porcelain 
of CC ; Louis Philippe, a cipher L. P., and often the name 
of the palace for which the ware was made. The 1848 re- 
public restored the K. F. ; and the second empire, crowned 
N, with for Sevres, and the date, as 50, 57. But since 
about 1830 all pieces are marked before decorating with 
the letter 8, and a date in green included In a cartouche, 
and, when the piece is sold undecorated, thin mark Is cut 
through by a touch to a grinding-wheel. - Solon porce- 
lain, porcelain made cither at Paris or at the national fac- 
tory at Sevres, and decorated by a potter named Solon ; 
especially, those pieces decorated in low relief by layers or 
coats of kaolinic slip applied one upon another, producing 
.1 bas-relief more or less translucent, according as the 
application Is less or more thick. Swansea porcelain, 
porcelain made at Swansea from about 1814 tlllisai, when 
the factory was removed to Coalport. But little porcelain 
was made, as the factory was devoted chiefly to delf and 
what was called opaque china; but the quality of it was 
excellent, and It is ranked by some aa the most perfect 
porcelain ever produced in England. The word Swansea 
sometimes combined with a trident or with two tridents 
crossed, and sometimes with the name of the director for 
the time being, is used as a mark. Tender porcelain, 
a ceramic ware in which the composition of hard-paste 
or natural porcelain is imitated. The clay of which it !x 
nind.' is an imperfect kaolin that is to say, it contains 
too much of other substances in combination with the feld- 
spar to furnish a natural porcelain. Worcester porce- 
lain, a soft- paste porcelain made at Worcester In England, 
from 17.11, by an association called the Worcester Porce- 
lain Company. Transfer printing was used In this ware 
at a very early time, and the association also produced a 
blue and white ware imitated from the Chinese, and made 
up in decorative pieces. A peculiar mottled quality of 
the blue, produced hy the running of the color in firing, 
was especially admired. The manufacture is still con- 
tinued hy a joint-stock company. The epithet "Royal," 
often prefixed to the name " Worcester Porcelain." dates 
from 1788, when George III., on the occasion of a visit to 
the factory, conferred this appellation upon it. The paste 
was a very artificial composition, having little or no clay 
in it. The old Worcester porcelain seems to have had no 
mark peculiarly its nwn, hut used a crescent, or some one 
of several " seal-marks " copied from Chinese porcelain, 
or a group of characters imitating Chinese but without 
signification. But from about 1828 the mark of Chaliilici - 
lain & Co., and later a combination of W. W. W. W. with a 
date in the middle, have been used by the chief factory. 
II. a. Of the nature of or consisting of porce- 
lain: as, porcelain adornments. porcelain mo- 
saic, a name given to tile-work in which the separate tiles 
are of uniform or nearly uniform color and composed of 
liorcelain or fine lottery such us white stoneware. 
porcelain'-'t, " An obsolete form of purxliiHC. 
porcelain-cement (pdre'lan-Be-ment*), . A ce- 
ment, variously constituted, for mending china- 
ware or glassware. 
porcelain-clay (pors'lijn-klfi). . Kaolin. 
porcelain-color (pdrs'lan-kul'o.r), . A pig- 
ment used for painting on porcelain. Such pig- 
ments are either colored glasses reduced to powder, winch, 
when fired or subjected to the action of heat, fuse upon 
the surface of the biscuit, or fluxes combined with me- 
tallic colors, usually oxids. 
porcelain-Crab (pdrs'lan-krnb), . A crab of 
the genus I'orcflliiim: so called from its shell. 
which is smooth and polished, as if made of 
porcelain. Several speciesare found on British coasts, 
the most interesting being the broad-clawed porcelain- 
rnil>, r. ptati/chflcs. taking its name from its singular flat 
hroad claws, each of which Is almost as large as the whole 
body. See I'orcellana, 1. 
porcelain-gilding (pors'lan-gil'ding). . A 
gold pigment used in decorating porcelain. It 
is a magma of gold, quicksilver, and flux, thinned with oil 
and turpentine. When fired, the volatile ingredients are 
sublimed, and the black magma assumes a dead gold -in 
face, which must be burnished to acquire the bright me- 
tallic appearance. Other compounds give a bright me- 
tallic surface from simple firing, but this is le*s durable 
than the burnished gold. 
porcelainised, . See porcclainiied. 
porcelainist (pors'lan-ist), . [< porcelain ' + 
-int.] 1. A student or collector of porcelain : 
also, an authority on porcelains. 2. A deco- 
rator of porcelain. 
porcelainite (pors'lan-it), . [< porcelain* + 
-i<c a .] A trade-name of certain kinds of fine 
white stoneware, jasper-ware, etc. 
porcelainized (pors'lan-I/.d), . [< porcelain* 
+ -i~c + -ciV.] Baked like potters' clay; spe- 
cifically, in yeol., hardened and altered, by con- 
tact or other metainorphism, so as to resemble 
in texture porcelain or earthenware: said of 
clays, shales, and other stratified rock. Also 
spelled poroelainised. 
porcelain-jasper (pdrs'lan-jas'per), n. See 
i<l*lH I', L'. 
porcelain-lace (pors'lan-las), w. See Berlin 
jmrceliiiii, under porcelain 1 . 
porcelain-oven (pors'lan-uv'n), n. The firing- 
kiln used in baking porcelain. Each oven is heated 
by a number of fireplaces arranged radially around its 
l>;isr. with flues converging to a central opening in the 
Hoof, through which the heated gases enter the oven. 
