protogastrtc 
protogastric (prd-td-gas'trik), a. [< nrotogas- 
ter + -it:} 1. Of or pertaining to the proto- 
gaster. 2. In brachyurous Crustacea, noting 
an anterolateral subdivision of the gastric lobe 
of tho carapace. See cut under Brachyura. 
protogenal (pro-toj'e-nal), a. [< Or. irouro<-, 
lir-.t, + -)tf>K, produced (see-gen), + -al.] First- 
born; primitive or original, as organized mat- 
ter. 
Smrccxle or the protogenal jelly-speck. 
Oven, Comp. An:i(. (1868), III. 817. 
Protogenes (pro-toj'c-nez), . [NL., < Or. n-pu- 
rof, first, + -)tv'K, produced: see -gen.'] A ge- 
nus of umcebiform mastigopodous protozoans, 
referred by Haeckel to the Loboaa, by Lankes- 
ter to the Protcomyxa, having filamentous, rami- 
fied, and anastomosing pseudopodia. 
In the Protogenet of Professor Haeckel, there has been 
reached a type distinguishable from a fragment of albu- 
men only by its finely-granular character. 
U. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., 5 55. 
protogenesis (pro-to-jen'e-sis), n. [< Or. jrpurof, 
first, + jj'iwjf, generation.] The origination of 
living from not-living matter ; abiogenesis. it 
is a logical Inference that protogenesis has occurred at 
some time, but we hare no knowledge of the fact. 
protogenetic (pro*to-jf-net'ik), a. [As proto- 
(jenic, with term, as in genetic.] Same as pro- 
totjenic. 
protogenic (pro-to-jen'ik), a. [< Gr. jrpurof, 
first, + -ytvijf, produced (see -yen), + -ic.] 1. 
In geol., noting crystalline or fire-formed rocks, 
in contradistinction to deuterogcnic, which notes 
those formed from them by mechanical action. 
2. In hot., noting those intercellular spaces 
of plants which are formed when the tissues be- 
gin to differentiate. Compare hysterogenic, lysi- 
t/enous, nchizogenic. 
protogine (pro'to-jen), n. [Irreg. < Gr. vpuroc, 
first, + yivecdai, yiyveadat, become, be.] A va- 
riety of granite occurring in the Alps. This was 
formerly considered a peculiar rock, the light-colored mica 
which it contains having been mistaken for talc. Some 
varieties of the Alpine granite do contain talc or chlorite, 
but these minerals do not appear to be essential to its con- 
stitution. Formerly written sometimes by French geolo- 
gists protoyyne. Also called Alpine yraitite and proUxjiiie 
yrantie. 
protogospel (pro-to-gos'pel), . [< Gr. n-puroc, 
first, + E. gospel.] Same as protevangclium. 
Sehaff. 
protograph (pro'to-graf ), n. [< Gr. n-purof , first, 
+ -)pa<piiv, write.] A preliminary draft or pro- 
posed statement. 
protogynOUS (pro-toj'i-nus), a. [< protogyn-y 
+ -OUH.] 1. Of or pertaining to protogyny ; 
characterized or affected by protogyny. 2. 
In hot., same as proterogynous. 
In protoffynotu flowers the stigma is receptive before 
the anthers in the same flower are mature. 
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 813. 
protogyny (pro-toj'i-ni), n. [< Gr. Trpurof, first, 
+ /VW7, female (in mod. bot. a pistil).] In hot., 
same as proterogyny. See the quotation under 
l>rota>i<try. 
ProtohippUS (pro-to-hip'us), ii. [NL., < Gr. 
ir/juror, first, T iirnof, horse.] A genus of fos- 
sil horses of the family Equidx, founded by 
Leidy in 1858 upon remains from the early 
Pliocene of North America. 
proto-historic (pro'to-his-tor'ik), a. [< Or. 
jrpun>(. first, + nrropuiof, historic.] Belonging 
or relating to the dawn or very beginnings of 
recorded history. 
The discourse of Slgnor Vllanova 1s on pre-hlstoric or 
prota-hiiitanc .Spain. The Academy, So. s7, p. 28. 
Protohydra (pro-to-hi'drft), . [NL., < Gr. 
Trpurof, first, -r NL. Hydra: see Hydra, 4.] A 
genus of eleutheroblastic hydroids resembling 
Hydra, but of still simpler form, as they lack 
tentacles. 
Proto-Ionic (pro'to-i-on'ik), a. [< Gr. vpurof, 
first, + 'Iuv<if, Ionic.] In arch., primitively 
PlMO-Iook Capital, ducorerad In the Troad by Ihe Arctutofegktl 
Institute of America. 
