polish 
with a broom or a itove-liruih, impart* a black and pol- 
Uhed surface to iron plates Varnish-polish, |>ollsh pro- 
duced by m coat of varnish which covers tin solid mill- 
stance with a transparent coat, as distinguished from 
French polish, which Is supposed to nil the pore, only and 
to bring tin surface to uniform smoothness. Wax-pol- 
ish, (a) A gloMr surface produced by the application of 
paste composed of wax and some liquid in which It is 
dissolved or partly dissolve. I. It requires hard and con- 
stant rubbing, and frequent renewal. (6) The paste by 
which such a polish I. produced. 
Polish- (|.o'lish), a. and . [< Polc^ + -is/il. 
Cf. D. Poolseh, G. Polniseh, 8w. Dan. 1'ohk, 
Pol. Polaki, Polish.] I. a. Pertaining to Poland, 
a country of Europe, or to its inhabitants. 
Polish berry, Parphyruphora polonica, a bark-louse or 
scale-insect very similar to the keruies-berry, funiishing a 
kind of cochineal used as a red dyestuff in parts of Russia, 
Turkey, and Armenia. Polish checkers or draughts. 
See checker i, 3. Polish manna. Same as mamta-seedi. 
II. H. 1. The language of the Poles, it is a 
Slavic language belonging to the western division, near- 
ly alii, cl i.. linhrinian (Czech), and is spoken by about 
10,000,000 persons In western Russia, eastern ITiissia, and 
eastern Austria, 
2. Same as Polish 
Can you play at draughts, polish, or chess? 
Brooke, Fool of Quality. 
3. A highly ornamental breed of the domestic 
hen, characterized especially by the large glob- 
ular crest, and in most varieties having also 
a full muff or beard. Among the principal varieties 
are the white, the silver-, gold-, and buff-laced, and the 
white-crested black I'ollsh. the last presenting an espe- 
cially striking appearance from the contrast of their large 
white crests and glossy-black body-plumage. 
polishable (pol'ish-a-bl), a. [< polislil + -able.] 
Capable of taking a polish : thus, marble is pol- 
w/toWf, and maybe defined as a polwlitible crys- 
talline limestone. 
polished (pol'isht), p. a. 1. Made smooth by 
polishing, (o) Smooth ; perfectly even : as, polished 
plate-glass, (fc) Made smooth and lustrous by friction or 
by covering with polish or varnish. See cut under con- 
glomerate. 
Fro that Temple, towardes the Southe, right nyghe. is 
the Temple of Salomon, that is righte fair and wel pol- 
4594 
polishing-hammer (pol'ish-ing-ham'er), n. A 
hammer with a polish.-.! face, for the fine dress- 
ing of metal plates. Com- 
pare ]il<tHiliiii<i-lifii>iii r. 
polishing-iron (pol'ish-ing- 
i'ern), . 1. A burnishing- 
tool for polishing the covers 
of books. 2. A laundry- 
iron for polishing shirt- 
fronts, collars, cuffs, and oth- 
er starched pieces. It some- 
times has a convex face. 
pplishing-jack (pol'ish-ing- 
jak), n. A polishing-machine 
armed with a lignum-vite 
slicker, for polishing leather i 
when considerable pressure * . 
is required. E. H. Knight. 
polishing-machine (pol'ish-ing-ma-shen'), w. 
A machine which operates a rubbing-surface 
for bringing to a polish the surfaces of mate- 
rials or articles to which a polish is desired to 
be given, as in polishing metals, stone, glass, 
wood, horn, or articles made from these or 
other materials. The rubbing may be reciprocatory 
or rotary ; or It may be irregular, as where small articles 
are polished by the tumbling process, in a rotating cylin- 
der containing abrasive or smoothing substances. Spe 
cincally (a) A machine for grinding and polishing plate- 
glass. In one form of glass-polishing machine, the plate 
is supported on a bed which has a slow reciprocating 
motion, and the polishing is effected by rubbers carried 
in a frame moved by a reciprocating arm. The rubbing- 
surfaces are of felt. Moist sand and afterward different 
of emery arc used for grinding. The polishing- 
polite 
used forsrnoothhigrough surfaces. 2. A wheel 
having its perimeter covered with leather, felt, 
cotton, or other soft smoothing material, for 
bringing partly polished surfaces to a fine de- 
gree of polish. See emery-wheel, buff-wheel, etc. 
polishment (pol'ish-ment), . [< OF.polixse- 
ment; as polinh + -men I. Cf. F. poliment = 8p. 
pulimen to = Pg. jtolimeii to = It. puli mento.] 1 . 
The act of polishing. 2. The condition of be- 
ing polished. 
