Protozoa 
under various forms. The clam <ireyarinida represents 
parasitic forma, one- or two-celled, essentially like the ova 
of Metaam. The class Infusoria comprehends an enor- 
mous number of minute, nearly always microscopic, ani- 
malcules, found in infusions, inhabiting both fresh and 
>alt water, sometimes parasitic, but mostly leading an In- 
dependent fixed or free life. There are many groups of 
these, as the ciliate, flagellate, choanoflagellate, and sucto- 
rial Inf usorians, among them the most complex organisms 
which are commonly included under Protozoa, as the A'oc- 
tiluca, for example. With or without some of the lowest 
disputed forms, and with or without the sponges, /Yoto- 
zoa have been very variously subdivided, almost every 
author having his own arrangement. A so-called moner, 
an amoeba, a foraminifer, a radiolarian, a gregarine, and 
an infusorian respectively exemplify as many leading 
types of Protozoa. Une division la into Automata ana 
Stoinatoda, according to the absence or presence of a 
mouth. Another Is into Monera and Endoptastica, accord- 
Ing to the absence or presence of a nucleus, the latter be- 
ing again distinguished as Muxopoda and Mantvjopoda, ac- 
cording to whether the locoinotory organs are terrnorary 
pseudopods or permanent cilia or flagella. A third i into 
Qymnomyxa and Cortteata, according to the absence or 
presence of a distinguishable ectoplasm. (1) The Gym- 
namyxa are separated into 7 classes : Proteomyxa (In- 
deflnableX Mycftozoa (often regarded as plants), Lobosa 
(ordinary anuehifoiins), LabirriiMmlidea, lleliozna (sun- 
animalcules), Keticularia (the furanilnlfers), and Itadinla- 
ria. (2) The Corticata are divided into classes : Sporo- 
zoa (gregarines and many others), Flayellata, DiiMflaijel- 
lota, RhynchojlageUata, Ciliata, and Acinetaria, the last live 
being as many classes of infusorians. This is the classitt- 
catlon presented in the latest edition of the Encyclopae- 
dia Britannica, l'\ Savllle Kent the Protozoa (including 
sponges) are divided into 4 prime "evolutionary series," 
not exactly coincident, however, with any recognized 
zoological groups, called Pantostomala, Dtxostomata, 
Evxtomata, and Polt/stomata. (See these words.) Also 
called Uypozoa, Oiizoa, Plaxtidozoa. Compare Primalin, 
Protista, Prutophyla. Nee cuts under Actinotphrrrimn, 
amoeba,, Kwjlfna, Foraminifera, GlobujeriiMie, Greyari- 
nidtr, Infusoria, A'octiluca, Parameciuw, radiolarian, and 
sun-animalcule. 
protozoal (pro-to-zo'al), a. [(.protozoon + -<il.] 
Same as protozoan. 
Biitschli's classification of these protozoal forms. 
Lancet, No. 347, p. :W8. 
protozoan (pro-to-zo'an), a. and n. [< proto- 
zoan + -o.] I. a. First, lowest, simplest, or 
most primitive, as an animal ; of or pertaining 
to the Protozoa. 
II. ti. A member of the Protozoa ; a proto- 
zoon . 
protozoanal (prd-to-zd'an-al). a. [Irreg. < pro- 
tozoan + -O*.] Of or pertaining to a proto- 
zoan. [An improper form.] 
The individualized protozoanal stage has become con- 
fined to the earliest periods of existence. 
Solid. Xat, Hist., I. 60. 
protozoary (pro-to-zo'a-ri), n. ; pi. protozoarii-x 
(-riz). [< F. protozoaife, < Gr. irpuraf, first, + 
C'liiiptui', dim. of <<fxn', an auimal.] A protozoan. 
protozoic (pr<5-t6-z6'ik), a. [<. protozofin + -it.] 
1. In zoo!., same us protozoan. 
They exhibit the rhythmically contracting vacuoles 
which arc specially characteristic of protozoic organisms. 
