnVrsfrom the superficial volcanic rocks, such 
as lava, which have flowed out above ground from vol- 
canic orlncea. A. Geilrie, Text- Book of (leology, II. II. 1 7. 
Plutonic theory, the geological theory that the present 
aspect and condition of the earth's crust are mainly due 
to Igneous action. 
Several modern writers, without denying the truth of 
the nuttmic or metamorphlc theory, still contend that 
the crystalline and non-fosslllferous formations, whether 
stratified or unstratlfled, such as gneiss and granite are 
essentially ancient as a class of rocks. 
Lyell, Prin. of OeoL (llth ed.), 1. 129. 
Plutonism (plo'to-nizm), n. [< Pluton-ist + 
-tm.] The doctrines of the Plutonists. 
Plutonist (uW'to-nist). . [< Pluton-ic + -*.] 
One who adopts the Plutonic theory. 
Plutus (plO'tus), n. [L., < Gr. ntavrof, the god 
of riches, a personification of wAofrrof, riches, 
wealth; prob. from the root of nv&if, full, L. 
plan, more, etc. : see plus.] In classical myth., a 
personification of wealth, described as a son of 
lasion and Demeter, and intimately associated 
with Eircne or Peace, who is often represented 
pluviameter (pl6-vi-am'e-ter), . Same as plu- 
viometer. 
pluviametrical (plo'vi-a-met'ri-kal), a. Same 
as pluviometric. 
i-a-nel'us), n. [NL. (Hom- 
A" genus of small wading birds re- 
- ' - , 
lated to the turnstones and surf-birds, with a 
hind toe and very short tarsus, containing one 
species, P. sociabilix, from the southern regions 
of South America. 
(plo-vi-a'nus), . [NL. (Vieillot, 
pluvia, rain : see pluvial.] A genus 
te-*/ -. 
Crocodile-bird (rtu- 
s agyftius). 
of plovers, belonging to the subfamily Cnrsori- 
inte; the crocodile-birds, p. ,,,,,,/,,. the only spe- 
cies, Inhabits northern Africa, and is among the birds sup- 
posed to be the trnchllns of Herodotus (the Hapliiptenu 
Ipinnnil being another). Sec trnehUul, and cut under fjmr- 
Also called Curwriiu, Hi/at, AmmnptOa, and 
plnviograph (plii'vi-o-graf), n. [< L. pluvia, 
rain, + Gr. jyntynv, 
rain-gage. 
, write.] A self-recording 
bestow his favor* exclusively on good men, but should 
distribute his gifts without regard to merit, 
pluvial (plirvi-al), a. and n. [I. . = F. pluvial 
= IV. Sp. IV. AilUlm It. piuriHlr. < L. /,/,;,;. 
lit, of or pertaining to rain, < pluriii, rain, < ;</- 
In Beckley's pluvingrapk a pencil, attached to a vessel 
which sinks as It receives the rain, describes a carve on a 
sheet of paper llxed round a rotating cylinder. 
Jhnj/e. Brit., XX 257. 
pluviometer (p!6-vi-om'e-ter), n. [Also pluvi- 
ameter; < L. pluvia, rain, + Gr. /ifT/xm, mea- 
sure.] An instrument for collecting and mea- 
suring the quantity of water that falls in rain, 
snow, etc., at a particular place; a rain-gage. 
Hec cut in next column. 
Pluviometer, a, vertical section. 
plnviometric (pl8'vi-o-met'rik), a. [< pltiri- 
ometer + -ic.] Made by means of a pluviom- 
eter: as, plitviometric observations. 
pluviometrical (plO'vi-o-met'ri-kal), a. [< plu- 
viometric + -/.] Same as pluvioinetrif. 
pluviometrically (pl8'vi-o-met'ri-kal-i), adv. 
