project 
I cannot project mine own cause so well 
To make It clear, but do confess I hare 
Been laden wttb . . . frailties. 
Shak., A. and C., T. 2. 121. 
II. iutraiix. 1. To Hhoot forward ; extend be- 
yond something else; jut; be prominent: as, 
a cornice or a promontory projects. The rays 
thrown forward in geometrical projection are 
Haiti to project in this sense. 
The craggy Ruck project! above the sky. 
Prior, Solomon, i. 
A - the bought all temptingly project. 
Burnt, Address spoken by Mlsa Fontenelle. 
2f. To form a scheme or project. Fuller. 3t. 
In alchemy, to make projection that is, to 
throw philosopher's stone into a crucible of 
melted metal, and thug convert the latter into 
silver, gold, or the philosopher's stone. 
My only care 1> 
Where to get stuff enough now to protect on. 
B. Jonson, Alchemist, II. 1. 
Syn. 1. To protrude, bulge (oat), stand out. 
project (proj'ekt), ii. [< OF. project, projet, . 
projet = Sp. proyecto = Pg. projecto = It. pro- 
getto, a project, purpose, < L. projectum, a pro- 
jection, jutty, something thrust out, neut. of 
projcctus, pp. of projicere, nroicere, throw forth, 
thrust out : see project, .] That which is pro- 
jected or devised; apian; a scheme; a design: 
as, projects of happiness. 
A inn. What say you to a masque? 
Hed. Nothing better, if the project were new and rare. 
Ii Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1. 
Here this mad fickle Crew were upon new Projecto again. 
Dampier, Voyages, I. 507. 
I have a project of publishing in the spring a pamphlet, 
which I think of calling "Common-Sense for 1810." 
Sydney Smith, To Lord Holland. 
= 8vn. Scheme, Design, etc. See plan. 
projectile (pro-jek'til), a. and n. [< F. projec- 
tile = t>p. prdyectil = Pg. projectil = It.projct- 
tile; as project + -'/.] I. a. 1. Impelling, 
throwing, driving, or shooting forward: as, a 
projectile force. 
The planeU are constantly acted upon by two different 
forces, viz. gravity or attraction, and the projectile force. 
(i. Cheyne, On Regimen, v. 
2. Caused by impulse ; impelled or driven for- 
ward. 
Uood blood, and a due projectile motion or circulation, 
are necessary to convert the aliment Into laudible animal 
Juices. Arbuthnot, Aliments, p. 35. 
3. In zoiil., capable of being thrust forward or 
protruded, as the jaws of a Ash ; protrusile. 
II. H. 1. Abodyprojected,orimpelledforward 
by force, particularly through the air. Thus, a 
stone thrown from the hand or a sling, an arrow shot from 
a bow. and a ball discharged from a cannon are projec- 
tiles. The path of a projectile, or Its trajectory(neglectlng 
the effect of air-reslstanceX is a parabola. 
The motion of a projectile that Is to aay, of a body 
thrown In any direction and falling under the influence of 
gravity was investigated by Galileo. 
W. K. Cli/ord, Lectures, II. 13. 
2. Specifically, a missile intended to be pro- 
jected from a cannon by the explosive force of 
gunpowder or some similar agent. Projectiles 
used In smooth-bore guns are usually spherical, though 
sometimes oblong, as Is the case in the Manby, Parrott. 
