Protista 
animals hail been grouped together under various names, 
as Pro/actinia tit Hogg (1S30), and Priinalia of Wilson and 
Cassin i i -i. ., 
protistan (pro-tis'tan), a. and n. [< Protista 
+ -.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the Pro- 
/ is/ii. 
II. . A member of the Protista; any uni- 
cellular organism not definitely regarded as a 
plant or an animal. 
protistic (pro-tis'tik), . [< Protista + -ic.] 
Of or pertaining to the Protista. 
Protium (pro'shi-um), . [NL. (Wight and 
Arnott, 1834); perhaps from a native name in 
Java.] A genus of polypetalous trees of the 
order Hurseraccte and tribe Bitrserex. it IB char- 
acterized by a free cup-shaped four- to aix-cleft calyx, a 
cup-like disk bearing the four to six long narrow petals, 
and the eight to twelve unequal erect stamens on its 
margin, and a globose drupe, the fleshy outside splitting 
into four valves and the stone consisting of from one to 
four bony one-seeded nutlets, at flrst united together but 
finally free. There are about SO species, natives of the 
tropics of both hemispheres. They are small trees, exud- 
ing a balsamic resin, and bearing pinnate leaves toward 
the end of the branchlets, composed of three or more large 
stalked leaflets. The small slender-pedlcelled flowers 
form branching panicles borne on long stalks. /'. Ouia- 
netae is the hyawa or incense-tree of British Ouiana, and 
/'. altijigimiiin is there known as white cedar. Some of the 
species have formerly been classed under Idea (AtMet, 
1775). They produce many valuable gum-resins, for which 
see tletai, acmchi-resin, caraitna, conima, and hyawa yum 
(under ywm-'X 
proto-. [< Or. jr/MJrnf, first, super). ,< Ji-po, before, 
first, in advance of.] An element in compound 
words of Greek origin, meaning 'first,' and de- 
noting precedence in time, rank, or degree. Be- 
sides its frequent use in scientific names, it Is common in 
compounds having a historical reference, as proto- Arabic, 
proto-Medic, etc. Compare proto-coinpound. 
proto-abbatyt (pro-to-ab'a-ti), . [< Gr. irpiiTof, 
first, -f ML. abbatia, abbacy: see abbacy.'] A 
first or principal abbacy. 
Dunstan . . . was the flrst abbot of England, not In 
time, but in honour, Glastonbury being the proto-abbaty 
then and many years after. 
Fuller, Worthies, Somersetshire, III. ii 
proto-apostate (pro'to-a-pos'tat), n. [< Gr. 
Kpurof, first, + amxTTim/f, apostate: see UJHIH- 
tatc.'] A first or original apostate. 
Sir James Montgomery, the false and fickle proto-apns- 
tate of whiggism. Ilallam, Const. Hist, III. 127, note. 
protoblastic (pro-to-blas'tik), a. [< Gr. nyjuror, 
first, -r- /i/UzoTof, germ.] Same as holoblimtie. 
The eggs of mammals are, as embryologists would say, 
regularly protoblastic. Amer. Nat., XVIII. 1270. 
protocanonical (pro'to-ka-non'i-kal), a. [< 
ML. ]>rotocanoiiicuf<, < Gr. irpurof, first, + mvovi- 
/c<5f, canonical: see canonic.] Of the first or 
original canon. See deuterocanonical. 
From the perpetual and universal tradition and prac- 
tice of the whole church from the apostles' time to ours, 
we may have a human persuasion, and that certain and 
infallible, of the divine and canonical authority of those 
hooks which were still undoubted, or which some call the 
protocaiumical. Baxter, Saints' Kest, II., Pref. 
Protocaulidae (pro-to-ka'li-de), . pi. [NL., < 
Protocol/Ion + -iWa 1 .] A family of spicateous 
pennatuloid* polyps, typified by the genus Pro- 
tocaitloii. They are of small size, without cells or ra- 
chial pinnules, and with sessile polynites on both sides of 
the rachis in a single series or in indistinct rows. 
Protocaulon (pro-to-ka ' Ion), n. [NL., < Gr. 