In the mind nothing of true celeitlal and virtuous ten- 
dency could be, or abide, without the poluhjiunt of art and 
the lalxiur of searching after it. 
Wattrlunut, Apology for Learning (IBM), p. 5. (Latham.) 
[Rare in both senses.] 
polish-powder (pol'ish-pou'der), n. Same as 
polixh inij-pptcder. 
polissoir (F. pron. po-le-swor'), H. [F., <jx>Ur, 
polish : see jtolishi .] In glass-manuf., an imple- 
ment, coiiHisting of a smooth block of wood 
with a rod of iron for a handle, used for flat- 
tening sheet-glass while hot on the polishing- 
st line. Also called flattener. 
The flattener now applies another Instrument, a pulit- 
totr, or rod of Iron furnished at the end with a block of 
w< wd. OlaM-making, p. 128. 
Foliates (po-lis'tez), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804). 
< Gr. JTO/./OTW, founder of a city, < n-o/./feiv, build 
a city, < r<U/f, a city: see police.'} A genus of 
social wasps of the family Tegpkte, containing 
long-bodied black species with subpedunculate 
abdomen and wings folding in repose. They hare 
the abdomen subseralle or subpetiolatc, long, and fusiform. 
putty-powder. (6) In stone-woricmg, a polishing-bed. (c) 
In ayri. and milling, a machine for removing by tritura- 
tlon the Inner cuticle of rice or barley ; a whitening-ma- 
chine, (d) In cottoii.-mannf., a machine for smoothing or 
burnishing cotton threads by brushing after the sizing. 
(e) In wood-trorkini/, a machine for smoothing wood sur- 
(pol'ish-ing-mil), H. A lap of 
2. Having naturally a smooth, lustrous surface, 
like that produced' by polishing; specifically, 
in entom., smooth and shining, but without 
metallio luster. 
Kright potish'd amber precious from its size, 
<>r forma the fairest fancy could devise. 
Crabbe, Works, I. 110. 
3. Brought by training or elaboration to a con- 
dition void of roughness, irregularity, imper- 
fections, or inelegances; carefully elaborated; 
especially, elegant; refined; polite. 
The Babylonians were a people the most polished after 
the Egyptian.. Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 428. 
The frivolous work of polished idleness. 
.Sir J. Mackintosh, Works, I. 236. 
Those large and catholic types of human nature which 
are familiarly recognisable In every polished community. 
Bultrer, Misc. I'rose Works, I. 121. 
His IShaftesbnry'a] cold and monotonous though ex- 
have the i 
_ mill, and 
metal. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. "197. 
polishing-pastetpol'ish-ing-past), n. Polish of 
any kind made in the form of a ' 
polishing-powder (pol'ish-ing-pou*der), w. 1. 
Any pulverized material used to impart a 
smooth surface by abrasive or wearing action, 
as corundum, emery, Venetian pink, crocus, 
tripoli, putty-powder, or oxid of tin for glass- 
polishing; whiting for cleaning and polishing 
mirrors and window-glass; corundum, emery, 
and the dust of diamonds, sapphires, and rubies 
for lapidaries' work ; corundum, emery, pum- 
ice-stone, rottenstone, chalk, rouge, and whit- 
ing for metals; and ptnnice-stone for wood. 
Powders which, like plumbago and it. various compounds, 
adhere to other surfaces to form a snperimjiosed polished 
surface are generally called polishes, as stove-polish. 
Specifically 2. Same as jilate-poirder. 
y, Rationalism, I. 190. 
4f. Purified; absolved. 
I halde the polyted of that plyjt, & pared as clene 
As thon had. -3 neucr forfeted, 6) then thou watj fyrt 
borne. 
Sir Oaimyne and the Oreen Kjiight (E. E. T. 8-X L 2393. 
polisher (pol'ish-or), n. One who or that which 
polishes. Specifically (o) A workman whoe occupa- 
tion is the polishing of wood, marble, or other substances. 
The skill of the polisher fetches out the colours. 
Addison, Spectator, No. 215. 
