protection 
ages, and has flourished widely lnc. A strong Influence 
In (avor of free trade was exerted In the eighteenth cen- 
tury by the physiocrats anil by the writings of Adam 
Smith. Great Britain adopted a system of practical free 
trade by the abolition of the corn-laws In 1846 and later 
years, followed by the removal of duties on nearly all im- 
ported articles. On the continent of Europe the general 
tendency in recent years has been in the direction of in- 
creased protection. In the United States the policy of 
protection has, especially in later history, formed one of 
the leading national questions. See tariff and revenue. 
Animals' Protection Acts. See animal. Flag of pro- 
tection. See flag-i. Game protection. Seegame.*. 
Writ of protection, (a) A writ, very rarely granted, 
whereby the sovereign's protection is guaranteed, (b) A 
writ issued to a person required to attend court as wit- 
ness, juror, etc., to secure him from arrest for a certain 
time. Syn. 2. Guard, refuge, security. 
protectional (pro-tek'shon-al), a. [< protection 
4- -al.] Pertaining to protection. 
protectionism (pro-tek'shon-i/mj, . [= F. 
jirotectioHiiisme = Sp. woteedonimo; as pro- 
tection + -ism.] The doctrine of the protec- 
tionists ; the system of protection. See protec- 
tion, 4. 
I do not speak . . . of the friendly controversy ... be- 
tween the leanings of America to protectionism and the 
more daring reliance of the old country upon free and un- 
restricted intercourse with all the world. 
Gladstone, N. A. Rev., CXXV1I. 179. 
protectionist (pro-tek'shon-ist), n. and a. [= 
F. proteetionniste = Sp. proteccitniistti; as pro- 
tection + -int.] I. n. One who favors the pro- 
tection of some branch of industry, or of native 
industries generally, from foreign competition, 
by imposing duties on imports and by other 
means. 
Polk was accused of having gone over, bag and baggage, 
to the camp of the protectinixU. 
H. von Hoist, John C. Calhoun, p. 217. 
U. a. Favoring or supporting the economic 
doctrine of protection. 
Pennsylvania has always been a Protectionist State. 
Westminster Ken., CXXVIII. 832. 
protective (pro-tek'tiv), a. and . [= Pg. pn>- 
tectivo; < protect + -ive.] I. a. 1. Affording 
protection; sheltering; defensive. 
The favour of a protective Providence. 
Felt/tarn, Resolves, ii. 58. 
There is not a single white land-bird or quadruped In 
Europe, except the few arctic or Alpine species, to which 
white is a protective colour. 
A. K. Wallace, Nat. Select, p. 65. 
Law Is the necessary check upon crime, and gives to the 
standard of public morality a protectire sanction which it 
sorely needs. //. If. Ozenham, Short Studies, p. 87. 
2. Adapted or intended to afford protection: as, 
a protective measure; affording protection to 
commodities of home production: as, a protec- 
tire tariff ; protective taxes. protective mimicry. 
See mimicry, 1 Protective paper, paper so made that 
anything printed or written upon it cannot be tampered 
with without leaving traces. Water-marks, the incorpora- 
tion of a special fiber, and a peculiar texture produced in 
the manufacture are devices employed lor this purpose, aa 
well as the printing of the surface with tine lines, and vari- 
ous chemical treatment of the paper. Protective per- 
son, in zin-l., that part of a compound organism which spe- 
cially functions as a protection to other parts or persons 
of a comma, as the hydroph) Ilium of a hydroid polyp. 
Protective sheath, in hot. See sheath. 
II. >i. 1. That which protects; something 
adapted to afford protection. 
Fur coats are the grand protective on the Journey. 
Sineteettth Century, XXIV. 60. 
2. In mirg., carbolized oiled silk applied over 
wounds for the exclusion of pathogenic bac- 
teria. 
protectively (pro-tek'tiv-H), artr. In a manner 
adapted to give protection; so as to protect: 
as, insects protectirely colored. 
The markings . . . alxmt the muzzle, ears, and throat of 
antelope, deer, hares, and other mammals, whether protec- 
tively colored or not. Amer. Nat., XXII. 203. 
protectiveness (pro-tek'tiv-nes), . A dispo- 
sition to protect or guard ; the quality of being 
protective. 
Shelley's affection for his young wife had strengthened 
with his growing sense of protectitenext towards her. 
B. Doifden, Shelley, I. 19. 
protector (pro-tek'tor), M. [Also protector ; = 
F. protecteur = Sp. Pg. protector = It. prottt- 
tore, < LL. protector, a protector, < L. protegere, 
pp. protectus, cover before or over: see pro- 
tect.] 1. One who or that which protects, de- 
fends, or shields from injury or any evil ; a de- 
fender; aguavdiau; a patron: as, a child's nat- 
ural protectors. 
As for me, tell them I will henceforth be their God, pro- 
tector, and patron, and they shall call me Qulrinus. 
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 29. 
I hither tied, 
I'nder the covering of a careful night, 
Who seem'd my good protector. 
Shak , Pericles, 1. 2. 82. 
4793 
What farther relates to Charles I. us protector at the arts 
will be found In the subsequent pages, under the articles 
of the different professors whom lie countenanced. 
Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, II. II. 
But Vivien . . . clung to him and hugg'd him close ; 
And call'd him dear protector in her fright. 
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien. 
2. Iii Kng. hist. : (a) One who had the care of 
the kingdom during the king's minority or in- 
capacity; a regent: as, the Dnke of Somerset 
was protector in the reign of Edward VI. 
Go In peace, Humphrey, no lew beloved 
Than when thon 01 art protector to thy king. 
Shut., 2 Hen. VI., il. 8. 27. 
The council . . . would have preferred to adopt the 
system which had been adopted in the early days of Henry 
V I. , and t> > have governed the kingdom in the King's name, 
with Gloucester as president or protector. 
Stubb*, Const. Hist., j S(iO. 
(b) [cup.] The title (in full Lord Protector) of 
the head of the executive during part of the 
period of the Commonwealth: it was held by 
Oliver C'romwell lGf>3-8, and by Richard Crom- 
well 165S-9. 3. In weaving, a stop-motion at- 
tached to a power-loom, which immediately 
stops the loom when the shuttle fails to enter 
the box. Cardinal protector, a cardinal who repre- 
sents at Rome the interests of a nation or of several na- 
tions ; also, a cardinal who represents the interests of a 
religious order, etc. Lord Protector. Same as pro- 
tector, 2 (6). Protector of the settlement, in law, the 
person whose consent is necessary under a settlement to 
enable the tenant in tall to cut off the entail. He is usu- 
ally the tenant for life In possession, but the settler of 
the lands may appoint in his place any number of per- 
sons, not exceeding three, to be together protector dur- 
ing the continuance of the estate preceding the estate 
tell. Digby. 
protectoral (pro-tek'tor-al), a. [< protector + 
-/.] Relating to a protector; protectorial. 
The contention of the representative system and the 
proteeloral power, (jodirin, Mandeville, I. 225. (Danes.) 
protectorate (pro-tek'tor-at), . [= F. prolee- 
turat = Sp. Pg. protectorado = It. protettoratu, 
< NL. "protectorates, the office of a protector, < 
LL. pro tec tor, protector: see protector.] 1. Gov- 
ernment by a protector; also, the rank or posi- 
tion of a protector, or the period of his rule: 
specifically [<vi/i.] used with reference to the 
period in English history during which Oliver 
and Richard Cromwell held the title of Lord 
Protector. 
Richard Cromwell . . . being designed to be his Father's 
Successor in the I'rulectinrate, was, atwut the time that this 
honour was done to him, sworn a Privy Counsellor. 
Wiml. Fasti Oxon., II. 119. 
His well-known loyalty [was] evinced by secret services 
to the Royal cause during the }*ratectorate. 
Barhatn, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 208. 
The arrival of a governor of course put an end to the 
proteeturate of ololte the Dreamer. 
Iroiny, KnickerlMcker, p. 147. 
2. Art'lation assumed by a strongnation toward 
a weak one, whereby the former protects the 
latter from hostile invasion or dictation, and in- 
terferes more or less in its domestic concerns. 
The seven Ionian Islands their consent being given 
through their parliament, and Great Britain's abandon- 
ment of her protectorate having been accepted are to 
form a part of the Greek monarchy. 
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. II., p. 422. 
In summing up what we have discovered with regard to 
our new protectorate* and our recent annexations, we have 
then to note that until about 1884 we had for some time 
almost consistently refused offers of territory which had 
been pressed upon us. 
Sir C. W. Dilke, Probs. of Greater Britain, v. 1. 
protectorial (pro-tek-to'ri-al), (i. [< LL. pro- 
tectorins, pertaining to a protector (see protec- 
tory), + -al.] Relating to a protector; protec- 
toral. 
protectorian (pro-tek-to'ri-an), a. [< LL. ;ro- 
tectorius, pertaining to a protector, + -an.] 
Same as protectorial; specifically [tap.], re- 
lating to the Protectorate in English history. 
This Lord . . . during the tyranny of the Proteetarian 
times kept his secret Loyalty to his Sovereign. 
Fuller, Worthies, Herefordshire, II. 95. 
protectorless (pro-tek'tor-les), a. [< protector 
+ -less.] Having no protector, 
protectorship (pro-tek'tor-ship), . [< protec- 
tor + -xhip.] The office of a protector or re- 
gent; a protectorate ; the period during which 
a protector governs. 
And did he not, in his protectorship, 
Lery great sums of money through the realm ? 
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ill. 1. 60. 
The duke of York, when he accepted the protectorship 
in 1455, insisted on the payment of the council. 
Stubbs, Const. Hist, i 367. 
protectory (pro-tek'to-ri), n.; pi. protectories 
(-riz). [= Sp. protectnrio, a., < LL.^wotectoriu*, 
pertaining to a protector (ML. protectorium, 
11., a safe-conduct), < protector, protector: see 
Froteina 
protector.] An institution for the protection 
and training of destitute, vagrant, truant, or 
vicious children : the specific name of a Roman 
Catholic institution in New York city, 
protectress (pro-tek'tres), n. [< F. protec trice 
= Sp. protectriz = It. protettrice, < LL. protee- 
trix, fern, of protector, a protector : see protec- 
tor.] A woman who protects. 