< itlier flues pass from the fireplaces (or inattths, as they are 
technically called) up in the sides of the ovens, and open 
into the interior about four feet above the door. The 
oven is conoidal in form, and has an opening at Its apex 
for the esc;ipt> of gases and vapor. A number of these 
ovens or kilns ;n-<- eliisti'ivl jiliout a central furnace called 
a hfi-el. 
4625 
porcelain-paper (pors'lan-pa'per), M. A glazed 
French paper, plain, gift, painted, or figured, 
porcelanaceous (pftr ' se - la -n' shins), a. [< 
porcelain* (porcellan) + '-aceous.] Karae. as 
porcelnnotn. 
porcelane (p6r'se-lan), M. [< Sp. porcelann 
= Hg. porcellaua, iMtrecliina, < It. porctllana. 
Venus-shell, porcelain : see porcelain*.] The 
money-cowry, Cypriea moneta. 
The cowry shells, which, under one name or another 
chamgos, Kimlils, iHiuges, pomlanet, etc. have long been 
used In the East Indies as small money. 
Jecmu, Money and the Mechanism of Exchange, p. ->4. 
porcelane. porcellane (por'se-lan), a. [< 
porcelain * ( porcellan). ] Same as porcelanoux. 
porcelaneous (p6r-sc-la'ne-us), . [< porcelain* 
( porcellun ) + -num.'] Same as porcettinous. 
porcelanian. porcellanian (por-se-la'ui-an), 
a. [< porcelain* (porcellan) + -iatt.J Porcela- 
nous; specifically, noting the porcelain-crabs. 
porcelanite, porcellanite (por'se-la-nit), . 
[= F. porcellnnitc = Pg. porcelanite = It. por- 
cHlanite; as porcelain* (porcellan) + -i/>2.] 
Clay metamorphosed into a rock resembling 
porcelain or earthenware in texture and ap- 
pearance. 
porcelanous. porcellanous (pdr'se-is-nus), . 
[< porcelain' (porcellan) + -.v.] 1.' Pertain- 
ing to or of the nature of porcelain. 2. Re- 
sembling porcelain in structure or appearance : 
hard, smooth, and opaque-white, as the shell 
of a mollnsk or the carapace of a crustacean. 
Among foraminifers, a type of test is distinguished as par 
cflatwitx from hyaline or ritreou*; and the three-layered 
type of mi-Husk shrll eacli lnyer composed of plates set 
on edge, is called paneUMmu. 
porcellant, . and". An obsolete form of {Hirer- 
lain*. 
Porcellana (por-se-la'na), n. [XL., < It. jmrcel- 
lann, porcelain: see porcelain',] 1. The typi- 
cal genus of I'nreclliiiiiilie, founded by Lamarck 
in 1X01. /'. pliiti/clielex anil /'. loni/icuriiix are 
two European species of porcelain-crabs. 2. 
A genus of porcelanous foraminifers. 
porcellanaceous (pdr'se-la-na' shins), '<. [< 
porcclnin* (porcellan) + -accoux.] Same as 
porcellane, ". See poreelanr. 
porcellaneous (por-se-la'ne-us), ii. [< porci- 
Inin* ( porccllan ) + -nniti. | Bailie as porcclnuotix. 
porcellanian, ". See poreiiaiiian. 
Porcellanidae (por-se-lan'i-de). . pi. [XL., < 
/'orcelliiHH + -itla'.~\ 1. A family of short-tailed 
ten-footed crustaceans, typified by the genus 
I'orerlliiiiii, so called from the smoothness anil 
hardness of the shell; the porcelain-crabs. The 
antennH' are very long, and the chela- of great 
si/.e. 2. In couch. ,& family of gastropods: com- 
inonlv called Maroinrlliilir, 
porcellanite, . See porcclanil< . 
porcellanous, "- See poreclanonx, 
porch (porch), ii. [< ME. porclie, < ( >F. porclic, 
F. porclic (alst) pot'tirpie) = Pr. pori/e, portjuc = 
Sp. portico, also (after F.) jiorchc, a covered 
walk, = Pg. It. portico, porch, < L. porticiix. 
porch, colonnade, gallery, < porta, tloor. gate: 
sec port-. ] 1 . In nrcli. , an exterior appendage 
fcls^ife^lS Jl x 
r.-.<i . ---^ -_ ^."IM. -f^ \ 
porcupine 
to a building, forming a covered approach or 
vestibule to a dooi -wax ; a eoveretl wav or en- 
trance, whether inclosed or unincloseil. Many 
church anil cathedral porche* are magiilncent In propor- 
tions and decoration. See also cot under caryatid. 