4798 
+ L. mala, mandible.] The mandible of a 
my riii pc M I, the morphological equivalent of that 
of a hexapodous insect, but not structurally 
homologous therewith, rather resembling the 
laciuia of the maxilla of the hexapods. See 
the quotation, and cut under epilubrum. 
The protmnala conslsU of two portions, the cardo and 
stipes, while the hexapodous mandible U Invariably com- 
posed of but one piece, to which the muscles are directly 
attached, and which corresponds to the stipes of the 
myriapodous protomala. 
A. S. Packard, Proc. Amer. Phllos. Soc., June, 1888, p. 198. 
protomalal (pro-to-ma'lal), a. [(protomala + 
-al.] Of or pertaining to the protomala of a 
myriapod. Packard. 
protomalar (pro-to-ma'lar), a. [< protomala 
+ -ar 3 .] In Myriapoda, same as protomalal. 
protomartyr (pro-to-mar'ter), n. [Formerly 
ulaoprothomartyr; = F. protomartyr = Sp. pro- 
tomdrtir = Pg. protomurtyr = It. protomartirc, 
< ML. protomartyr, < MGr. irpaTofiaprvp, first 
martyr, < Gr. irpurof, first, + fidprvp, martyr: 
see martyr.] The first martyr; the first of any 
series of martyrs ; the first who suffers or is 
sacrificed in any cause ; specifically, Stephen, 
the earliest Christian martyr. 
In the honoure of that holy prothomartyr, seyut Albon. 
Fabyan, Chron., I. cxviil. 
That Proto-Martyr, the yong faithful! Steven, 
Whom tli' hatefull lews with hellish rage did stone. 
Sylvester, tr. of I >u Bartas's Triumph of Faith, 111 28. 
Myself were like enough, O girls, 
To unfurl the maiden banner of our righto, 
And clad in iron burst the ranks of war, 
Or, falling, protomartyr of our cause, 
Die. Tennyson, Princess, iv. 
protomeristem (pro-to-mer'is-tem), ii. [< Gr. 
TrpiJTof, first, + E. merigtem,] In hot., primary 
meristem that is, young and imperfectly de- 
veloped meristem which forms the first founda- 
tion or beginning of an organ or a tissue. See 
meristem. 
protomerite (pro-tom'e-rit), H. [< Gr. n-purof, 
first, + pipof, a part, + -ite 2 .] The smaller an- 
terior one of the two cells of a dicystidan or sep- 
tate greparine. It may bear the epimerlte, or probos- 
els serving for the attachment of the parasite to Its host, 
in which case the gregarlne is called a cephalont. The 
protomerite is distinguished from the larger posterior 
deutmneritf. 
protomeritic (pro'to-me-rit'ik), a. [< pro- 
tomerite + -ic.] Pertaining to the protomerite 
of a gregarine. 
Protomeryi (pro-to-me'riks), n. [NL., < Gr. 
xpu-of, first, + f'lpi'^, a ruminating mauimal.] 
A genus of fossil camels of the family C'aiucliilee, 
named by Leidy in 1856 from remains of Mio- 
cene age of North America. 
protomesal (pro-to-mes'al), a. [< Gr. Trpiirof, 
first, + fiioof, middle: see me.tal.] In eiitom., 
noting a series of wing-cells or areolets in hy- 
meuopterous insects, between the pterostig- 
ma or the costal cells and the apical margin. 
Kirby . There may be as many as three of these cells, dis- 
tinguished as upper, middle, and lower. They correspond 
to the second, third, and fourth submarginal or cubital 
cells of modern entomologists. 
Protomqnas (pro-tom'o-nas), n. [NL., < Gr. 
nyxJrof, first, + ftovof, siugle : see monad.] A 
genus of Monera, or myxopodous Protozoa, 
characterized by the production, after becom- 
ing encysted and rupturing, of free mastigopo- 
dous germs, which swim by means of a long vi- 
bratile flagellum, like flagellate infusorians. In 
this free state the germs are mastlgopods, but they after- 
ward withdraw their filamentous pseudopodia, and become 
myxopods, which creep about by means of lobate pseudo- 
podia. See cut under Protomyxa. 
protomorphic (pr6-to-m6r'fik), n. [< Gr. irpu- 
rof, first, + PP$'I, form.] Being in the first, 
most primitive, or simplest form or shape ; hav- 
inga primitive character or structure ; not met- 
amorphic: as, "a protomorphic layer" [of tis- 
sue], H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., $ 290. 
Protomyces (pro-tom'i-sez), n. [NL., < Gr. 
nyxjroi;, first, + itim/r, a mushroom.] A small 
genus of zygomycetous fungi, type of the order 
Protomi/cetaci'te. They are mostly parasitic upon the 
t'mbeliiferir, inhabiting the Intercellular spaces of the 
leaf-stem, petiole, flower-ntalk, and pericarp. They have 
a branching septate mycelium, upon which are formed 
at irregular Intervals large oval resting proganieUingla. 
