polytocous 
ducing many or several at a birth ; multiparous. 
AJMOpotjftokoua,polyparoiu, 2. In hot., fruiting 
year after year, as perennials : a term proposed 
by Gray in place or De Candolle's polycarjtoiut. 
polytomous (po-lit'o-mus), a. [< Or. iroAi'f, 
many, + Tt/iveii>, ra/iftv, cut.] 1. In hot., sub- 
divided into many distinct subordinate parts, 
which, however, not being jointed to the pet- 
iole, are not true leaflets: said of leaves. 2. 
Dividing once or repeatedly into sets of three 
or more branches: opposed to dicliotomous. 
polytomy (po-lit'o-mi), . |X polytom-oiis + 
-y*.] Division into more than two parts: distin- 
guished from dichotomy. 
polytope (pol'i-top), n. [< Or. rro/.i>c, many, + 
ron-or, a place.] A term in ii-dimensional geom- 
Polytricheae (pol-i-trik'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < 7V 
lytriuli urn + -e. ] A tribe of acrocarpous brya- 
ceous mosses, typified by the genus Polytrichum. 
It embraces plants that are very variable in size and ap- 
pearance, of woody or strong texture. The capsule is long- 
pedicellate, erect or cernuous, and cylindrical or angular, 
provided with a cucullate calyptra, which may be naked, 
spinulose. or hairy, and with a peristome of !J2, 64, or rare- 
ly 1 teeth. 
polytrichous (po-lit'ri-kus), a. [< Gr. jroAi>r/w- 
XOf, having much hair. < jroAi'v, many, + 0/W; 
(rpix-), a hair.] Very hairy; densely or uni- 
formly ciliate, as an embryo or an animalcule. 
Polytrichum (po-lit'ri-kum), H. [NL. (Dille- 
iiius, 1719), < Gr.Vo/iT/Mjof, having much hair: 
see polytrichous. ] A genus of tall showy mosses, 
type of the tribe PolytricJieie. They grow In wide, 
large tufts from creeping shoots. The stems are erect, 
woody, and triangular ; the leaves are rigid and coriaceous, 
linear-lanceolate, sheathing below, and spreading above. 
The capsule is from four- to six-sided, oblong or ovate, and 
long-pediceled with a cuculliform calyptra, which is cov- 
ered with long hairs forming a dense mat, whence the name 
of haircap-mogg. The peristome is single, of (V4 teeth. The 
genus is widely distributed in north temperate and arctic 
countries, there being species and several varieties in 
North America. See bcar'g-bed, silver heather (under hea- 
ther), goldilocks, 6, haircap-moftg, yolden inaidentiair(\uu\cr 
maideitJiair'), and cut under paraphygis. 
polytroch (pol'i-trok), . [< Polytrocha.] A 
polytrochal or polytrochous organism. 
Polytrocha (po-lit'ro-kii), n. pi. [NL. (Ehren- 
berg), < Gr. iro'/.i-f, many, + r/wjof, a wheel.] 
A division of natant Eotifcra or wheel-animal- 
cules, in which the wheel or swimming-organ 
has several lobes surrounding the anterior end 
of the body. 
polytrochal (po-lit'ro-kal), a. [< Polytrocha + 
-at.] 1. Having several ciliate zones, or girdles 
of cilia, as an embryo worm : correlated with 
mesotrochal, telotroclial. 2. In Kotifcra, of or 
pertaining to the Polytrocha. 
polytrochous (po-lit'ro-kus), a. [< Gr. vo/.i-f, 
many, + rpo^of , a wheel.] Same as polytrochal. 
polytropic (pol-i-trop'ik), a. [< Gr. jroAtf, many. 
+ rpimtv, turn.] Turning several times round 
a pole. Polytroplc function. See/unction. 
polytypage (poV i-ti-paj ), n. [= F. polytypage; 
as polytype, + -age.] A peculiar mode of stereo- 
typing, by which facsimiles of wood -engravings, 
etc., are produced in metal, from which impres- 
sions are taken as from typos. See polytype. 
polytype (pol'i-tip), . and a. [= F. polytype; 
< Gr. 7ro/!>f, many, + rwroc.type: see type.] I. 
n. A cast or facsimile of an engraving, matter in 
type, etc., produced by pressing a woodcut or 
other plate into semi-fluid metal. An intaglio ma- 
trix is the result ; and from this matrix, in a similar way, 
a polytype in relief is obtained. 
