printing 
ment (generally oily) applied to the solid sur- 
face on which they are engraved or otherwise 
formed. This sense is used specifically In typography 
of the actual taking of impressions by the operation of 
a press ; in other uses, it is generally accompanied by 
some descriptive term ; and in typography itself different 
methods are discriminated, as type, letterpress, or stereo- 
type printing, color-printing, etc. Type or stereotype 
printing is done from a surface in high relief; litho- 
graphic printing, from the surface of a flat stone ; copper- 
plate printing, from inked lines engraved below the sur- 
face of a flat plate of copper or steel. The art of printing 
with ink from blocks of wood was practised in China at 
an early undetermined date. Silk and linen fabrics were 
printed from engraved hand-stamps in Europe in the 
twelfth century ; playing-cards and print* of images were 
Impressed on paper in the beginning of the fourteenth 
century. Calico-printing, oilcloth-printing, and carpet- 
printing are also distinct arts, each requiring specially 
made inks and machinery. Printing for the blind, in let- 
ters embossed in relief, is tile only form of printing done 
without ink. 
2. The art or process of producing printed mat- 
ter for reading (including illustrations, etc.) by 
composition and imposition of types, and their 
subjection when inked to pressure upon pa- 
per in a printing-press; the typographic art; 
typography in the fullest sense. Although docu- 
ments of a much earlier date exist, which show strong 
evidence of having been printed in some manner analogous 
to the modern practice, the history of printing properly 
begins with the first use of movable molded types, and is 
accredited to Gutenberg, with the aid of Scnoetfer and 
Fust, of Mainz in Germany, in which city appeared the 
first honk with an authenticated (written) date, 1456. 
Gutenberg's invention, however, is disputed in favor of 
his contemporary Coster, of Haarlum in Holland, from 
whom the former is said to have derived the process. 
Improvements have since been made in the speed of 
type-making and In the methods of type-setting, but 
there has been no radical change in their theory or pro- 
cess. The simple screw hand-press first used for print- 
ing from types received no considerable Improvement 
before 1800. Since that date many Inventions have been 
made In printing-machinery, and the collateral arts of 
stereotyping and electrotyping have been developed. 
Machines that print from 5,000 to 60,000 copies an hour 
are to 1)6 found in many large cities. The earliest Italian 
copperplate-print is by Maso Finlguerra, a goldsmith of 
Florence (14f>2). Lithography was invented by Aloys 
Senefelder, of Munich, about 1790; he made prints in 
1798, and received a patent In 1800. Typography, also 
known as letterpress printing, obtains its greatest advan- 
tage from the mobility of Its types of metal, which can be 
repeatedly used In endless combinations. Type-printing 
machinery permits the use, along with types, of engrav- 
ings on wood, or of stereotype or electrotype plates. In 
all other kinds of printing, the use of an engraved de- 
sign In a new combination is not practicable ; it can be 
used only in its flrst state. Printing comprises two dis- 
tinct trades composition, or the art of arranging types, 
and presswork, or the art of getting impressions from com- 
posed types. See compositor, presgtnan^, and printer, 2. 
3. In photoy., the act or art of obtaining a 
positive photographic picture from a negative, 
or a picture in which the lights and shades art- 
true to nature from one in which they are re- 
versed. When based upon the properties of a 
salt of silver, such printing is called silver- 
printing, and similarly with other salts. 4. 
In ceram., the art of decorating pottery by 
means of transfers, either by paper printed 
with mineral colors or by sheets of gelatin 
printed in oil. By the flrst plan, the paper is pressed, 
printed side down, on the ware to make the transfer, and 
afterward removed by softening In water. By the other 
plan, the gelatin film or bat simply transfers the oil to 
the ware, when it can lie removed and used again, the oil- 
print being then dusted with mineral colors. 
5. Advertising-bills, posters, dodgers, window- 
bills, and the like. [Theat. slang.] Anastatic 
printing. See anastatic. Artificial or artistic print- 
ing, see artificial. Bureau of Engraving and Print- 
Ing. See bu reau. Chromatic printing. See chro- 
malic. Lithographic printing. See litJmjraphy. 
