Populus 
petiole). See quaJtln-/ an, (under tupU <upm, avid meet' 
latftm (under auld), and cortietne. For other species, we 
paj/lm, the general name of the genus. 
popweed (pOg'wM), . The common bladder- 
wort. Sec I'lrii'iiluiiii. 
I ituck awhile with my t- .. i ill- un the slippery link* f 
the pop-weed, and the world was green and gllddery, and 
1 durst nut liM>k i>, himl me. 
R. 1). Blaekmore, Lorna Duone, vll. 
poquauhock, . [Said to be Algonkin, u fuller 
form of <iintliiiug.] The round hard clam, or qua- 
haug, Vrntt.- mi rci-mirin. Alsoywx/Mrtldlflafc. See 
por-. [L. por-: see pro-.'] A prefix of Latin 
origin, ultimately a form ot pro-. It occurs in 
i>i>rtrud, portent, etc. 
poraillet, rME.,<OF.porra/fe, poorpeople, < 
povre, poor : see poor.] The poor ; poor people. 
For the parisch prest and the pardonere parten the siluer, 
That the poraille of the parisch shuld haue .,ii thel nerc. 
Pien Ptomnan (B), Prol., L 82. 
It Is not honest, It may not avaunce, 
For to delen with no swicb poraille. 
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 247. 
Al be It the porayll and needy people drewe vnto hym, 
A- were parteners of y' Hie. Fabyan, Chron., I., an. 1550. 
poral (po'ral), . [<7Jrt-2 + -a/.] Uf or per- 
taining to the pores of the body. 
(living only of our waste ; . . . by form of perspiration, 
radiation. If you like ; unconscious poral IxHintifulness. 
O. Meredith, The Egoist, xiv. 
porbeagle ( por'be'gl), H. [Said to be for "porc- 
lifaylf, < F. pore, hog, + E. bettyle (applied to 
several sharks). Of. porpoise.] Any shark of 
the family /,</, and especially of the ge- 
nus Lttntna; a kind of tope or mackerel-shark. 
The name originally applied toL. cornnbica, a British spe- 
cies occurring also in the North Atlantic at large, and also 
known as the lleauinari* tthark. It Is a large fierce shark, 
of a gray color. Species of lama are mackerel-sharks to 
which the name also applies, as /. ylaucus or /. ojcyrhyn- 
chu of the Atlantic. .See cut under inackerel-shark. 
porcate (pdr'kat), a. [< L. as if "porcatiis, < 
fiorcu, a ridge between two furrows: see fur- 
rote.'] Ridged; formed in ridges; specifically, 
in eutom., marked by longitudinal deep furrows 
separated from one another by narrow ridges. 
porcated (p6r'kft4ed), . [(.ptimit? + -fd 1 .] 
Same as porcate. 
porcelain 1 (pors'lan or pors'lan), . and u. 
[Formerly also porrettan, porrelimr, also irren- 
l>nrslaine, jiiirxlaiie, ptirxlfii (by confusion with 
purattnu*, which was also written imrcelaiii); 
= D. porselriii = G. por:ellan, porceUan = Dun. 
porcfllieH = &vi.por8li*,tOF.porcellaine,poiirce- 
liiiitr, porclielniiie, iMjrceltiiiie, porcelain, china. 
chinaware, also the purple-fish, the Venus- 
shell, F. j>orci'l<tine, porcelain, china, cowry, 
sea-snail, = Sp. uorcrlami = Pg. porcelltnui, 
porcrliniii, porcelain, < It. porci'lhnm, porcelain 
(so called because its finely polished surface 
wag compared with that of the Venus-shell), 
also the purple-fish, the Venus-shell, so called 
because the curved shape of the upper surface 
resembles the curve of a pig's back, < porcelln, 
u little pig, a pig, dim. of //<... m., /mm, f., a 
hog, pig: see pork.] I. M. A ceramic ware hav- 
ing a translucent body, and when glazed (see 
biscuit, 3) a translucent glaze also. It Is of various 
kinds : (a) Hard paste (or natural) porcelain, of which the 
principal material is a peculiar clay commonly known as 
kaolin, with which is combined some sllicloiis material (in 
China, petuntse ; atSi-vresand elsewhere In Europe, white 
sand, anil sometimes chalk, or roasted and ground flints). 
