proventriculus 
1. In nniilli., tlir glandular stomach; H second 
1 1 iln tat ion of the esophagi'*. succeeding the crop 
or craw, and succeeded by the gizzard,gigeriuni, 
or muscular stomach. It ii the true stomach of a bird, 
or place where digestion Is chiefly carried on, and corre- 
sponds to the cardiac end or division of the stomach of a 
mammal. It is situated at the lower end of the gullet, 
next to the gizzard, and la always recognized by the gas- 
tric follicles which form a zone or belt of variously tli< 
poaed patches upon IU mucous surface. Also called mi 
triculiu ijtaiutulim*. 
2. In insects, the first stomach, the ingluvies or 
crop, being merely au expansion of the esopha- 
gus. It generally has thick muscular walls, and is often 
armed interiorly with horny plates or teeth of various 
forms. The proventriculus lies wholly or partly In the 
abdomen, and is generally absent in haustellate insects. 
See cut under Btattida. 
3. In worms, a muscular crop. 
provenuet (prov'e-nu), . [< Q.provenu,prou- 
renu, produce, revenue, < prorenu, pp. otpro- 
tenir, < L. provenire, come forth, appear: see 
provenience. Cf. revenue.'] Produce. 
Our liberal Creator hath thought good to furnish our 
tables with . . . the rich and dainty provenwt of our gar- 
dens and orchards. 
/.'/>. Hull. Christian Moderation, I. 1, 2. 
prover (pro'ver), . [< prove + -erl.] 1. One 
who or that which proves or tries. 
Patr: Why am I a fool? 
n-i. Make that demand of the /./..,,,. 
5*a*.,T.andC., II. 3. 72. 
2. A skilled workman employed to strike off 
proofs from engraved plates. 
From two to six men, . . . whose duty it is to print proof 
impressions only ; they are called prover*. 
Ure, Diet., II. 289. 
proverb (prov'erb), n. [< ME. proverbe, < OF. 
(and F.) proverbe = Sp. Pg. It. provcrbio, < L. 
provcrbiiim, a common saying, saw, adage, a 
proverb, later also byword, < pro, before, forth, 
+ verbum, a word : see verb,] 1. A short pithy 
sentence, often repeated colloquially, express- 
ing a well-known truth or a common fact ascer- 
tained by experience or observation ; a popular 
saying which briefly and forcibly expresses some 
practical precept; an adage; a wise saw: often 
set forth in the guise of metaphor and in the 
form of rime, and sometimes alliterative. 
And trewe is the proverbe that the wise man selth, thnt 
" who is fer from his iye Is soone foryeten." 
.tfrrtm(E. E. T. S.), Hi. BM. 
They said they were an-lmngry; slgh'd forth proverb*, 
That hunger broke stone walls, that dogs must eat. 
That meat was made for mouths. Shat., Cor., I. 1. 208. 
What Is a provertt but the experience and observation 
nf several apes gathered anil summed up into one expres- 
sion? South, Sermons (ed. 1823), I. 437. 
The pithy <|iialiitness of old Howell has admirably de- 
scribed the ingredient* of an exquisite proverb to lie sense, 
shortness, and salt. /. D'lirarii, Curios, of Lit., III. 3.W. 
2. A byword ; a reproach ; an object of scorn 
or derision. 
I will deliver them ... to be a reproach and a pronrrfc, a 
Uunt and a curse, in all places whither I shall drive them. 
Jcr. xxlv. it. 
Salisbury was foolish to a proverb. 
Mataulai/, Hist Eng., vii. 
3. In Scrip., an enigmatical utterance; a mys- 
terious or oracular saying that requires inter- 
pretation. 
To understand a provertt, and the Interpretation ; the 
words of the wise, and their dark sayings. Prov. I. 8. 
4. fit. [cap.] One of the books of the Old Testa- 
ment, following the Book of Psalms. The full title 
Is Proverbs of Solomon (I. IX It Is a collection of the say- 
Ings of the sages of Israel, taking its full title ti "in the 
chief among them, though it is by no means certain that 
he in the author of a majority of them. The original 
meaning of tntuhal, the Hebrew word translated 'proverh,' 
seems to be 'a comparison.' The term Is sometimes trans- 
lated ' parable ' In our English Bible ; hut, as such com- 
parisons were commonly made In the East by short and 
pithy sayings, the word came to lie applied to these chiefly, 
though not exclusively. They formed one of the most 
characteristic features of Eastern literature. 
8. A dramatic com|>osition in which some prov- 
erb or popular saying is taken as the founda- 
tion of the plot. Good examples are " A Door must 
he either Open or Shut," Alfnd de Munet ; "Still Water 
Runs Deep," Dion limiricault. When such dramas are 
extemporized, as In private theatricals, the proverb em- 
ployed Is often withheld, to be guessed by the audience 
after the representation. TO cap proverbs. See eapl . 
= 8yn. L Axiom, Maxim, etc. See aphori*m. 
proverb (prov'erb), r. [< ME. provrrben; < 
prorrrh, .] I. trans. 1. To utter in the form 
of a proverb; speak of proverbially; make a 
byword of. 
r'or which this wise clerkes that ben dede 
Han evere this provrrbed to us yonge : 
That first* vertu Is to kepe tonge. 