and Lyle life-saving projectiles. Projectiles for rifled 
guns are oblong, the cyllndroconoldal form being gener- 
ally adopted. It la essential for the range and accuracy 
of such a projectile that it should paas through the air in 
the direction of its longer axis, and the only certain method 
of effecting this is to glre It a rapid rotary motion about 
this axis. To this end the projectile must be so prepared 
that it will engage and follow grooves in the bore of 
the gun. This is done In several ways : (a) By the Jtanffc 
system, In which the projectile Is provided with flange*, 
studs, or buttons made of a soft metal, as copper, tine, or 
brass, which fit Into the grooves of the bore, (o) By the 
expanricr method, often called the American system. In 
which the projectile Is fitted with an expanding device 
made of softer material, such as brass, copper, or papier- 
mache, which Is wedged Into the grooves by the explosive 
force of the charge. This system requires more and shal- 
lower grooves than the flange system. Both the preced- 
ing methods are applicable to muzzle-loaders, (c) By the 
rmnpretnoe tydein, In which the projectile Is surrounded 
by a soft metal band or jacket, the diameter of which Is 
greater than that of the bore without the grooves, the 
projectile being forced Into and through the rifled part 
of the bore by the explosive force of the charge. The 
liands In the bore cut grooves In the encircling bands, 
which center and give rotation to the projectile. The ri 
fling Is polygroove and shallow, sometimes narrowing 
toward the muzzle. This system is In use In breech load- 
Ing guns.- Amplitude of the range of a projectile. 
See amplitude. Deviation of a projectile. See tiena- 
>i'>. Horizontal range of a projectile. See hori- 
lonlal. Subcallber projectile, a prnjcctilr made of 
less diameter than that of the bore of the piece from 
which It Is fired, bat having a rap or disk large enough to 
nil tin- bore, allowing tin- IK ill nary windage: or It may have 
a cup or disk capable of IK-IMI: forced out to fill the bore 
when the gun Is discharged. A high Initial velocity Is ob- 
tainable In subcallber projectile* for while their weight 
and hence Inertia are much less than those of the full- 
ilicd shot, the area acted upon by the expanding gases Is 
4702 
the same.- Theory Of projectiles:, that branch of me 
chanlcs which treats of the motion of hiHlles thrown or 
driven by an Impelling force from the surface of the earth, 
and affected by gravity and the resistance of the air, as the 
motion of a cannon- or rifle-ball, or of a jet of water, etc. 
projecting (pro-jck' ting), y>. . Inventive; en- 
terprising, [feare.] 
Christopher Columbus, . . . being a man of projecting 
wit, excellently skilled in astronomy and navigation, 
strongly conceited that some lands must needs He In the 
portion of the circle which should make up the world into 
a globe. 5. Clarke, Oeog. Description (1671), p. 267. 
projectingly (pro-jek'ting-li), adv. In the man- 
ner of something that juts out or projects. 
A ... hat . . . projectingly and out of all proportion 
cocked before. Annalt qf Phil, and Penn., I. 381. 
projection (pro-jek'shon), n. [< F. projection 
= Sp.proyeccio>i = PK.projecc,3o = It. projezione, 
< L. projectio(n-), a throwing forward, a stretch- 
ing out, (. ]trojiccre,j>roicere, pp. projectus, throw 
forth: see project.] 1. The act of projecting, 
throwing, or shooting forward : as, the projec- 
tion of a shadow upon a bright surface ; hence, 
the act or process of throwing, as it were, some- 
thing that is subjective into the objective world ; 
the act of giving objective or seeming reality to 
what is subjective: as, the jirojection of a sen- 
sation of color into space as the quality of an 
object (a colored thing). 2. That image or 
figure which results from the act of projecting 
an idea or a seusation. 
Soon or late to all our dwellings come the spectres of the 
mind, 
Doubts and fears and dread forebodings, in the darkness 
undefined ; 
Round us throng the grim projection* of the heart and of 
the brain. Whittier, Garrison of Cape Ann. 
3. That which projects; a part projecting or 
jutting out, as of a building extending beyond 
the surface of the wall ; a prominence. 
The main peculiarity in the oatside [of the amphithea- 
ter at Pola] is to be found in four tower-like projections. 
. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 117. 
4. The act of projecting, or scheming or plan- 
ning: as, he undertook the projection of a new 
enterprise. 
Which, of a weak and niggardly projection, 
Doth, like a miser, spoil his coat with scanting 
A little cloth. Shot., Hen. V., II. 4. 46. 