The glaze Is of similar composition, the sllicious Ingredient 
being sometimes rock-crystal ground to |wdcr. (t) Soft- 
paste (or artificial) porcelain, of which the composition 
varies; it was originally an attempted Imitation of the 
hard porcelain brought from China ami .Japan. Hand, ni- 
ter, soda (or other alkaline substance), gypsum, salt, and 
other Ingredients enter Into it, and, in order to make 
it plastic, glue or some similar material Is added. The 
glaze Is hard, and the ware Is not exposed to the great 
heat of the hard-porcelain furnace, (e) Hybrid or mixed 
porcelain, which Is also a compound produced In attempt- 
ed Imitation of oriental pom-lain, hnt contains a certain 
amount of a kaollnlc clay. Of these three varieties, Chi 
neae and Japanese porcelain, the porcelain of Dresden, 
Vienna, and Sevres (since about 1770\ and In England that 
of Bristol, Plymouth, and Lowestoft are of the first; St. 
Cloud, Sevres (before 1770), and most English wares are of 
the second; and the medieval Italian wares, with some Kiu- 
llsh ones and perhaps some modem ones of the Eun>|n MM 
continent, ln-l.ini: to the third ; but the distinction between 
the Kcond and third Is often hard to fix or ascertain. - 
Alcora porcelain, a rich porcelain having a metallic I u- 
ii-r not unlike that of majolica, made at Alcora in Spain, 
toward the end of the eighteenth century. The mark la 
an A In gold-colored latter Amstel porcelain, porce- 
lain made near Amsterdam In the Netherlands, first at a 
factory called old Amstel from 1782 to 1H07, and then at 
the factory of New Amstel for two or three yean only. 
The ware of both Is marked Amstel In full, or with an A, 
and Is of great excellence of manufacture, rarely In decora- 
tive pieces, hut In table-services of great variety, and dec- 
orated In a simple way, especially with small paintings of 
birds. Arita porcelain, tin: more exact name of the fine 
Japanese porcelain commonly known as Old Japan, Ill/en 
4624 
porcelain, and Imari porcelain, the greater part of which 
was made at the town of Arita. See llutn porcelain. 
Berlin porcelain, ix>rcelain made at Berlin, Prussia, es- 
pecially a haril-paMe porcelain made at the royal factory 
(founded by a private person In 17,'X), and bought by r i (! 
erlck the lireat thirteen years later). This ware has been 
made down to the present day. The mark has usually 
beeu a scepter In blue under the glaze, to which has been 
added K. V. M., for Konlgl. I'orzcllan Manufaktur; but 
the recent productions are marked with a circular seal 
having the al>ove Herman words In full around the rim 
and the royal eagle In the middle. The uses to which this 
ware is put are extremely varied, and decoration of every 
sort hash-en tried In It, and generally with success. Lit ho- 
phane belongs to it, as well as a curious manufacture 
called porcelain-lace, which is added to decorative figures, 
and Is produced by soaking lace or u similar fabric In the 
porcelain-slip, and then firing, by which the threads are 
destroyed and the pattern left in thin filaments of porce- 
lain. Bone porcelain. See *oii. Bow porcelain, a 
soft-paste porcelain made at Stratford-lc-Bow, near Lon- 
don, generally decorated by figures in relief and in painting 
of the simplest character. It is the earliest English porce- 
lain. A frequent decoration Is what Is called the hawthorn 
pattern (thorny branches covered with blossoms, frequent- 
ly in slight relief). A frequent mark of Bow china is a 
bent bow with an arrow on the string. Brandenburg 
porcelain, porcelain made at a factory near Branden- 