(6) In bookbinding a steel tool of rounded form, used for 
nibbing and polishing leather on book-coven. 
polishing-bed (porish-ing-bed), n. A machine 
for smoothing and polishing the surface of 
stone by the attrition of rubbers. These, for plane 
surface*, are wooden block* covered with felt and are 
charged with emery in the flrst stage* of the operation 
and with putty powder for finishing. Rubber* for m.il.l- 
ings are funned of old tagging cut into strip*, folded, and 
nailed to blocks in such a way as to present edge* or folds 
of the clutli to niter Into the hollows of the molding*. 
polishing-cask (pol'ish-ing-k&sk). . A tum- 
bling- or rolling-barrel in wliich light arti.-le* 
of metal are placed with some pohshing-pow- 
der, and cleaned and burnished by attrition 
against one another. A similar apparatus is 
used for polishing grained gunpowder. 
polishing-disk i |><>rish-ing-disk), . In <lmti*- 
lr>i, on.- of M number of small instruments of 
different shapes and sizes for polishing the sur- 
faces of teeth, dentures, or lillin^-: ., H mall 
poliHhing-whfi-l. They are rotated by me.ri.of adrill- 
itock, and used with a fine polishing-powder. Disks of 
und|>aper or emery-paper are also usen. 
from a surface by polishing; 
particularly, the dust produced in polishing ar- 
ticles made from precious metals, which is 
saved, and reduced again to concrete form; 
also, particularly, the dust produced in cutting 
hard precious stones, which is saved, and used 
for arming tools in lapidary work, 
polishing-slate(pol'ish-ing-slat), . 1. Aslate, 
usually gray or yellow, composed of microscopic 
infusoria, found in the coal-measures of Bohe- 
mia and in Auvergne in France, and used for 
polishing glass, marble, and metals. 2. A kind 
of whetstone used for sharpening or polishing 
the edges of tools after grinding on a revolving 
grindstone. 
[-snake (pol'ish-ing-snak), n. A kind 
serpentine quarried near the river Ayr in 
Seotland, and formerly used for polishing the 
surfaces of lithographic stones. 
(pof'ish-ing-ston), n. Same as 
" Bine pollshlng-stone, a dark slate 
character to the Mue. but paler and of coarser texture. 
and hune\. 
polishing-tin (pol'ish-ing-tin), n. A thin plate 
of tinned iron, usually the full size of the leaf, 
placed between the cover and first leaf and be- 
tween the cover and last leaf of a book, to pre- 
vent tin' progress of dampness in a newly pasted 
ui i hook, and t.i keep the linings smoo'th. 
polishing-wheel pol ' ish -ing-hwel). . 1. A 
wheel anne.l with some kin.l of abrasive mate- 
rial, as sandpaper, emery, eorun.him. et.-.. Mini 
Pelittrt r*Mf,Mi>s*j. a, wasp : , not. 
and the metathorax as long a. broad, and oblique above ; 
the banal nervure joins the sulico.tal at the base of the 
stigma. It is a large genus of variable species, which build 
combs or a series of paper cells in sheltered place., chiefly 
on rafters, without a complete covering. P. gnUieus is a 
common European species. P. rubujitumu is common In 
North America. 
polite (po-lif ), a. [= F. poli = Sp. pulido = Pg. 
pi>lido= It.piilito,polito, < Ij.politus, polished, 
polite, pp. of polire, polish: see 00M1&1.] If. 
Polished; smooth; lustrous; bright. 
Where there i* a perfeyte mayster prepared In tyroe, . . . 
the brlghtne. of ... science appereth polite and clere. 
Sir T. Klyul, The Uovernour, ill 23. 
Polite bodies, as looking glasses. 
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 731. 
2. Polished, refined, or elegant in speech, man- 
ner, or behavior; well-bred; courteous; com- 
plaisant; obliging: said of persons or their 
speech or behavior, etc.: as, polite society; he 
was very i>olite. 
The court of Turin I. reckoned the most splendid and 
polite of any In Italy ; but by reason of It. being In mourn- 
ing, I could not see it In Its magnificence. 
Addition, Remarks on Italy (ed. liohnX I. C07. 
He Is Just polite enough to be able to be very unman- 
nerly with a great deal of good breeding. 
Colman, Jealous Wife, II. 
3. Polished or refined in style, or employing 
such a style: now rarely applied to persons: as, 
/uililf learning; polite literature (fhat is, belles- 
lettres). 
Some of the finest treatise, of the most polite Latin and 
(Ireek writers are in dialogue, a. many very valuable pieces 
of French, Italian, and F.nglish api>ear In the same dress. 
Additon, Ancient Medals, ii. 
He (Cicero) had . . . gone through the studies of hu- 
manity and the politrr letters with the poet Archias. 
Middleton, Cicero (ed. 1756), I. 38. 
The study of polite literature Is generally supposed to 
include all the liti.-ral arts. Goldtmith, Origin of I'oetry. 
= Syn. S. fii-t/. 1'iiitr. rnurteiiui. I'rbane, I'miiJuinaiit. 
gracious, nimbi.-, i-.iurtly. iteiitli-nmnl), la d)lit,. . Ciril, 
literally, applies I., one who fulfils tin duly of a clU- 