'. B. Carpenter, Micros., i 225. 
2. In </fW., containing the earliest traces of life. 
Protozoic schists, the name given by Barrande to the 
lowest division of the fossilifei-ous rocks of Bohemia. See 
primordial. 
protozoan, protozoum (pro-to-zo'on, -urn), .; 
pi. protocol! (-a). [NL., < Gr. irpwrof, first, + 
((fm>, animal.] An individual or a species of 
Protozoa : a protozoan. 
protozoonal (pro-to-zo'on-nl), n. [< protozoiin 
+ -at.] Pertaining to n protozoon : as, proto- 
zoonal collars and flagella. Hyatt. 
protozoum, n. See protozoon. 
Protracheata (pro-tra-ke-a'ta), n. pi. [NL., < 
L. pro, before, + Traclieuta, q. v.] In Gegen- 
baur's system, one of three prime series into 
which all arthropods are divided (the others 
being KrancMata, or Crustacea in a wide sense, 
and Tracheata, or insects in the widest sense), 
established for the reception of the single ge- 
nus Peripatus: thus conterminous with Mala- 
cojioda, Oiii/cliojiliora, and Peripattdea. 
More exact investigations into the organization of Peri- 
patus show that this animal, which as yet has lieen gener- 
ally placed with the Venues, is the representative of a 
speciul class of Arthropoda which must be placed before 
the Tracheata [that is. Protracheata]. 
Gcgenbaur, romp. Anat. (trans.), p. 230. 
protracheate (pro-tra'ke-at), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to the Protracheata; malacopodous; ony- 
cliophorous; peripatidean. 
protract (pro-trakt'), . t. [< L. protractns, pp. 
of protrahere (> It. protraere, protrarre = OF. 
poitrtraire), draw forth, lengthen out, < /<r. 
forth, + tralierc, draw : see tract. Cf . portrait, 
portrait, from the same source.] 1. To draw 
put or lengthen in time; prolong: now chiefly 
in the past participle. 
The Oalles were now weary with long protracting of the 
war. Golding, tr. of Cwsar, fol. 32. 
4801 
Doubtless he shrives this woman to her smock, 
Else ne'er could he so long protract his speech. 
Shot., I Hen. VI., I. 2. 120. 
You shall protract uo time, only I give you a bowl of 
rich wine to the health of your general. 
B. Jonson, Case Is Altered, III. 1. 
Her spirit seemed hastening to live within a very brief 
span as much as many live during * protracted existence. 
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, vlll. 
2. To lengthen out in space ; extend in gen- 
eral. [Bare.] 
Their shaded walks 
And long protracted bowers. 
Camper, Task, 1. 267. 
Many a ramble, far 
And wide protracted, through the tamer ground 
Of these our unimaginative days. Wordsworth. 
3. To delay ; defer; put off to a distant time. 
Let as bury him. 
And not protract with admiration what 
Is now due debt. To the grave ! 
Shot., Cymbeline, iv. 2. 232. 
4. In Hiirr., to draw to a scale; lay down, by 
means of a scale and protractor, the lines and 
angles of, as a piece of land ; plot. 8. In anat., 
to draw forward (a part or au organ); extend 
(a part) anteriorly ; have the action or effect of 
a protractor upon.- Protracted meeting, a revival 
meeting continued or protracted ; a series of meetings of 
unusual importance, often lasting for several days and 
attended by large numlterit : chiefly used by Congregation- 
alists, Methodists, and llaptists. (New Eng.) 
protractt (pro-trakt'), . [< LL. protractus, a 
prolonging, < L. protrahere, pp. protractns, pro- 
long: see protract.] A lengthening out; de- 
lay; putting off. 
And wisdome willed me without protract, 
In speedie wise, to put the same In ure. 
Norton and Sackrillc, Kerrcx and Porrex, iv. 2. 