burg between 1713 and 1710. The founder of the factory 
appears to have been a workman from Meissen. Bris- 
tol porcelain, porcelain made at Bristol In England, 
especially a ware made in the eighteenth century from 
the Cornwall china-stone, and directed by a potter named 
Champion, who bought out < 'ookworthy's Interest. 8ee 
Coolnrorthy porcelain. Bttdwels porcelain, a hartl- 
paste porcelain made at Budweis in Bohemia in mod- 
ern times. Burslem porcelain, a name given to some 
of the finer wares made at the first Wedgwood factory 
in Burslem. They are not strictly porcelain in any sense, 
but are described by Wedgwood, in catalogues, etc., as 
"fine porcelain bisque" and the like, whence probably 
the term came to he used. Caen porcelain, porcelain 
made at Caen in Normandy, especially a hard-paste ware 
made during the early years of the French revolution, 
and commonly marked with the word Cam in full. It Is 
extremely rare, the manufacture having lasted hut a few 
years. Capodimoute porcelain, porcelain made at Ca- 
iMxllmonte, a suburb of Naples, especially that of the royal 
actory, which was continued through the greater part of 
the eighteenth century. The most celebrated variety is 
that which is decorated with figures in high relief, not very 
finely modeled, but decorative in their disposition, and 
then touched with red applied in the pointille manner to 
the less prominent parts of the relief, as If with the inten- 
tion of giving a flesh-like warmth to the shadows. Cast 
porcelain, a semi-transparent ormilky-whiteglass made 
of silica and cryolite with oxid of zinc. Also called mi'f, 
yla**, /wjfiWc porcelain, cryolite gl ffv, and hot-cajiipiircclttin. 
Cnantilly porcelain, porcelain madeatchantllly, near 
1'aris. Especially (a) A soft-paste porcelain made under 
the patronage of the Prince de CondtS from 17i r >, the mark 
of which was a bunting-horn In blue under the glaze. The 
glaze of this (Mtrcelain was made opaque by tin, so as to be 
practically a thin coat of enamel. A design consisting of 
small detached Howers painted in blue became very popu- 
lar, and was known as the Chnnlilly tuny pattern, (b) A 
hanl-paste porcelain made in the early part of the nine- 
teenth century, (c) See Petit porcelain. Chelsea porce- 
lain, a porcelain made at Chelsea in England, especially 
a soft-paste porcelain made from I ,:."<. the most admired 
of the old English porcelains. Chemical porcelain a 
fine porcelain nearly completely vitrified, so as to be 
almost an opaque glass, made at the works of C, ranger A 
Co. at Worcester, England, alxmt l.so.- Cookworthy 
porcelain, l*>rcclain made at Plymouth, England, from 
alnmt 17.V,by \V. Cookworthy, who discovered the Cornish 
clay (see china-nlone (o)) Independently of Chaffers. This 
was tin- most Important of the Plymouth porcelain manu- 
factures, Copenhagen porcelain, porcelain made at 
( 'openhagen. Especially (a) A hard-paste porcelain made 
from 17MO for a few years, and from I77'_', soon after which 
time It was taken up by the government. The well-known 
mark Is three waving or rippling lines supposed to repre- 
sent the wavea of the sea. (6) A modern porcelain, of 
which the variety best known is unglazed works of art, 
such as statuettes and groups, Thorwaldsen's works, es- 
IH-clally, have been copied in this ware. -Crown Derby 
porcelain, a variety of Derby porcelain, liearing a royal 
crown as a distinguishing mark. In some cases a D 
only Is crowned, sometimes the monogram D. K., or D 
with a 8t. Andrew's cross, this mark being sometimes 
In ret), sometimes in violet, and sometimes Impressed. 