When the mvcellum dies they persist and hibernate, and 
are liberated when the tissues of the host decay. 
Protomycetaceae (pro-to-mi-se-ta'se-e), n. pi. 
[< Protomyces (-et-) + -acete."] An order of 
zygomycetous fungi, typified by the genus Pro- 
Protonopsidae 
together into an active plasmodium, which, be- 
coming quiescent and encysted, undergoes fls- 
Prctomyxa aurarttiaca. 
a, quiescent, encysted ; A. dividiiuj in the cyst : c, cyst bunt, giving 
exit to masti|fODC.as resembling monad* or nagell.ite infusorians (</), 
which after a while become anuehiform myxopods , a number of 
which then unite into a single active plasmoilium /i, which grows ami 
feeds, as upon the infusorians and the diatoms figured in its sub- 
stance (these are a peridinium above, next two isthmLc, below three 
dictyocystacj. 
sive multiplication within the cyst, and gives 
rise to a number of germs which alternate be- 
tween the myxopod and the mastigopod state. 
There is no means of knowing whether the cycle of 
forms represented by Protomonas and 1'rotomyxa Is com- 
plete, or whether some term of the series is still wanting. 
Huxley, Anat. Invert, p. 77. 
protomyxoid (pro-to-mik'soid), a. [< Proto- 
myxa + -aid.] Resembling, relating to, or be- 
longing to the genus Protomyxa. 
The writer has attempted to explain the forms of free 
and united cells as specializations of a ( prattnnyxoid) cycle 
In which variations of functional activity are accompanied 
by the assumption of corresponding forms, the whole series 
of changes depending upon the properties of protoplasm 
under the variations in the supply of energy from the en- 
vironment. Eneyc. Brit., XVI. 840. 
protonema (pro-to-ne'mii), M. [NL., < Gr. 
Ionic; exhibiting or containing the genus of Protomyxa (pro-to-mik'sii), n. [NL. (Haeckel, 
Ionic. 1868)7T Gr. irpiirof, first, + fttt-a, mucus.] A 
protomala (pro-to-ma'lR), .; pi. protomala genus of J/onera, represented by an organism 
(-le). [NL. (Packard, lft83), < Gr. xparoc, first, which ecmMists of a number of myxopods run 
, . ., . 
rof, first, + vypa, a thread.] In Afascinex, a 
pluricellular, confervoid or filamentous, usu- 
ally chlorophyllpse, structure upon which the 
leafy plant which bears the sexual organs 
arises as a lateral or terminal shoot. Also pro- 
loneme. 
protonemal (pro-to-ne'mal), a. [(protonema + 
-al.] In hot., belonging to a protonema. 
protonematoid (pro-to-nem'a-toid), a. [<pro- 
tonema(t-) + -oi(f.] In bot., resembling or hav- 
ing the character of a protonema. 
protoneme (pro'to-nem), n. [< NL. protonema, 
q. v.] In bot., same as ttrotonema. 
protonephric (pro-to-nef'rik), a. [< ]trotone]>h- 
r-on + -ic.] Pertaining to the protouephron.or 
having its character. 
protonephron (pro-to-nef'ron), n. ; pi. proto- 
nephra (-rS). [NL., < Gr. irparof, first, + vttp6(, 
a kidney.] A primitive kidney or segmental 
organ ; the original renal organ of an embrvo ; 
a Wolffian body, later absorbed or modified 
into some other part of the urogeuital system, 
and thus giving place to the permanent func- 
tional kidney. In some of the lower vertebrates the 
renal organ U regarded as a persistent Wolfllan body, and 
therefore as a definitive protonephron. A protonephron 
Is divisible into three recognizable structures, called pro- 
nephron, metonephron, and metanephron. See these words. 
protonic (pro-ton'ik), a. [< Gr. irp6, before, + 
rovof, accent: see tonic.] Preceding the tone 
or accent. 
Protonopsidae (pro-to-nop'si-de), n. pi. [NL., 
< J'robniopxix + -iilf.'] A family of gradient or 
tailed amphibians, typified by the genus Proto- 
nojisis, without eyelids, with teeth on the an- 
terior margin of the palatine bones, no ilenti- 
gerous plates on the parusplienoid, vertebras 
amphiccelian, no anterior axial cranial bone, 
the parietals and prefrontnls prolonged, meet- 
ing and embracing the frontals, the wall of the 
\e-iibule membranous internally, premaxilln- 
ries separated, the occipital condyles 