Into a chnrch-uorrA then they went, 
To stand out of the ralne and wet 
Itulrknt /.9u/iiU'< Calamity (Child's Ballads, VII. SKI). 
To U\eporeh l like with Jasmine hound 
Or woodbine wreaths. 
H'nrrfwnrfA. Inscriptive Sketches. 
2. A covered walk, or portico; a stoa. 
And in * porche, bllt of square stones 
Full mightily cnarched enutron, 
Where the domes and pies (pleas) of the town 
Were executed, and lawcs of the king. 
Lydgate, Story of Thebes, II. 
Kepalr to I'ompey's porch, where von shall find us. 
Shale..], i 1 ., |. 3. 147. 
3. A veranda. [Local, U. 8.] 4. Figurative- 
ly, the beginning or entrance. 
f'ft. No age was Njuired, no sex. 
Cat. Nay, no degree. 
<'ei. Not infants in the pnrrh of life were free. 
H. Jownn, Catiline, I. 1. 
Solomon's Porch, a porch connected with and forming 
a part of Herod'* Temple at Jerusalem, minutely described 
hy Joxephus. The Porch, the Stoa To* lie, one of the pul>- 
lic porticos on the agora of ancient Athens, whither the 
Stoic philosopher Zrnti resorted with his disciples. It wa 
called the Painted I'nrch, from the pictures of Polygnotus 
and other eminent painters with which It was attorned. 
Hence, tfi- /'orrA is equivalent to the tchnol of the Stoic*. 
porcine (por'sin), a. [= F. porcine = Sp. Pg. 
It. porcino. < L. porcinux, of a hog, < porcim. 
hog: see pork.] 1. In ;oiil., resembling or re- 
lated to swine; suilline: as, porcine characters 
or affinities. 2. Swinish; hoggish; piggish: 
applied to persons in derision or contempt. 
His large pnrcint cheeks, round, twinkling eyes, and 
thumbs habitually twirling, expressed a concentrated ef- 
fort not to get Into trouble. Geort/e Kliot, Felix Holt, xx. 
porcupigt (por'ku-pig), . Same as porcupine. 
You would have thought him for to be 
Some Egyptian j*>rnipiy. 
Draifon of tt'ftiillt'ii, 1. 84. (Terry's Rdiqvct.) 
porcupiket, ". Same as /loreiipini-. Holt/okc. 
porcupine (por'ku-pin), . [< ME. porkepyn, 
also, then or later, retliicctl to porkiien, porpyn. 
jioi-pin, pin-pint. porl,-poiiit, /nil-point, perpoint, 
por/ioi/nte (simulating point), whence parpen - 
tine, purpi'iitine ; < (*F. pore expiii, porch expitt, 
also porr irrxpine, F. portc-eg{iine (simulating 
lioittr. carry, as if 'carry-spine') (OF. also 
iMH-c-i-xpic, pore-cxpi, F. porr-r/iic (whence obs. 
E. imrkcxiiiel.; also porrupikc, simulating pike*. 
ami porrupiij, simulating pia*) = Pr. porc-expi: 
simulating OF. cxpic, Kiiike) = Sji. pnrrro 
r.i/>iii = Pg. porco expinlio = It. porco xpitio 
(also porco x/iinoxo, ^ M L. norciix xjtinoxitx), a 
porcupine, lit. 'spine-hog,' < L. porcux, a hog. 
-t- xpinit. ML. also xpinnx, a spine, thorn: see 
pork and xpinc. Cf. e<|uiv. I), ntntel-rarteii, 
xtcl'cteieiJH, it. xtiiclielxchtceiii. 'thorn-hog'; Sw. 
pinxrin = I>an. pinilxriii, 'pin-hog.'] 1. A 
nystricoinorpliie rotlcnt qnadrn|ied of the fam- 
ily Ifyxtrieiilte, of which there are several gen- 
era anil many species, representing two suit- 
families, the llyxtricintc or Old World porcu- 
pines, which are all terrestrial ami fossorial 
animals, and the Sphinijuriuir or Xew World 
porcupines, more or less arboreal, and in some 
cases having a prehensile tail. The spines or quills 
with which these animals are beset reach their highest 
development in species of l/yittrix proper, an //. crittata. 
M^ 
Porch. South door of r.kuicotcr Cathedral. EocUnd. 
EuropeM POrciipfav i llyttrtx frijtmta). 
the common porcupine of southern F.urope antl northern 
Africa. Such quills may be a foot long; they are pret- 
tily variegated in color, and much used for penholder* 
Brush tailed porcupines constitute the genus Alkrrtira, 
and inhabit the Malay region and Africa. The only Ninth 
American porcupines tielong to the genus Erethi&m, of 
which there are 2 species, the common eastern K. dona- 
twt, and the western yellow haired K. rpimtttlua; In both 
the spines are only an Inch or two long, anil mostly hid- 
den in long hair. They are of lane site, teaching 2} feet 
in length, and of ungainly form and ugly visage, with an ex- 
tremely stout and clumsy body anil broad, flat, blunt tall. 
One or the other species is found from the northern limit 
of trees through the greater part of the lulled States. 