Many long weary dayes I have outworne ; 
And many nights, that slowly seemd to move 
Theyr sail protract from evening untill mome. 
Spenser, Sonnet*, Ixxxvi. 
protractedly (pro-trak'ted-li), </r. [< ;- 
traetcil. pp. of jirotract, r., + -ly' 2 .] In a pro- 
tracted or prolonged manner; tediously. 
protracter (pro-trak'ter), . [(protract + -<(!.] 
One who protracts, or lengthens in time. Also 
protractor. 
protractile (pro-tnik'til), a. [< protract + -He.] 
Susceptible of being drawn forward or thrust 
out, as the tongue of a woodpecker ; protrusile : 
correlated with retractile, that which is one be- 
ing also the other. 
protracting-bevel (pro-tnik'ting-bov'el), . A 
combined sector, rule, straight-edge, and bevel 
used in plotting plans and other drawings. 
protraction (pro-tnik'shon), . [< F. protrac- 
tion = It. protrazioiie, < I<L. i>rotractio(n-), a 
drawing out or lengthening, < L. protrahere , pp. 
protraclitK, draw forth, drag out: see protract.] 
1. The act of drawing out or prolonging; the 
act of delaying: as, the protraction of a debate. 
If this grand Business of State, the Match, suffer such 
Protractions and Puttings off, you need not wonder that 
private Negotiations, as mine is, should be subject to the 
same Inconvcniencies. Hotcell, Letters, I. lit. 24. 
2. In sure.: (a) The act of plotting or laying 
down on paper the dimensions of a field, etc. 
(/>) That which is protracted or plotted on pa- 
per. 3. The action of a protractor in sense 
(ft). 4. In anc. prog., the treatment aa met- 
rically long of a syllable usually measured as 
a short: opposed to correption. 
protractive (pro-trak'tiv), a. [< protract + 
-ire.] Drawing out or lengthening in time; 
prolonging; continuing; delaying. 
The protraclioe trials of great Jove 
To find persistive constancy in men. 
Sha*., T. and O., I. 3. 20. 
He saw, but suffered their protractioe arts. 
Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 1103. 
protractor (pro-trak'tor), H. [< NL. protractor 
(cf. ML. protractor, one who calls or drags an- 
other into court), < L. protrahere, pp. protrac- 
tus, draw or drag forth : see protract.] One 
who or that which protracts. As applied to 
persons, also protracter. Specifically (a) In sun.. 
protraslveness 
an Instrument for laying down and measuring angles on 
paper. It Is of various forms semicircular, rectangular, 
or circular. See also cut under beed-protractor. 
This parallelogram is not, as Mr. sheres would the other 
day have persuaded me, the same as a protractor, which 
do so much the more make me value It, bat of Itself It Is n 
most useful instrument. Pfpys, Diary, Feb. 4, 1668. 
(6) In anat., a muscle which protracU. or extends or draws 
a part forward : the opposite of retractor. See diagram 
under Kchinoidea. 
The psoas minor ... Is a protractor of the pelvis. 
Htijclfif, Anat. Vert., p. 47. 
(c) An adjustable pattern, agreeing in proportion with 
particular measurements, used by tailors In cutting out 
garments. 
protreptical (pro-trep'ti-kal), a. [< Gr. irpn- 
TptiTTiKOc, fitted for urging on, exhorting. < 
irpor/itTreiv, turn toward, < K/HJ, forth, forward, 
T rpiireiv, turn : see trope.] Intended or adapt- 
ed to persuade ; persuasive ; hortatory. 
The means used are partly didactical and protrrptical. 
Bp. Ward, Infidelity. 
protriaene (pro-tri'en), . [< (Jr. *p6, before, + 
rpiaiva, a trident: see triiene.] In the nomen- 
clature of sponge-spicules, a trieene with por- 
rect cladi. It is a simple splcule of the rhabdus type, 
bearing at one end a cladome of three cladl or rays which 
project forward. SoUas. 
protritet (pro'trit), a. [< L. protritug. pp. of 
proterere, drive forth, wear away, < pro, forth, 
+ terere, pp. tritiiK, rub: see trite.] Common; 
trite. 