Chaucer, Troilus, 111. 203. 
Am I not snug and proverb' d for a fool 
In every street? Milton, S. A., 1. ->. 
4804 
2. To provide with a proverb. 
I am proverb'd with a grandsire phrase. 
Shot., It. and .1., I. 4. 87. 
II. in Ira im. To utter proverbs. 
All their pains taken to seem so wise In proverbing serve 
but to conclude them downright slaves ; and the edge of 
their own proverb falls reverse upon themselves. 
Milton, Articles of Peace with the Irish. 
proverbial (pro-vfcr'bi-al), . [< F. proverbial 
= Sp. Pg. proverbial = It. proverbiale, < LL. pro- 
verbialix, (li.proverbium, proverb: see proverb.] 
1. Pertaining to proverbs; resembling or char- 
acteristic of a proverb: as. to express one's self 
with proverbial brevity. 
This river whose head being unknown, and drawn to 
a proverbial obscurity, the opinion thereof became with- 
out bounds. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 8. 
2. Mentioned in a proverb; used or current as 
a pro verb: as, a proverbial saying; hence, com- 
monly spoken of ; well-known; notorious. 
In case of excesses, I take the German proverbial cure, 
by a hair of the same beast, to be the worst in the world. 
Sir W. Temple. 
That proverbial feather which has the credit or discredit 
of breaking the camel's back. 
Ueorye Eliot, Mill on the Floss, II. 2. 
Equally proverbial was the hospitality of the Virginians. 
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 177. 
proverbialism (pro-ver'bi-al-izm), w. [< pro- 
verbial + -ixin.] A proverbial phrase or saying. 
proverbialist (pro-vr'bi-al-ist), ii. ^prover- 
bial + -M.] A composer', collector, or user of 
proverbs. 
proverbialize (pro-ver'bi-al-iz), r.; pret. and 
pp.proverbiatieed. ppT.proverbialicing. [(jrro- 
rerbial + -tee.] I. trims. To make into a prov- 
erb; turn into a proverb, or use proverbially; 
speak of in a proverb. [Rare.] 
II. iiitranx. To use proverbs. Darifx. 
But I forbear from any further prnverbializitui, lest 1 
should be thought to have rifled my Erasmus's adages. 
Ktnnet, tr. of Erasmus's Praise of Folly, p. 135. 
proverbially (pro-ver'bi-al-i). adv. In a pro- 
verbial manner or style; by way of proverb ; as 
a proverb. 
So are slow-worms accounted blind, and the like we 
aim-in prorerlrialli/ of the beetle, although their eyes he 
evident, and they will flye against lights, like many other 
Insects. .Sir T. Brovme, Vulg. Err., II. 18. 
proverbize (prov'erb-Iz), t;. t. and !.; pret. and 
pp. proverbteed, ppr. ]>rovrrbi:in<j. [< proverb 
+ -tee.] Same as prorerbialtee. [Kare.] 
For House-hold Rules, read not the learned Writs 
(If the Stagirian (glory of irixxl wits); 
Nor his whom, for his bony steeped stile, 
They Pnivrrbiz'tl the Attick Muse ycr-while. 
.?!flt**trr, tr. of Dn Bartas's Weeks, I. 7. 
proviantt, M. and . [A corrupt form of jir- 
rtnifl, provant, appar. simulating proviauno'.] 
Same us prorand. 
providabie (pro-vi 'da-bl), . [< provide + 
-able.] That may be provided ; capable of being 
provided. 
I have no deeper wish than thiit bread for me were pro- 
ridable elsewhere. , Carlyle. 
provide (pro-vid'), r.; pret. and pp. provided, 
ppr. providing. [= F. ponrvoir, OF. pourvoir, 
pourveir ( > E. purvey) = Pr. prnrrzir = Sp. pvo- 
reer = Pg. prover, < It. provedere. provvedere, < 
L. providere, see forward, act with foresight, 
take care, provide, < pro, forward, + vide/re, 
see: see rixioii. Cf. ptirrey, from the same 
source, through OF.] I. trans. If. To foresee; 
look forward to. 
Severe and wise patriots, . . . proridimj the hurts these 
licentious spirits may do In a state. 
B. Joiuon, Volpone, Ded. 
2. To procure beforehand ; get, collect, or make 
ready for future use; prepare. 
God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt-offering. 
Gen. xxIL 8. 
A small spare mast, 
Such as seafaring men provide for storms. 
Shot., C. of E., I. 1. 81. 
There are very good Laws provided against Scandal and 
Calumny. Sleelc, Tender Husband, v. 1. 
3. To furnish; supply: now often followed by 
with, but formerly also by of. 
And I know you well provided nf Christian, and learned, 
and brave defences against all human accident*. 
Donne, Letters, cxxlll. 
Rome, by the care of the magistrates, was well provided 
vith corn. Arbuthrvj, Ancient Coins. 