II. . Pertaining to polytypage ; produced by 
polytypage. 
polytype (pol'i-tip), v.t.; pret.andpp.;)0?i/<yerf, 
ppr. poll/typing. [< polytype, n.] To reproduce 
by polytypage: as, to polytype an engraving. 
polytypic (pol-i-tip'ik), a. [< Gr. n-oAtf, many, 
+ Ti';rof, type : see typic . Cf. polytype.] Same 
as poli/typical. 
A new species may beone that has been formed by mono- 
typic transformation, the old form disappearing with the 
production of the new, or it may be one that has arisen 
through ixiliiluiiic transformation. 
Amer. Jmir. Sd., Sd sen, XXXIX. 22. 
polytypical (pol-i-tip'i-kal), a. Having several 
or many types ; represented by numerous forms : 
opposed to monotypical: as, a polytypical family 
of animals. 
polyuresis(pol' ! 'i-u-re'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. ffoAtf, 
many, + ov/it/mf, urination, < oitpelv, urinate. < 
oi'/ioi', urine: see urine.] Same as polyuria. 
polyuria (pol-i-u'ri-S), n. [NL., < Gr. iro/>.rr, 
much. + olpoi; urine.] The passing of an ex- 
cessive quantity of urine, especially of normal 
urine. 
4611 
polyuric (pol-i-u'rik), a. and u. [<jiolyurui + 
-if.] I. . Of, pertaining to, or affected with 
polyuria. 
II. . One affected with polyuria. 
polyvoltine (pol-i-vol'tin), M. [< Or. TO/UJ, 
many, + It. rolta, turn, time, + -ine 1 .] A silk- 
worm which yields more than one crop of co- 
coons a year: usually applied onlv to those races 
which have more than four yearly generations. 
For the protection of the mulberry-trees, the raising of 
polyvoltiMS, or worms that hatch several broods a year, is 
forbidden In many countries. Pop. SeL Ma., XXXVI. SOU. 
polyzoaH (pol-i-zo'ft), n.; pi. polyzote (-e). 
[NL. : see polyzoon .] The original name of one 
of the animals afterward grouped as Polyzoa 
and Bryozoa; a kind of polyzoau or bryozoan. 
On Pdyzoa, a new animal, an inhabitant of some zo- 
ophyte*. J. VmtghanThompton, Zodl. Researches (1830). 
Polyzoa 2 (pol-i-z6'), n. pi. [NL., pi. of poly- 
zoon, q. v.J 1. A class of molluscoid inver- 
tebrated animals; the moss-animalcules, sea- 
mosses, or sea-mats. They are Invariably compound, 
funning aggregated or colonial organisms originating by 
germination from a single parent polyioon, and Inhabit a 
polyzoary or pnlyzoarlum comparable to the polypary or 
polypidom of a compound hydrozoan. (See polypary.) 
The individual or person of such a stock Is called a poly- 
fide, and differs from the polypite of a ccelenterate In 
having a complete and distinct alimentary canal sus- 
pended freely in a body-cavity or cwloma, and In many 
other respects. There are definite oral and anal apertures, 
not communicating directly with the perivisceral cavity. 
Tlie mouth Is within an oral disk or lophophore support- 
ing a circlet of ciliated tentacles, the lophophore being 
comparable to -the wheel-organ of rotifers. The Intestine 
is bent on Itself toward the oral end of the body, bringing 
the anus near the mouth, either within or without the 
circlet of lophophoral tentacles, whence the terms tnto- 
procfmuand ectopnvtttus. There Is a well-defined nervous 
system, the nerve-ganglion being situated in the reenter- 
ing angle of the alimentary canal, between the mouth 
and the anus. The respiratory system is represented by 
the ciliated tentacles exsertile from the body-sac. There 
Is nu heart. The 
Polyzoa are her- 
maphrodite, and 
the sexual or- 
gans are con- 
tained within 
the Ixxly-walls. 