They are hut old and rotten errors, protrife and putid 
opinions of the ancient Gnosticks. 
Bp. QaudeH, Tears of the Church, p. l:>->. (Davis:*.) 
Whereuppon grew that protrite distinction of a triple 
appetite, natural), sensitive, and reasonable. 
T. Wnjht, Passions of the Minde (1601X 1. 7. 
protrudable (pro-tro'da-bl), a. [< ]>rotrtlc + 
-able.] Protrusible or protrusile ; protractile. 
The protnidaNc trunk or proboscis of other annelids. 
Darwin, Vegetable Mould, i. 
protrude(pro-trod'), r.; pret. and pp. protrudeil, 
ppr. i>rotritiliii</. [< L. protruttere, thrust forth, 
protrude, < pro, forth, forward, + trutlere, 
thrust, push: see threat. Cf. extnule, intrude, 
etc.] it traim. 1 . To thrust forward or onward ; 
drive or force along. 
The sea's being protruded forwards . . . by the mud or 
earth discharged into it by riven. Woodward. 
2. To shoot or thrust forth; project; cause to 
project; thrust, out as from confinement; cause 
to come forth: as, a snail protrndrx its horns. 
Spring protrude the bursting gems. Thomson, Autumn. 
II. iiitraiix. To shoot forward; be thrust for- 
ward; project beyond something. 
The parts protrude beyond the skin. Bacon. 
With that lean head-stalk, that prolndiny chin. 
Wear standing collars, were they made of tin ! 
O. W. Holmts, A Rhymed Lesson. 
-Byn. To project, Jut (outX bulge (out). 
protrusible (pro-tro'si-bl), a. [< L. protrusux, 
pp. of protrudere, thrust forth (see protrude), + 
-ilile.] Capable of being protruded; protrusile. 
In many the oral aperture is surrounded by a flexible 
muscular lip. which sometimes takes on the form of apro- 
tmrible proboscis. Uwdry, Anat. Invert., p. 157. 
protrusile (pro-trS'sil), . [< L. protrumu, pp. 
of protrudere, thrust forth (see protrude), + -tie.] 
Capable of being protruded ; protrudable; pro- 
trusible; protractile. 
protrusion (pro-trS'zhon), . [< L. as if *pro- 
trttsio(n-), < L. protrudere, pp. protrusitu, thrust 
forth: see protrude.] 1. The act of protruding 
or thrusting forth, or the state of being pro- 
truded. 
Some sudden protrusion to good ; . . . a mere actual, 
momentary, transient conduction. 
Bp. Hall, Sermon on Rom. \ iii. 14. 
Without either resistance or protrusion. Locke. 
We see adaptation to the wind in the Incoherence of the 
pollen, . . . In the protrusion of the stigmas at the period 
of fertilUatlon. 
Itanrin, Different Forms of flowers, p. 94. 
2. That which stands out beyond something ad- 
jacent ; that which protrudes or projects. 
The only features of the enormous structure are the 
blank, sombre stretches and protnmoiu of wall, the effect 
of which, on so Urge a scale, is strange and striking. 
H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 08. 
protrusive (pro-trS'siv), a. [< L. /irntriixiiK, pp. 
of protrinlere, thrust forth (see protrude), + 
-in-.] Thrusting or impelling forward ; obtru- 
sive; protruding: as, protrusive motion. 
The chin protrusive, and the cervical vertebra a trifle 
more curved. Oeorye Eliot, Daniel Deronda, Tii. 
protrusively (pro-trS'siv-li), adr. [<protrusire 
"*" "'.V a - ] I" a protrusive manner ; obtrusively. 
protrusiveness (pro-tr<Vsiv-nes), . Tending 
to protrude or to be protrusive ; obtrusiveness. 