Derby crown porcelain, a modern porcelain made at 
Derby in Imitation of the old Crown Derby ware and also 
from new designs. The mark adopted by the company is 
a cipher of D. D. surmounted by acrown. Derby porce- 
lain, porcelain made at Derby in England, especially a 
soft-paste porcelain made from 1751. The ware Is very 
translucent, and some of the colors are of unusual bril- 
liancy, especially the blue. One of the specialties of the 
Derby fabric is the nnglazed biscuit ware, of which flg- 
ures and groups were made for the decoration of the 
table ; this Is unmatched by any recent wares, the Parian 
being generally Inferior to It. An old mark of Derby ware 
is a D and the name of the potter Bloor, with the word 
Derby, and a crown has been used since 18.10. Dresden 
porcelain, a hard-paste porcelain made at the royal fac- 
tory of Meissen, near Dresden In Saxony, beginning with 
the year 17U7. This was the first hard-paste porcelain 
made In Europe, and the manufacture has continued to 
the present day, Including pieces for decoration, for uses 
of every kind and decoration of every variety, both In re- 
lief anil in color and gold. The small figures and groups, 
brilliantly painted, and especially those inu tiich shepherds 
and shepherdesses are represented, have been especially 
popular for many years. A common name for the old 
Dresden porcelain Is nrui Hajce. The beat-known mark of 
this factory Is two swords crossed, but a number of Oriental 
marks are roughly Imitated on certain placet. Pieces that 
are sent out from the royal factory white can be known 
by a cut or scratch through the two swords which form 
the mark; such piece*. If decorated tw i> u .1. .-.irated 
outside. Compare Semi porcelain Egg-shell porce- 
porcelain 
lain. See eyy-iluU. Egyptian porcelain. See. 
rian. Embossed porcelain, porcelain the decoi 
of which is In slight relief. Especially (a) When the re- 
lief is obtained by the decoration itself, as in pate turpate. 
((/) Less properly, when the decoration is produced by catt- 
ing or pressing the whole surface before the color It ap- 
plied. False porcelain, a name given by the first makers 
of liard-paste porcelain in England to the artificial or soft- 
paste porcelain. -Frit porcelain. See/n'r Fusible 
porcelain. Same as ca*t porcelain. Hizen porcelain. 
porcelain made In Japan, in the province of Hizen, and 
often known as Imari porcelain, from the name of the sea- 
port whence it is exported. The ware specially known at 
//izrn or Imari U decorated with blue under the glace, and 
with red and sometimes green and gold upon the glaze, 
the green forming translucent enamels in slight relief. This 
ware was brought to Europe by the Dutch during the 
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and was known aa 
Old Japan, until the recent Investigation Into the history 
of Japanese ceramics. Compare Arita porcelain. Hot- 
cast porcelain. See out porcelain.- Hybrid porce- 
lain. See hybritl. Imari porcelain, Japanese porce- 
lain exported from the seaport of Imari, in the province of 
Hizen. See //urn porcelain. Imperial yellow porce- 
lain, see imperial. Iran porcelain, a name given to 
a hard white ware, with blue decoration in the Chinese 
style, which has many of the characteristics of porcelain. 
See Kanhee ware, under ware*. KiyomldZU porcelain, 
a variety of Japanese porcelain thebody of which It said 
to be artificial, composed of clay mixed with powdered -ili 
clous stone and having peculiarities also in the compo- 
sition of the glaze. - Kouan-Ki porcelain, a name given 
tocertain vases of Chinese porcelain of blue decoration, and 
marked with one or other of certain well-known emblems 
of the Chinese magistracy, such as the pearl (considered 
the emblem of talent or ability), the sacred ax, the sonorous 
stone.and a group of writing-materials. Llmog68 porce- 
lain, porcelain made at Limoges, in the department of 
llaute-Vienne, France. Especially (a) A soft- paste porce- 
lain made from 177:;. (6) A hard-paste porcelain made 
from 1779 to the present day. The kaolin was obtained from 
St. Yrieix in the neighborhood, and the ware was espe- 
cially brilliant and translucent as long as this alone was 
used. The modern porcelain Includes much of the most 
important ceramic production of modern France. Lowe- 
stoft porcelain, a porcelain made at Lowestoft in Suf- 
folk, from 1757 to 1804, especially a hard-paste porcelain 
made after 1775 : one of the most admired wares of Eng- 
lish manufacture. The pieces were usually for table-ser- 
vices, and are remarkable fur rich borders In which fet- 
toons are a common detail. Lune ville porcelain, a soft- 
paste (Mircelaiu made at Lunevillc in France, especially 
famous for the statuettes and groups in biscuit, of which 
the chief maker was Paul Louis Cyfilt-. The paste of these 
seems to have been gradually improved by i > ttlr or others 
M i >m the original terrene. Lorraine, and the Improved paste 
was called pttte-de-inarbre. The name t'yltle is commouly 
marked on these pieces.- Mandarin porcelain. See 
mandarin, May-flower porcelain, see May-flower. 