Besides the tin. 
sexual reproduc- 
tion, and propa- 
gation by bud 
ding or gemma- 
tion. they exhibit 
in many cases a 
process of dis- 
continnousgein- 
matinn. These 
creatures are 
chiefly marine, 
and are found 
incrustlng sub- 
merged stones, shells, wood, seaweed, and other objects ; 
but some Inhabit fresh water. There is great diversity In 
size, form, and outward aspect. Some resemble corals, 
or polyps of various kinds, and all were confounded with 
various coelenterates under the name of corallinr*. Though 
quite definite as a class, the systematic position of the 
Polyzoa has been much disputed. Besides having been 
classed as radiates, zoophytes, and polyps, they have been 
regarded (a) as worms, and approximated to the Rot\fera, 
being sometimes associated with the rotifers as a class of 
Vermes; (b) as worms, and approximated to the Gephyrea ; 
(c) as molluscoids, and associated with the brachlopods as 
a division apart called MalacoKolvxt ; (cf) as molluscoids, 
and associated with brachlopods and tnnicates In adivlsion 
MolluKoide a ; (e) or as molluska, classed with brachiopods 
and lamellibranchs In a group called Lipoctptiala. Their 
proper position is near or with the bracniopods. The di- 
vision of the Polyzoa into orders, etc., is not less disputed. 
Regarded as related to the siphunculoid gcphyrean worms, 
the Polyzoa have been considered to form a third section, 
called Etipolyzoa, or Polyzoa proper, of such organ Isms (the 
other two being Pterobranclna and Vtrmifornua), and then 
divided into twosubclasses ctproct<i,with anus external 
to the circlet of tentacles, and Endoprocta, with anus inter- 
nal to the tentacles the former consisting of two orders, 
Phylactolaeinata and Qymnoltrmata. Again, the Polyzoa 
pro'per have been directly divided Into (a) Oymnoltemata, 
consisting of the Ctulosttnnata, Cydottmnata, and Ctenogto- 
mata, without an epistome, and (i) Phylactolirmata, with 
an epistome, these latter being commonly called the/rA- 
iratt-r polyzoaru. The families and genera are numerous, 
and date back to the Silurian. A member of the class was 
named a polyzoa by J. Vaughan Thompson in 1830 ; in 1831 
Ehrenberg named the class ISryazoa. and the two names 
have since continued in alternative usage. 
2. In Protozoa, the polyzoan radiolarians: an- 
other name of the Polycyttaria or C'ollozoa. 
polyzoal (pol-i-zo'al), a. [< polyzoa + -n/.] 
Same as polyzoan. 
polyzoan (pol-i-zo'an), n. and n. [< polyzoa + 
-</.] I. . Consisting of many zodids, poly- 
pides, or persons in one compound or colonial 
aggregate ; specifically, pertaining to the Poly- 
zoa, or having their characters ; bryozoan. 
II. n. 1. A member of the Polyzoa; a poly- 
. 2. An individual element of a com- 
Pomacentridae 
2. lielating to poly /.nans or the Polyzoa. 
Kiieyc. Brit., XIX. 431. 
polyzoarium (pol'i-z^-a'ri-um), H.; pi. polyzo- 
ana (-ft). [NL. : see polyzoary.] A compound 
polyzoan ; the common stock of a get of poly- 
zoan polypides, the result of repeated gemma- 
tion from a single embryo. Every individual n>bld 
of the aggregation is a polypide ; the common stock con* 
sists of an ectocyst and an endocyst, the former furnish- 
ing the special cells or CUM in which each polypide Is con- 
tained. See cuts under Polyzoa, PlumatrUa, i 
A Portion < I the Folyzndrium of Flnmalttla 
reftm. one of the /Wyr<v. with several poly- 
pi<lc- protnxling from the cells of the ectocyst. 
, and ribracv- 
Inn 
polyzoary (pol-i-zo'a-ri), n.; pi. polyzoaries 
(-nz). [< NL. polyzoarium,<.polyzooit + -arium.] 