5. (n) In (from., the act or result of construct- 
ing rays or right lines through every point of 
a figure, according to certain rules. These rays 
are called projecting rays. In central projection, of ten called 
projection simply, the projecting rays all pass through one 
point called the center of projection. In this way a point 
is projected into a ray, a straight line Into a plane. In 
axial projection, a plane, called a projecting plane , is passed 
through every point of the figure, nil these planes CON- 
talnlng one line called the axis qf projection. (/,) Tin* 
act or result of constructing rays through ev- 
ery point of a figure, all passing through one 
point, and cutting these rays by a plane or 
other surface, so as to form a section on that 
surface which corresponds point for point with 
the original figure, (c) In cliartograpliy, the act 
or result of constructing a figure upon a plane 
or other surface, which corresponds point by 
point with a sphere, spheroid, or other figure ; 
a map-projection (which see, below). 6. The 
mental operation in consequence of which ob- 
jects of the imagination or retinal impressions 
appear to be seen external to us. 
What we call the field of view Is naught else than the 
external projection into space of retinal states. 
Le Conte, Sight, p. n. 
7. In alchemy, the act of throwing anything 
into a crucible or other vessel, especially the 
throwing of a portioa of philosopher's stone 
upon a metal in fusion with the result of trans- 
muting it; hence, the act or result of transmu- 
tation of metals; humorously, the crisis of any 
process, especially of a culinary process. 
The red ferment 
Has done his office ; three hours hence prepare you 
To see projection. B. Jonton, Alchemist, II. 1. 
At the name time a ring was shewed to the King, pre- 
tended to be a projection of mercury. 
Evelyn, Diary, June 1, 1867. 
It Is Indeed the great business of her life to watch the 
skillet on the fire, to see it simmer with the due degree 
of heat, and to snatch it off at the moment of projection. 
Johnson, Rambler, No. 61. 
Had he not had projection, think you ? Saw you no In- 
gots In the cnictblesT Scott, Kenllworth, xll. 
Center of projection. See def. 5 (al Central pro- 
jection. See central and def. r, (a). Cylindrical projec- 
tion. See tnap Jtmjectinn. OaUChe projection. Sec 
louche. Geometric projection, a parallel perspective 
projection equally Inclined to the three principal axes of 
the body to be represented, as a machine. Homolo- 
graphic, horizontal, imaginary, isometric, loxo- 
dromic projection, see the adjective*. Globular 
projection. See map-projection. Map-projection, a 
projection 
system of continuous correspondence between the points 
of a spherical or spheroidal surface and those of a plane, 
this correspondence determining what points on s map 
represent given point* on the earth, and conversely. Of 
the systems In use, only a small number are perspective 
representations (or rather perversions of such represen- 
tations), so that the word projection must here be under- 
stood In a peculiar technical sense, not Implying any sim- 
ple geometrical relation between the sphere and the plane. 
The theory of projections is in Itself one of the most scien- 
tific branches of applied mathematics ; It may, indeed, be 
said to be simply the theory of functions viewed under 
the strong perspective of a practical standpoint. But only 
certain parts of the subject, such as the theory of ortho- 
morphlc projections, have as yet taken scientific shape. 
No satisfactory classification of map projections IB known , 
but orthomorphlc, equivalent, zenithal {including the per- 
spective), meridional, and conical projections are some of 
the main kinds. The following are the more Important : 
Airy's map-projection. See map-projection by balance qf 
errors. Albert's map-projection, an equivalent map-projec- 
tion in which the entire sphere appears as the space 
bounded by two lines and by two arcs of circles having 
their center at the intersections of these lines, these two 
arcs representing the infinitesimal parallels about the 
poles. The other parallels are concentric ares having the 
same boundaries, and the meridians are straight lines 
radiating from the center. This map-projection was In- 
vented by H. C. Albers in 1805, and has been used for 
the map of Europe by Reichard. Apianus's map-projec- 
tion, a discontinuous map-projection in which the equator 
is represented by a limited straight line, and one of the 
meridians by a circle whose center bisects that line, while 
its circumference bisects each half formed by the first bi- 
section ; then, the semi-meridians toward the center are 
represented by arcs of circles cutting the equator orthog- 
onally atequidlstances, and bisecting the first circle at the 
points most distant from the equator; but the semi-me- 
ridians more distant from the center are represented by 
semicircles of the same radius as the full circle, and cut- 
ting the equator orthogonally at the same distances as the 
inner meridians ; and the parallels are represented by equi- 
distant straight lines parallel to the equator. This map- 
projection was much used in the sixteenth century, having 
been introduced by Peter Beiinewitz or Apianus In 1524. 