4. To make ready ; prepare. 
I shall expect tbee next summer (if the Lord please), 
and by that time I hope to be provided tor thy comforta- 
ble entertainment. Winthrnp, Hist. New England, 1. 447. 
They . . . told vs. We were welcome if wee came to 
nght. for they were provided for vs. 
Vuotedln Copt. John Smith'* Works, II. 15. 
providence 
*>. To make or lay down as a previous arrange- 
ment, guaranty, or provision ; make a previous 
condition, supposition, or understanding: as, 
the agreement proriden that the party shall in- 
cur no loss. 
We also prorided to send one hundred and sixty (men) 
more ... to prosecute the war. 
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 286. 
The Constitution proriden, and all the States have ac- 
cepted the provision, that "the I'nlted States shall guar- 
antee to every Stat In this t'nlun a republican form of 
Government. Lincoln, In Raymond, p. 160. 
6. Ecelcs., to grant the right to be in future 
presented to a benefice which is not vacant at 
the time of the grant. See provision, 8. 
Robert Wancop, "the blind Scot," who had just been 
provided by the Pope to the vacancy of Armagh. 
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xlx. 
II. intrans. 1. To procure or furnish sup- 
plies, means of defense, or the like: as, toywo- 
rirfc liberally for the table. 
They say Nature brings forth none but she provide* for 
them ; 111 try her liberality. 
Beau, and Fl., Scornful Lady, I. 1. 
O Thou who kindly dost provide 
For every creature's want ! Burnt, A Grace. 
The cross housekeeper was gone ; . . . her successor, 
who had been matron at the Lowton Dispensary, unused 
to the ways of her new abode, provided with comparative 
liberality. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, Ix. 
2. To take measures for counteracting or es- 
caping something : often followed by against or 
for. 
Tills gaue vs cause to provide for the worst. 
Quoted In Capt. John Smith't Works, I. 190. 
Providing against the inclemency of the weather. 
Sir *. Hale. 
3f. To make ready; prepare. 
A hunting he proridet to go ; 
Straight they were ready all. 
The Cruel Black (Child's Ballads, III. 371X 
When they sawe their desire and hope of the arriuall of 
the rest of the shippes to be euery day more and more 
frustrated, they provided to sea agalne. 
HaUtii/t't Vmjagtt, I. 24ft. 
provided (pro-vi'ded), pp. and iixaxi-ronj. [Tr. 
of L. pniriito in similar use, ' it being provided ' 
(that . . . ); prop. pp. absolute. Hee JWWMO.] 
Tliis (or it) being understood, conceded, or es- 
tablished; oti (this) condition; on these terms: 
in this sense always introducing a clause of con- 
dition or exception, and followed by that (ex- 
pressed or understood). 
I take your offer, and will live with you, 
Provided that you do no outrages 
On silly women or poor passengers. 
Shale., T. (J. of V.. iv. 1. 71. 
This man loves to eat good meat always provided he 
do not pay for it himself. 
Beau, ana Fl., Woman-Hatcr. L :i. 
providence (prov'i-dens), . [< ME. providence, 
< OF. providence, F. providence = Pr. providen- 
tia = Sp. Pg. providcncia = It. prnvidenza, (. L. 
providentiit, < nroviden(t-)s, ppr. of proridere, 
foresee, pro vide: nee provident. Cf . prudence 
&nA purveyance.] 1. Foresight; timely care or 
preparation. 
These Zemes, they beleue to ... bane the cure and 
providence of the sea, wooddes, and sprynges and foun- 
taynes, assigningc to euery thyngc theyr pecullergoddes. 
Peter Martyr (tr. in Eden's First Books on America, ed. 
(Arber, p. 101). 
Alas, how shall this bloody deed be answer 'df 
It will be laid to us, whose providence 
Should have . . . restraln'd . . . 
Tliis mad young man. Shale., Hamlet, Iv. 1. 17. 
2. Frugality; prudence in the management of 
one's concerns; economy. 
My heart shall be my own ; my vast expense 
Reduced to bounds by timely providence. 
Dryden, Theodore and Honorla, 1. 242. 
3. The care and guardianship of God over his 
creatures; divine supervision. The doctrine of 
divine providence is the doctrine that Cod both pottewe* 
and exercises absolute power over all the works of his 
hands; It thus differs from the doctrine of omnipotence, 
which only attributes to him the power, but does not ne- 
cessarily Imply that he uses It ; and It is opposed to the 
doc-trine of natunillsm, or that nature Is governed wholly 
by natural laws with which God never Interferes. 
It is a part of the Divine Providence of the World that 
the Strong shall Influence the Weak. 
Ax-ham. The Scholcmaster, p. 3. 
God. In his ordinary providence, maketh use of means, 
yet Is free to work without, above, and against them, at his 
pleasure. We*min*er Con/etium a/ Faith, v. 
That to the highlit of this great argument 
I may assert eternal Providence, 
And justify the ways of God to men. 
Mill,,,!. T. L., I. 25. 
Hence 4. [ca;.] God, regarded as exercising 
forecast, care, and direction for and over his 
creatures; the divine power ;iiid direi-lion. 