The polypary or polypidom of a polyzoan; a 
colony of polypides; a compound or aggregate 
polyzoan ; a polyzoal co3no3cium. 
polyzoic (pol-i-zo'ik), a. [< Gr. nxrirCw, named 
from many animals, < >roA'v, many, + CQov, an 
animal. Cf. polyzoon.] Filled with imaginary 
animals and other beings, as primitive religious 
conceptions; zoolatrous. Encyc. Brit. ,\X. 367. 
[Rare.] 
polyzonal (pol-i-zd'nal), a. [< Gr. vo7.it, many, 
+ ^uvi/, belt: see zone.] Composed of many 
zones or belts: used by Sir D. Bre water to note 
burning-lenses composed of pieces united in 
rings. Lenses of a large size are constructed on this 
principle for lighthouses, as they can be obtained freer 
from defects, and have but slight spherical aberration. 
Polyzoniidse (pol*i-zo-ni'i-de), n. pi. [NL., 
< Polyzonium + -irfa?.] A family of chilog- 
nath or diplopod Myriapoda, typified by the ge- 
nus Polyzonitim : called Siplionophoridx by New- 
port and tUphonizantia or Sugentia. by Brandt. 
Also Polyzonidte. 
Polyzonium (pol-i-zo'ni-um), n. [NL. (Brandt, 
1834), < Gr. TTO/I'Y, many, -I- C<J>"A belt.] Tht> 
typical genus of Polyzoniidfp. 
polyzooid (pol-i-zo'oid), a. [< (ir. mJ.if, many, 
+ E. zoiiid.] Consisting of many zooids. 
The polyzooid nature of these [sponge-stocks] Is made 
apparent by the presence of many oscula. 
i 'l/i s. Zoology (trans. X p. ' I ". 
polyzoon (pol-i-zo'on), H. ; pi. polyzon (-ii). 
[NL., also ]>olyz(im ; < Gr. jroJ.iV, many, + tyoi', 
animal. Cf. Gr. wo/rCvf, named from many 
animals.] A member of the class Polyzoa; a 
polyzoan, 
polyzoum (pol-i-zo'um), n.; pi. polyzoa (-a). 
[NIj.] Same as polyzoon. 
pomalpo'mS), ii.; pl.;>inte(p6'nia-ta). fNL.. 
< Gr. TTutta, lid, cover.] The so-called occipital 
opercnlum of a monkey's brain, which overlaps 
parts in front of itself and thus forms a super- 
gyre over the pomade or external occipital fis- 
sure. Uncle's Handbook of Med. Sciences, VIII. 
161. 
Pomacanthna (po-ma-kan'thus), n. [NL. (La- 
cepede, 1802), < Gr. mja, a lid, cover, + iitav- 
da, a thorn.] A genus of chsetodont fishes in 
which the preoperculum has a strong spine at 
its angle. They are numerous In tropical seas, and many 
of them are brilliantly colored. P. ctliaru is a West In- 
dian fish, occasional on the south Atlantic coast of the 
Vnlted States, called amjel-nth and imMite. See aiujrl- 
jbA, 2. 
pomace (pum'as), . [Formerly also pummace, 
pomicc; < OF. as if "pomace, < ML. pomacium, 
cider, < L. pomuni, an apple, etc.: see pome. 
Cf. pomage and pomade* ?] 1. The substance 
of apples or of similar fruit crushed by grind- 
ing. 2. Fish-scrap or refuse of fishes from 
which the oil has been extracted. It Is dried 
by exposure to the sun and ground up into flab-guano. 
Pomace Is very extensively manufactured from the men- 
haden. Crude pomace Is called chum. 
3. The cake left after expressing castor-oil 
from the beans. 
Pomaceae (po-ma'se-e), n. pi. [NL. (Jussieu, 
1789), fern. pi. of pomaceus : see pomaceoHg.] 
Same as Pomex. 
Pomacentridae (po-ma-sen'tri-de), . pi. [NL., 
< Pomacentrug -f -idee.] A family of pharyn- 
gognathous fishes, typified by the genus Poma- 
pound polyzo6n ; a polypide. 
polyzoarial(i>ol i-zo-a'n-al). a. [< jMiiyzi. 
urn + -al.] I. Of or pertaining to a polyzo 
One of the PmamtrUm. Cow-pilot i GlffltOttlm 