Logographio printing, printing with types bearing 
whole words or syllables. See loyography. Natural 
printing, the taking of an impression from an etched 
plate asTt comes from the bath, for the purpose of show- 
ing its exact state. See also >Mturc-priitfing. oly- 
chrome printing. See polychrome. Solar printing, 
in photog., the process or operation of printing or enlarg- 
ing from a negative by the use of the solar camera. See 
copying camera, under camtra. 
printing-body (prin'ting-bod'i), n. A piece of 
ceramic ware ready for printing. 
printing-frame (prin'ting-fram), . Inphotog., 
a quadrangular frame in which sensitized pa- 
per is placed beneath a negative held firmly in 
position and exposed to the direct rays of light. 
Also called pressure-frame and press. 
printing-house (prin'ting-hons), ti. A house 
or office where letterpress printing is done. 
printing-ink (prin'ting-ingk), . Ink used in 
typographical printing. Its composition, gen- 
erally speaking, is linseed-oil boiled to a var- 
nish, with coloring matter added to it. 
printing-machine (pHu'ting-ina-shen'), M. An 
apparatus for printing with types or typographic 
forms, more elaborate than a hand-press; a 
printing-press adapted for operation at greater 
speed, and commonly with larger areas of type, 
4733 
than a hand-press ; a power-press (properly go 
called, although with some of the smaller forms 
manual power may be used). See printing- 
press. Many such machines have been Invented. Plat- 
en-machines are provided with flat beds for the types, 
which are Impressed by flat platens. Favorite styles of 
platen-machines for book-work are the Adams press of 
America and the Albion press of England; for job-work, 
the Gordon press of America and the Cropper press of 
England. Cylinder-machines are provided with flat slid- 
ing bed-plates for the type-forms, which at intervals are 
Impressed by a rotating cylinder. (See cwKwirr-prvw. ) Ro- 
tary machines are provided with cylinders on the curved 
surface of which the types or plates are Used, and which 
are impressed by another rotating cylinder. In some 
styles of rotary press the central cylinder containing the 
type is impressed by two or more impression-cylinders, 
which make a corresponding number of impressions at 
every rotation. All forms of platen- and cylinder-machines 
receive, by hand-feeding, cut sheets of paper which are 
delivered printed usually on one side only, and not folded. 
Some forms of cylinder-machines are provided with two 
cylinders for printing a sheet on both sides or in two 
colon. Web-machines (so called Iwcause they use paper 
In a web-roll, which may be two or more miles long) are 
provided with cylinders on the curved surface of which 
the plates are fastened, and which are Impressed by 
other cylinders on both sides. All of these machines 
are complex, and have an apparatus for cutting and fold- 
Ing sheets and pasting in supplementary single or double 
printing-type 
Hand-pnss. 
a, frame: *, bed. containing a four-page form, c ; J, platen: e, 
bar Dial moves compound lever; /, compound lever; f, platen springs: 
A, one of two ribs on which the bed slides on its way to the platen ; /. 
rounce. with handle, attached to girths that pull the bed to and from 
the platen ; <f , iyiup.ni. with its drawer ; /, frisk ci 
of various forms have been devised for special kinds of 
printing, as In different colors at the same time. The 
prevalent style of job-presses, for the printing of cards 
leaves, and are largely used for printing daily newspapers. 
Their performance varies, according to the size of the 
sheet and other conditions, from 5,000 to 50,000 copies 
an hour. Nicholson of England received a patent for a 
cylinder printing-machine in 1790, but his invention wax 
never perfected. 
Keenly; and Bauer 
In l-i I did the 
flrst practical work 
on their machine, 
which In 1814 was 
used to print the 
London "Times." 
