Pteropoda 
copulation and a single genital pore. According ><> tin 1 
pretence or absence o( a raantlc-sklrt and shell, the I'tero- 
podamnTktC"*imataiaiAaitmru>*>mala. All are oceanic. 
They originally formed the second class of Cuvler's branch 
tloUtaca, under the French name Pteropode*. l(y most 
-i ini-hologlst* this view has been accepted, but others have 
united the pteropods with the cephalopoda, and atlll others 
with the gastropoda. By several anatomists they have been 
approximated to the tectlbranchlates. and even supposed 
to be derived from different stock* of that order the the- 
ooaomet from the Cephalatpidea, and the gymnosomes 
from the Aiuufiidra. Also called Coponautie. 8ee cuts 
under t'arvtiniitljf and Pnfunnximnan. 
2. In l>e Blainville's rlailieation (1825), one 
of two families of his fifth order, \ucleobranchi- 
ata (the other being Xectnpoda), composed of 
the genera Atlanta, X/iirutrlltt, and Argonautn. 
It is thus a highly artilicial group, comprising 
a part of the heteropods together with some 
cephalopoda, etc. 
pteropodan (te-rop'o-dan), a. and . [< ptero- 
pmt + -an.] Stone' as pteropod. 
pteropode (ter'o-pod), n. [< NL. Pteropun 
(-pott-).] 1. Aii animal of the genus Pleropun; 
a fruit-bat or flying-fox; a pterope. 2. Same 
as ptfropod. 
pteropodia. . Plural of pteropodium. 
pteropodial (ter-o-po'di-af), a. [<.jiteropodi-um 
+ -al.] Of or pertaining to a pteropodium: as, 
the ptero/iodial fins or wings of a pteropod. 
Pteropodidae (ter-o-pod'i-de), H. pi. [NL., < 
Pteropus (-pod-) + -idtt.] A family of Meyaclii- 
Skeleton and Outline of n Hymg-fhx 
roptern, Prttgironi, or fruit-eating bats, if the 
tropical and subtropical parts of the Old World. 
They are generally O f farge size, with the tail excluded 
from the Interfemoral membrane when present, little or 
no spigellan lobe of the liver hut a large caudate lobe, the 
cardiac end of the stomach generally elongated, the index- 
finger with three phalanges and usually a claw, and the 
molar crowns smooth. The family contains about 8 gen- 
era, of which the best-known are Ptfrovux, Eptnnnphnnu 
and llarpyia. It Is sometimes divided into Ptenipi and 
Macrojjloui. Also called Iternpiil/e. .see also cut under 
J'ttroptu. 
pteropodium (ter-o-po'di-um), H.; pi. pteropo- 
dia (-&). [NL., <Ur. KTifdv, wing, + xutiar, 
dim. of ffoi'f = E. foot: see jxxliniii.] The pe- 
culiar podium or foot of a pteropod. 
pteropodpus (te-rop'o-dus), a. [< pteropod + 
-on*. ] Saint- as pteropod. 
Pteroptochidae (ter-op-tok'i-de). n. pi. [NL., 
< PteroptorhuK + -trf.J A South American fam- 
ily of tormloarlold passerine birds, typified by 
the genus Pteroptochus, with trache'ophonous 
mesomyodian syrinx, taxaspidean tarsi, oper- 
culate nostrils, and ten primaries; the rock- 
wrens. They are small wren-like birds of skulking 
habits, especially characteristic of Chili and Patagonia. 
There are about 24 species, leading genera of which, be- 
sides the type genus, are Ilytaelet, Scytaluput, and Jthi- 
noerypta. Some of them are known as barlniuj-birdl. 
Pteroptochus 
(ter-op-to'kus), 
n. [NL. (Kitt- 
litz, 1830. in 
the form Pter- 
optockos), < Or. 
irrepov, wing, 
+ nrujof, one 
who crouches 
or cringes.] 
The typical ge- 
nus o'f rt<r<>/>- 
tockidte. P.ru- / 
bfcula and /'. 
albicolti* in- 
habit Chili. 
Pteropus (t- T'- 
u-piis),. [NL. 
(BriMon,17M), 
< Or. irrtfH' 
wing-footed: 
4826 
The typical genus of the Dying-foxes, or large 
fruit-bats of the family l't> r\iili>iir. It Includes 
some 40 species, or more ttian half the family, chiefly of 
the Malay archipelago and Australia, having no tall, a 
pointed muzzle like a fox's, woolly fur on the neck, and 
the dental formula 2 incisors, 1 canine, and 3 premolars 
In each upper and lower half-Juw, and 2 molars above* 
and 3 below on each side. /'. edulu of Java, one of the 
best-known species, Is the largest, measuring live feet in 
extent of wings. See also cuts under Pterupodida and 
flyiwj-.fox. 
Pterorhina (ter-5-ri'na), n. pi. [NL., prop. 
* Pterorrhina, neut. pi. of "pterorrhinus : see 
jtterorhine.] A division of Alcidte, including 
those whose nostrils are feathered, as typical 
auks, murres, and guillemots. 
pterorhine (ter'o-rin), a. [Prop, 'pterorrhine, 
< NL. * pterorrhinus, < Or. irrepAv, feather, wing, 
+ fa (lav-), nose.] Having leathered nostrils, 
as an auk ; belonging to the Pterorhina. 
pterosaur (ter'o-sar), n. [< Pterosaur-ia.] A 
member of the 'Pteronauna ; a pterodactyl. 