Medici porcelain, a translucent ceramic ware produced 
in or near Florence, under the Medlcean grand dukea,in the 
sixteenth century. Pieces of this ware are of great rarity. 
The mark is sometimes the balls (palloni) of the Medici, 
and sometimes a rude picture of the dome of the Cathedral 
of Florence. Meissen-Saxony porcelain, the name 
more properly given to the Dresden porcelain. Nankin 
porcelain. Same as !>[<'? china (which see, under china). 
Natural soft-paste porcelain, a name given by M. 
lirognlard, chief of the Sevres works for many years, to 
those soft-paste porcelains which have clay for their 
basis, and therefore are properly ceramic wares. Parian 
porcelain. See Parian. Petit Porcelain, porcelain 
made from 1834 at Paris by a potter named Jacob Petit, 
and of late years at Chantilly. This ware is of remarkable 
excellence, and the pieces of original design are Important 
In the development of ceramic decora! Ion : but the greater 
number of the present products are Imitations of Dretden 
and other celebrated wares. Porcelain jasper. See 
jatper, i Reaumur's porcelain, an artirictafor hybrid 
, 
production of the eminent scientist Reaumur, differing 
from all porcelains properly so called, and not strictly 
a soft-paste porcelain, but rather a glass that has beeu 
exposed to a long-continued heat, which makes It opaque 
and of a milky white. This substance Is called by the 
(iennans inilcnylaMs. The discovery had no Important 
results. - Rose porcelain, Chinese porcelain In the dec- 
oration of which large surfaces of brilliant red enamel 
are used. Plates anu dishes of which the outside is cov- 
ered with this enamel are called note-back plate*, etc. The 
rose porcelain is to be distinguished from the porcelain of 
the so-called rose family, orfamUle rout, Royal Worces- 
ter porcelain. See Worcester porcelain. Sevres porce- 
lain, porcelain made at Sevres, near Paris. Especially 
(a) A soft-paste porcelain made from 1740, In which 
year the manufacture was removed from Vlncennes. The 
celebrated colors bleu du roi, bUv turouotw, rote Pompa- 
dour (more commonly called rote du Barry), and others, 
were Introduced for the soft-paste ware ; and the dec- 
oratfon in gold raised in slight relief above the glaze, the 
addition of jewels, and the style of the paintings in medal- 
lions, all have their origin in this soft-paste ware, which 
was the only ware made at Sevres before 1760, although 
the true hard porcelain had already been made at Meissen 
sixty years before. (See Dresden porcelain.) The soft- 
paste porcelain, now greatly in demand as a rarity, has 
one advantage over the hard-paste In the slight absorp- 
tion of the color by the paste, giving a pleasant softness 
of effect. (6) A hard-paste porcelain made from 1706, In 
consequence of the discovery of deposits of kaolin in 
France. This manufacture has reached greater merit of 
late years than before the revolution ; in slxe and perfec- 
tion the pieces surpass anything produced elsewhere, 
itiiil tin* [Minting shows unparalleled skill and mastery of 
the material, whatever may be thought of Its appropri- 
ateness and good taste as noonttoo. Tin- mark under 
the kings of the old regime was always the royal ripli 
1. L, front to front, crossing above and below, and with 
in the space so Inclosed a letter denoting the year of 
manufacture, a double alphabet beginning In 1778. AA, 
etc. Under the republic, the word Sevres, and It. F. for 
H* inihlfqiie Francalse, were used ; under the empire, M. 
Implr deftcvrs. sometimes with the Imperial eagl- 
used. The restored kings u-ed a cipher of LL and one 