Tpurof, first, -r nav'r.&f, the stalk of a plant.] 
The typical genus of Protocaulidie. 
protocercal (pro-to-ser'kal), a. [< Gr. nyxjrof, 
first, + K/pKOf, tail ;: see cereal.'] Having a prim- 
itive tail-fin : noting the embryonic stage of the 
vertical fins and tail of a fish, when these con- 
sist of a continuous skinfold along both upper 
and under sides of the body and around its tail- 
end. Jeffries Wyman. 
prptocere (pro'to'-ser), n. [< Gr. Trpurof , first, + 
(c^paf, horn.] T'he rudiment of the antler of a 
deer, or that process of the antler which is best 
developed in the second year. 
protocerebral (pro-to-ser'e-bral), a. [< pro- 
tocerebrum + -al.] Of or pertaining to the pro- 
tocerebrum. 
protocerebnun (pro-to-ser'e-brum), n. [NL., 
< Gr. nyjiirof, first, + L. cerebrum, the brain: 
see cerebrum.] The primitive anterior cerebral 
vesicle or rudiment of the cerebrum proper. 
.V. r. Mnt. .lour., March 28, 1885, p. 354. 
protochlorid, protochloride (pro-to-klo'rid), 
n. [< Gr. irporof, first, + E. elilorid, chloride.'] 
A chlorid whose molecule contains a single 
chlorin atom, or one in which the ratio of 
chlorin atoms to basic atoms is the smallest. 
Protochlorid of mercury. Same as calmntl. 
Protococcacese (pro'to-ko-ka'se-e), ii.pl. [NL., 
< Protococeus + -</(<#>.] An order of unicellu- 
lar alga? of the class Prototoecoitlem, typified 
Rc<l Snow (Protoeoftu! nivalis], highly 
magnified. 
4797 
by the genus Protococcux. It Includes a number of 
organisms of very simple structure, many of which occur 
both in a free-swimming and In a resting condition. 
protococcoid (pro-to-kok'oid), . [< Proto- 
coccux + -oid,\ In bot., resembling Proto- 
cocciu. 
Protococcoideae (pro'to-ko-koi'de-e), n. pi. 
[NL., < Protococcun + -oidae.] A class of mi- 
nute plants belonging to the group Schizophy- 
ceae, taking its name from the genus Protococ- 
CUK. It Includes those simplest forms of vegetable life 
in which the endochrome consists of pure cmorophyl of 
its natural green color, sometimes replaced, to a greater 
or less extent, by a red pigment, but never possessing In 
the cell-sap a soluble blue coloring matter. They are of 
microscopic size, and may occur in both the resting and 
the motile condition. They multiply very rapidly by bipar- 
tltlon and also by means of swarm snores. This class is 
a purely provisional one, and probably includes many 
forms that are nothing more than stages in the develop- 
ment of alga) of greater complexity and belonging to 
widely separated families. The Protococcuideie embrace 
two orders, the Krenwbiete and Prtitococcaceae. See Schizo- 
phtjceie. 
ProtOCOCCUS(pr6-t6-kok'us), w. [NL. (Agardh), 
<Gr. Trpcirof, first, 4- KUK.KCH; , a berry : see coccus.] 
A genus of algae, typical of the order Protococ- 
caceif and class Protococcoulfte. They are in the 
strictest sense unicellular plants, being spherical, mi 
branched, and sin- 
gle, or gathered into 
irregular groups or 
clusters. They are 
primarily always fill- 
ed with chlorophyl- 
green cytioplasm, 
<wr-*a i TBin!Bi) % 
which often changes 
to red by exposure or 
other circumstances. 
They multiply rapid- 
ly by repeated hipar- 
tltion of the cell-contents. P. riridit is exceedingly abun- 
dant everywhere, forming broadly expanded strata of yel- 
lowish- or darker-green color on trunks of trees, moist 
rocks, walls, timbers of shaded buildings, old fences, etc. 
P. nimlis is the well-known "red snow " which frequently 
covers large tracts of snow in arctic or alpine regions in a 
very short time. 
Protocoelomata (pro'to-so-lo'ma-ta), n. pi. 