Arago's map-projection, a map-projection In which one of 
the meridians is a circle, and the parallels are parallel 
straight lines dividing the circumference of this circle into 
equal arcs, while the other meridians are ellipses dividing 
the parallels into equal parts. This projection was invent- 
ed by the French astronomer Aiago in 1834. Amumith's 
map-projection. See globular map-projection (6). Babi- 
nets map-projection. See homoloyraphic map-projection. 
Bennetntfs map-projection. Same as Apianus's map-pro- 
jection. Bonne's map-projection, an equivalent map-pro- 
jection in which all the parallels are represented by con- 
centric and equidistant arcs of circles, and the central 
meridian by a straight line, the central parallel being cut 
orthogonally ' 
meridians. The en* 
tire spheroid ap- 
pears in a kidney 
shape. This map- 
projection was in- 
vented by Ptolemy, 
and described in 
his geography, al- 
though his rules for 
drawing ft did not 
contemplate a de- 
gree of precision 
which tne geo- 
graphical know- 
ledge of his time 
would not warrant, 
sixteenth century. 
Bonne's l>n>J<-tton. 
It was extensively used during the 
It bears the name of the French 
lesfst Bonne, who Improved the theory of it. It has 
Been employed In several of the government maps of Euro- 
pean countries. Also called modififti Flamsteed s map-pro- 
jection. Boole's map-projection. Same as Lagrange's map- 
projection Broken map projection. Same as discontinu- 
ous map-projection. Casrims map-projection, an equiva- 
lent map- projection, the development 01 a cylinder tangent 
to the sphere along a meridian, upon which cylinder the 
sphere has )>een orthogonally projected from the axis of the 
cylinder. This projection was used forCasainl de Thury's 
great map of France, of which the publication was begun 
In 1746. Central equivalent map-projection. Same as 
isomeric map-projection. It was proposed by J. H. Lam- 
bert. Central map-projection, (a) Same as gntrmonicmap- 
projection, (b) Same as zrnttAoJ map projection.- Clarke* 
map projection, a perspective map-projection In which the 
distance of the eye from the center of the sphere Is 1.368 
times the radius. This projection was Invented by the 
English geodeslst Colonel A. K. Clarke. Colliiinon's map- 
projection. (a) The quadrilateral map projection, (b) The 
central equivalent projection. Conform map-projection. 
San ie as orthomorphic map -projection. Conical map-projec- 
tion, (a) Properly, a map-projection the development of a 
tangent or secant cone upon which the sphere Is conceived 
to have been projected by lines of projection perpendicu- 
lar to Its axis, (o) Any projection which may naturally be 
regarded as the development of a projection upon a cone. 
Cylindrical map-projection, (n) A parallelogrammntic 
or square map-projection. (M A map projection show- 
Ing the earth In repeated stripes, as Mercator's. (c) A 
perspective or central projection in which the center 
is at Infinity. Detitlc's map-projection, the secant coni- 
cal projection proposed by Mercator, and applied by J. 
N. Dellsle to the great map of Russia. 
map-projection, a map-projection which follows one law 
In one part, and another In another part. Also called 
l/roken map-projection, irregvlar map-projection. Kly- 
litli map-projection. Same as globular map-projection (b). 
Equidistant map-projection, a zenithal map-projection 
In which the radius of each almncantar Is equal to Its 
angular distance from the zenith. This map projection, 
invented by the French mathematician Poatel In the six- 
teenth century, is frequently employed for star-map*, 
etc. Kauiealenl map-projection, a map-projection which 
represents all equal surfaces on the spheroid by equal 
areas on the map. Also culled f<jttnl-mrfnee map-projec- 
tion. ISquioalcut strreographic map-projection, an equiv- 