All tilings should be guided by her direction, as the 
sovereign patroness and protectrcxt of the enterprize. 
Haemi. 
protectrix (pro-tek'triks), n. [< LL. irotectrij; 
fern, of protector, protector: see protectress.] 
Same as protectress. 
Qneeiie Katharine, protectrixe of kyng lohn her son, 
while he was yet In his nonage. 
Peter Martyr (tr. In Eden's Fint Books on America, ed. 
(Arber, p. 66). 
Proteese (pro-te'e-e), . pi. [NL. (A. de Can- 
dolle, 1856), '< Pntea + -fie.] A tribe of plants 
of the order Proteticeep and series \iiciimeiitti- 
ceeB. It Is characterized by its dry nut, single ovule, and 
anthers seated on the base of the calyx-lobes at the sum- 
mit of the tube, and usually all perfect. It Includes 14 
genera, of which l*rotea is the type. 
prote'ge' (|>ro-ta-/.ha'), n. [F., pp. of protfger, 
protect, (. L. protegere, protect : see protect.] 
One who is under the care and protection of 
another. 
prot6g6e (pro-ta-zha'), M. [P., fern, of protfyf, 
([. v.J A girl or woman who is under the care 
and protection of another person. 
proteid 1 (pro'te-id), . [<. prnte(iii) + -itfi.] A 
substance formerly supposed to contain protein 
as an essential ingredient. The term Is now applied 
to a considerable number of nitrogenous Imdies which 
make up the substance of the soft tissues of the body ami 
of the mood, and are also widely distributed in the vege- 
table kingdom. They are amorphous solids, having cer- 
tain general features In common, but differing widely in 
solubility and in their decomposition products. The 
gluten of Hour, egg, albumin, the fibrin of the blood, syn- 
tonin, and casein are examples of proteids. Gelatin and 
chondrin Huxley calls outlying members of the same 
group. Also called albuminoid. 
Food-stuffs have been divided into heat-proilucers and 
tissue-formers the amyloids and fats constituting the 
former division, the protfids the latter. But this is a very 
misleading classification, Inasmuch aa it implies on the 
one hand that the. oxidation of the proteid.* uoes not de- 
velop heat, and on the other that the amyloids and fats, 
as they oxidize, subserve only the production of heat. 
I'roteitls are tissue- formers, inasmuch as no tissue can be 
produced without them ; but they are also heat -producers, 
not only directly, but because, as we have seen, . . . they 
are competent to give rise to amyloids by chemical meta- 
morphosis within the body. 
Huxley and Youmatu, I'hyslol. (1875X 170. 
proteid 2 (pro'te-id), . [< I'rotriil-te.] Inzotil., 
an amphibian of the family Proteidx. 
Proteida (pro-te'i-dii), H. pi. [NL., < Proteus 
f- -idn.] Iii zoi>l., an order or suborder of tail- 
ed amphibians, conterminous with the family 
Proteitlte. 
Proteidae (|>ro-te'i-de), ji. pi. [NL., < Prnteux 
+ -idx:] A family of gradient or tailed am- 
phibians, typified by the genus Proteus, with 
external gills persistent throughout life, max- 
illaries absent, intermaxillaries and mandible 
toothed, palatine and pterygoid bones develop- 
ed, and orbitosphenoid elongate and not enter- 
ing into the palate. The American representative of 
this family is the menobranch. See cut under Meno- 
branchus. Slenobranchida is a synonym. 
Proteidea (pro-te-id'e-a),ii.p/. [NL. : see Pro- 
teidie.] A division of saurobatrachian or uro- 
dele Amphibia, having the external branchiae or 
gill-clefts persistent, or disappearing only in 
old age, no eyelids, amphicralous vertebrae, and 
cartilaginous carpus and tarsus: synonymous 
with Proteida, and contrasted with the Sala- 
mandridea. 
proteidean (pro-te-id'e-an), a. [< Proteitlse + 
-an.] Of or pertaining to the Proteidea. 
proteiform (pro'te-i-f6rm), a. [< NL. Proteus 
(see Protein, 2) + L. forma, form.] Same as 
protean, 2. Encye. Brit., IX. 376. 
protein (pro'te-in), n. [< Gr. irnaref, first, + 
--in 2 .] A hypothetical substance formerly 
believed to be the essential nitrogenous con- 
stituent of food, and to exist in animal and 
vegetable albumin, fibrin, casein, and other 
bodies. This view has been abandoned, and at present 
the word Is chiefly used as the first element In com- 
pounds. Protein-bodies. Same as proteidi. See pro- 
tfid. Protein-granules. Same as atrurane. 
Proteina (pro-te-i'na), 11. pi [NL. (Wallich ), < 
Proteus + -iim 2 .] A group of protean or amce- 
biform rhizopods, having a nucleus and con- 
tractile vacuole: divided into Actinophryna and 
Anuebina, respectively characterized by their 
mouomorphous and polymorphous pseudopods. 
Sun-animalcules and ordinary proteus-animal- 