[XL., < Gr. nyxJriK;, first, + Ka&uaiafr-), a hollow, 
cavity: see ca>loma.] Animals which have a 
primitive archenteron with simple coelomic sacs 
or branching diverticula, as most sponges: more 
fully called Meta:o<i proloca/lomata. A. Hyatt, 
Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1884, p. 113. 
protoccelomate (pro'to-sp-16'mat), n. One of 
the Protoccploinatii. 
protocoelomatic (pro-to-se-lo-mat'ik), a. [< 
Protocaelomata + -/<.] 'Of or pertaining to the 
Protocu'lomata. 
protocol (pro'to-kol), n. [< OF. protocolc. pro- 
thocole, protecole, F. protacolr = Pr. prothcollf = 
Sp. protocolo = Pg. It. protocollo = D. protocol 
= G. protocol!, protokoU = Sw. protokoll = Dan. 
protokol, < ML. protocollttm, corruptly protlio- 
colliini, a <lraft of a document, a minute, a pub- 
lic register, a paper confirmed by a seal, < MGr. 
nyxjrrfKo/'./W, a protocol, orig. a leaf or sheet 
glued in front of a manuscript, on which to 
enter particulars as to the administration under 
which the manuscript was written, the writer's 
name, etc., < Gr. irparoc., first, + KoUav, glue, < 
Ko/Jt, glue: see collodion, etc.] It. The ori- 
ginal of any writing. 
An original is styled the protocol, or scriptural matrix; 
and if the protocol, which is the root and foundation of the 
instrument, does not appear, the instrument is not valid. 
Ayli/e, Parergon. 
2. In diplomacy, the minutes or rough draft of 
an instrument or a transaction ; hence, the ori- 
ginal copy of any despatch, treaty, or other doc- 
ument ; a document serving as a preliminary to 
or opening of any diplomatic transaction ; also, 
a diplomatic document or minute of proceed- 
ings signed by friendly powers in order to 
secure certain diplomatic ends by peaceful 
means. 
The next day the Doctor [Dale), by agreement, brought a 
most able protocol of demands in the name of all the com- 
missioners of her Majesty [Elizabeth]. 
Motley, Hist, Netherlands, II. 408. 
3. A record or registry; in law, a notary's rec- 
ord of copies of his acts. 
The protocol here Is admirable, taken on the spot by Mr. 
B and printed In full, and Mr. G is very positive 
in stating that there were a large number of complete suc- 
cesses [In experiments]. Amer. Jour. Pnjchol. . I. I8t;. 
4 . Ill the parts of the United States acquired 
from Mexico, the original record of the trans- 
fer of land . Under Spanish laws the parties to a deed, 
or other instrument affecting land, appeared before a re- 
ffidor, a sort of notary or alderman, accompanied by their 
neighbors as "instrumental witnesses." and stated the 
terms of their agreement. That officer made a minute of 
the terms and entered the formal agreement in a book. 
protogaster 
This entry was called the protocol or matrix, Mid remained 
with the officer, the parties receiving from him a similar 
document called a textinwnio. 
protocol (pro'to-kol), r. ; pret. and pp. proto- 
coling, ppr. priilncolling. [< protocol, .] I. 
iutrann. To form protocols or first drafts; issue 
protocols. 
Serene Highnesses who sit there protocotliitg, and man!- 
festoing, and consoling mankind. 
Carlyle, French Kev., II. vi. 3. (Itanet.) 
Nevertheless, both In Holland and England, there had 
been other work than protncnlling. 
Motley, Hist. Netherlands, II. 44S. 
H. ft'o/w. To make a protocol of. 
protocol-book (pro'to-kol-buk), n. A book for 
the purpose of entering records ; a register. 
A second person sitting at the other side of the table 
reads off and records in the protocol-book the distance of 
each excursion. Miml. IV 103. 
protocolist (pro'to-kol-ist), w. [= G. protocol- 
lint = Sw. Dan. i>rotokotlint = Kuss. protokolis- 
tii ; as protocol + -int.'] A register or clerk. 
The pri'tocoliftt, or secretaries. 