Early forms of 
cylinder - machines 
have been largely 
Improved by Napier 
of London and Hoe 
of New York. The 
web-machine was 
Introduced in 1853. 
and has received 
many Improve- 
ments from Apple 
it, bed and side ft.ui . ... 
rtliiili the paper to tie printed 
form of type is laid, which bed slides to and fro under" the cylinder ; x'. >n 
- - ..... .., _-...i .Here; /. wheel-antf-axle movement 
ink-fo'u'ntain; t', ink -table ; *, dtetributing-t .. 
i. the fly, working on a rocking shaft, which takes the 
which tuovcs the sliding !ed : t - ..,. -. . 
paper from the delivery-cylinder and l.iys it on the delivery board ; n. delivery board ; 
c, steps on 
which the feeder stands. 
An office 
gath of Loi 
Marinonl of Paris, 
Hoe of New York, 
and others. 
Cradle printing- 
machine. See 
cradle. 
printing-office (prin'ting-of'is), . 
where typographic printing is done. 
printing'-paper (prin'ting-pa'per), H 
per. 
printing-press (prin'ting-pres), n. A machine 
for taking impressions from an inked surface 
upon paper. A press that prints from stone is always 
specified as a lithographic press; a press that prints 
and small sheets, has the type secured to a bed-plate 
which stands vertically, and the platen swings to and 
from It on a rocking shaft, or Is brought to it by means of 
a side-lever. They are often worked by a treadle, and hence 
are also called treadle-i/resneii. Their prototype is the lior- 
don press, Invented 
by Oeorge P. Gordon 
In ISM. Chromat- 
ic printing-press. 
See chromatic. 
Copperplate 
printing -press, a 
roller-press used In 
printing from plate* 
engraved or etched 
in sunken lines. The 
original form, still In 
use, was invented In 
1545. It consists of a 
bed moving on roll* 
ers and supporting 
the plate which Is to 
be printed from. The 
requisite pressure Is 
obtained by means 
of a roller above the 
bed, having a vertl- 
cal adjustment by 
means of screws at- 
tached to Its journal- 
boxes. The bed is 
Slop-cylinder Machine. 
driving-pulley : <, impression-cylinder ;^ it, feed-ublc 
is lai 
r , . . - 
Jaid ; <, delivery-cylinder : /, lied 
which the 
rollers 
mlli'd forward to bring the plate and the sheet upon 
which the drawing Is to be transferred beneath the press- 
ing-roll. The pressure is adjusted by means of the screws, 
hee pa- an( j t i, e TO 11 turned by a lever-arm attached to Its axis, 
causing the plate and Its bed to roll forward beneath It, 
so as to subject the whole surface of the plate and the 
sheet which covers It to Its action. The bed-plate Is heated 
by steam or other means to keep the copperplate warm, 
that the Ink may be of the right consistency. An 1m- 
from etched or engraved copperplates, as a copperplate- 
press. Presses for typographic printing are broadly divided 
into three classes hand-presses, job-presses, and power- 
presses. Those of the last class are treated under printing- 
machine. Theearlyhand-presswaslargelyofwood. Astone 
was provided as a bed for the form of types, and Iron for 
minor pieces only. Impression was made by the direct ac- 
tion of a screw on the platen or pressing surface, which 
covered only one half of the bed-plate of stone. The flrst 
proved form of roller has a I> section, or a plane surface, 
which, brought over the bed or plate at the limit of its 
forward motion, relieves the pressure, and permits a coun- 
terweight to return it to its starting position in readiness 
for another Impression. Multicolor printing-press, a 
chromatic printing-press for printing simultaneously In 
bands or stripes of different colors : distinguished from a 
dinnnUithn-iraphic prea, which prints III overlaid color* 
by successive operations. 
rt fffss&fJStt fi E ." 
platen that fully covered the bed-plate. Many Improve- as 
inents have followed. The hand-presses now preferred g e 
ments have followed. The hand-presses now preferred g ee teleriraiili . 
^^^^^Sf^J^j^U^S^ Printing-type (prin'ting-Op), 
trolled by colled springs Instead of the screw. Presses type. See type. 
-reporting telegraph. 