In a pluviometric manner;' by means of pluvi- 
ometry; by the use of the pluviometer. 
pluviometry (pl&-vi-om'et-ri), n. [< L. jiluvia, 
rain, + Gr. -fierpia, < ut-rjiav, measure.] The 
measurement of the amount of precipitation 
of rain or snow ; the use of the pluviometer. 
pluvioscope (plfi'vi-o-skop), n. [< L. pluvia, 
rain, + Gr. anoireiv, view.] A rain-gage; a 
pluviometer. 
The results are here tabulated of the pluviometric ob- 
servations taken at Paris during the years 1880-70 with 
the ptumotcope Invented by the author |M. Herve Man- 
gon). Xature, XXXV. 479. 
Pluviose (plo'vi-os), n. [F., < L. pluvionus, 
full of rain, < pluria, rain.] The fifth month of 
the French revolutionary calendar, from Janu- 
ary 20th to February 18th inclusive in the year 
1794. 
pluvious (plo'vi-us), a. [< ME. pluvyoux= F. 
pluvieux = Pr. ploios = Sp. pluviitxo = Pg. plu- 
rt/MO, chuvuso = It. piovoso, < L. /iliiriiix, rainy, 
causing or bringing rain, < plucrc, rain, im- 
pers.pluit, it rains.] Rainy; pluvial. 
In places over colde 
And pltiryout, olyves Is to doon. 
ralladita, Husbondric (E. E. T. S.), p. 151. 
The fungus parcels about the wicks of candles . . 
pnly slgnlfleth a moist and plummu air about them, hln- 
dui Ing the avolation of the light and favlllous particles. 
Sir T, Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 24. 
ply (pli), f- ', pret. and pp. plied, ppr. plying. [< 
ME. plyen, plien, bend, mold (as wax), < OF. 
plier, pleier, ploier, fold, bend, plait, ply, F. 
plier, also player, fold, bend, etc., = Pr. 
plciar, plcgar = Sp. plcgar = Pg. preijar = It. 
piegare, fold, bend, < L. plicare (pp. plieatus 
and plicitus), fold, lay or wind together, double 
up, = Gr. irUuiv, twine, twist, weave, tie, infold, 
etc. ; akin to L. pltctcre, weave, whence ult. 
plait, etc. : see plait. From L. plicare are ult. 
E.ply, apply, comply, imply, reply, etc., ulsoploy, 
deploy, employ, etc., ftixplay, splay, etc., plicate, 
complicate, explicate, implicate, s]iplicate, etc., 
explicit, implicit, etc., complex, complice, ac- 
complice, etc., simple, duplex, double, triple, quad- 
ruple, etc., multiple, etc., stipple, etc., pliable, 
pliant, etc. ; from the related li.plcctere, weave, 
are ult. E. plait, pleat, plat*, plights, pleach, 
plash?, plexus, complexion, perplex, etc.] I. 
trims. If. To bend; mold; shape. 
Womman of manye scoles half a clerk is : 
But certeynly a yonge thyng may men gye, 
Right as men may warm wex with hamles plyt. 
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, I. 186. 
2f. To draw; work. 
Then all his letters will be such ecstasies, such vows 
and promises, which you must answer short and simply, 
yet still ply out of them your advantages. 
Dryden, Mir Martin Mar-all, 1. i 
3. To use or employ diligently; keep on using 
with diligence and persistence ; apply one's self 
steadily to ; keep busy with ; toil at. 
Who shall hear your part, 
And be In Padua here Vlncentlo's son, 
Keep house and ply his book, welcome his friends, 
Visit his countrymen and banquet them? 
Shot., T. of the 8., I. 1. 201. 
I/inl neorge flordon the left wing guided, 
\viin well the sword c,nil<l //>/. 
Battle of Alford (Child's Ballads, VII. 239). 
The hold swain, who ;./,.- his oar, 
May lightly row his bark to shore, 
f<f<*t, liokeby. II. 31. 
80 lustily did Van Poffcnburgh ply the bottle that In 
less than four short hours In IM:K|. liiniself and his whole 
garrison, who all s<-rlul>iiislv i-nml;il.-.| the .1. d- ..f llieir 
ehieftaln, dead dnink. Irriwj, KnickerlHieker, |i 3S1. 