Harper'n Monthly, LXIV. 275. 
protocolize (pro'to-kol-iz), r. i. ; pret. and pp. 
protoeolizeil, ppr. protocoliting, [< protocol + 
-ire.] To write or draw up protocols. 
Kept vmtoctjlizinrj with soft promises and delusive de- 
lays. Mali', nil, Father ITout, p. 85, note. (Kneyc. Met.) 
proto-compound (pr6 / td-kom*pomid), n. In 
</(</., originally, the first of a series of binary 
compounds arranged according to the number 
of atoms of the electronegative element. At 
present the term is most commonly used, in contradistinc- 
tion to per-compfniiuts, to designate those compounds of 
an element which contain relatively less of the electro- 
nejrative radical. Thus, two chloridw of iron are known, 
Fef'lo and Fe u ,("l 8 ; the former in called yrotnMiiriJ, the 
latter perchlttrid. [The name is less usual now than it was 
some years ago.] 
protoconch (pro'to-kongk), . [< Gr. TT/IUTO^, 
first, + n6)X'/, a mussel, shell : seecowc/i.] The 
embryonal or primitive shell of an ainmonoid 
ceplmlopod. Oven. Also called cmhrijo-xac, 
ot'icfll, and oriiMtc. 
The position was taken that the scar of the Nautiloides 
showed that a protoconeh had existed In the embryo of 
Nautilus, but bad disappeared during the growth of the 
shell, the scar being uncovered by its removal. 
A. Hyatt, IToc. Amer. Assoc. A 'v. Scl., 1S84, p. 328. 
protoconchal (pro'to-kong-kal), <i. [< proto- 
coiich + -/.] Pertaining to the protoconch. 
Protodermiacea (pro-to-der-mi-a'se-e), n. pi. 
[NL. (Kostafinski), < Protodermivm + -acete.l 
A family of Myxomycetex of the order Proto- 
dermiftf, containing the monotypic genus Pro- 
toileriniKin. It has the characters of the or- 
der. 
Protodermieae (pro'to-der-mi'e-e), n. pi. [NL., 
< Protodermium + -.] An order of .Vyxomi/- 
cetes, embracing the single family Protoilcrniiii- 
cesp. The peridium is simple, of regular shape, 
and destitute of capitultim ; the spores are 
violet. 
Protodermium (pro-to-der'mi-um), . [NL. 
(Kostafinski, 1875), < Gr. irparos, first, + M/ifui, 
skin.] A monotypic genus of myxom r tous 
fungi, typical of the family Protodermiacete and 
order Protodermiex. P.prenillum, the only spe- 
cies, is found on decaying wood. 
protodipnoan (pro-to-dip'no-an), n. [< Gr. 
TrpuTOf, first, + E. dipnoaii.'] A primitive dip- 
noan; a supposititious representative of the 
stock from which the dipnoans sprang. 
Protodonata (pro-to-do-na'ta), n. pi. [NL., < 
Gr. ir/iiJTOf, first, + KL. (ktonata, q. v.] A 
group of fossil pseudoneuropterous insects of 
the coal period, containing forms resembling 
the Odonata or dragon-flies of the present 
day. 
Proto-Doric (pro-to-dor'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. 
xjMJTof, first, -f- Aupurff, Doric.] I. a. In arch., 
primitively Doric ; noting any style, member, 
etc., as a column or capital, which exhibits the 
rudiments of the later-developed Grecian Doric, 
or is considered as having contributed to the 
evolution of the Grecian Doric. 
II. 11. In arch., primitive or rudimentary 
Doric. See cut under hypogeum. 
protogaster (pro-to-gas'ter), . [< Gr. jrpwrof, 
first, + *,aarj/p, stomach.] In fnibryol., the cen- 
tral cavity of agastrula; the primitive intesti- 
nal cavity of a two-layered germ; the hollow 
of the archenteron of a germ-cup, inclosed by 
the hypoblastic blastodermic membrane or en- 
dodenn, and communicating with the exterior 
by the protostoma or archaeostoma, which is the 
orifice of imagination of the antecedent bias- 
tula. 