Pterosauria (ter-o-sa'ri-ft), n. pi. [NL., < 
Or. Trrepov, wing, + aavpof, a lizard.] 1. An 
order of extinct Mesozoic Keptilia adapted for 
flight; the pterosaurians, pterodactyls, orni- 
thosaurians, or flying-dragons. The whole fore 
limb is modified to support a Hying membrane somewhat 
like that of bats, and the rest of the skeleton is conform- 
able with this modification. The vertebrae are compara- 
tively few, procielous, those of the neck very large, and 
from three to six of the pelvic ones are united to form a sa 
i-i n in. The anterior ribs have bifurcated heads. The skull 
is of great size, with long heavy jaws and large eye-sockets 
including a circlet of sclerotic ossifications. The sternum 
is broad and carinate, the scapula and coracoid ore slender, 
and clavicles are wanting. The phalanges of the ulNar 
digit are extremely long and strong, and support the para- 
chute. The bind limbs are smaller tlian the fore limbs, 
and comparatively weak. The order contains the families 
Iterniwuridjr and Pteranodontidtr.. They lived from the 
Mas to the Chalk. See cut under pterodactyl. Also called 
Oriiithosauria, Iterodactyli. 
2. Same as Ptcrosauriilte. 
pterosaurian (ter-o-sa'ri-an), a. and n. I. n. 
Of or pertaining to the I'terosaurta ; oruitho- 
gaurian. 
II. H. A pterosaur, pterodactyl, or ornitho- 
suur. 
Pterosauridse (tcr-6-siY'ri-de), H. pi. [NL., < 
Pterosauria + -iV/a?.J A family of pterodactyls, 
of the order Pterosauria, with teeth and se'pa- 
rate scapula and coracoid bones. It Is represented 
by such genera as Ptfrttdaftiflwt, IthamphorhyHthus, and 
nimorpkinluu, from the Jurassic formation. Also Pterv- 
xni/rin. 
Pterospermum (ter-o-speV'mum), n. [NL. 
(Schreoer, 1789), < Or. -npor, wing, + a^epfia, 
seed.] A genus of polypetalous trees ami 
shrubs of the order StefcuKacMt and tribe 
HflirtrrriF. It i- characterized by stalked anthers, with 
parallel linear cells, wcxidy round or flve-angled ftve-valved 
capsules, and winged seeds. Tin- ll> upccles are all natives 
of tropical Asia. Iliey arc commonly clothed with stellate 
hairs, and bear oblique coriaceous leaves, and elongated 
flowers, which are axillary and nearly or quite solitary, 
and consist of a tubular flve-cleft calyx with five obovate 
petals and a prominent column of united stamens. The 
flowers are usually white, fragrant, nnd several Inches in 
length. P. atertfolium nnd P. marrifoliwn are trees of 
the Cast Indies, sometimes cultivated under the name of 
irinyiettl. P. Jaoanicwn is the bayur of Java. 
Pterospora (te-ros'po-rii), M. [NL. (Nuttall, 
1818), < Or. jmyxii>, wnig, + offopof, seed.] A ge- 
nus of root-parasitic plants belonging to the or- 
der Monotropese. It is characterized by a gamopeta- 
lous nrn-shaped corolui with five short recurving lobes, 
five persistent sepals, ten stamens with pendulous an- 
thers facing Inward and two-spurred on the back, and a 
flve-lobed and five-celled capsule filled with minute seeds 
which terminate In a large and broad hyaline reticulated 
wing. The only species, /'. andrvintdfa, known as pint- 
drops, is a slender, purplish-brown, clammy-hairy, and 
scaly herb, crowing 1 or 2 feet high, leafless like most 
parasites, ana with roots consisting of a mass of coral-like 
thickened fibers. The white nodding flowers arc borne 
In a long raceme. It Is a rare plant, found on hard clay 
soil under pines from Vermont and Pennsylvania north- 
ward and westward across the continent. From \U early 
discovery near Albany, and Its resemblance to beech- 
drops, it Is aliHi known as Albany betcli-dropi. 
pterostigma (ter-6-stig'ma). .; pi. pterostig- 
mnta (-ma-tft). [NL., < Or. tnepdv, feather, 
wing, + BT/j/ia, a spot, mark : see stigma.] The 
carpus or stigma, a peculiar mark or spot on the 
wings of some insects. It Is a dark colored triangu- 
lar or quadrate space on the anterior border of the fore 
wings of hymenopters, and on both fore and hind wings 
of dragon flies. It corresponds to that one of the costal 
cells which Is thickened to strengthen the coital border. 
Fenestrate pterostigma. Hee/nuKrofa. 
pterostigmal (tciMVstitf'mal), . [< pterontig- 
IHII + -ill.] Pertain ing to a pterostigma or hav- 
ing its character; pterostigmatic : as, aj>tero- 
xiii/iinil cell or spot. 
pterostigmatic (ter'o-stig-inat'ik).n. [< /'In 
amid-) + -ie.] liaving u ptcrnstigma. as 
mi insect's wing; provided with i>terostigmata, 
as an insect; pterostigmal. 
pterygoda 
pterostigmatical (tcr'o-stig-mat'i-kal), a. [< 
/ft* roxtiiiiiiiitif + -ill.] Same as ptenmtigmatie. 
Uagen. 
pterotheca (ter-o-the'ka), n.; pi. pterothecte 
(-se). [NL..< Or. Trnpov, wing, + O^M?, case: 
see thcca.] In entom., a wing-case, or that part 
of the integument of a pupa on which is out- 
lined the undeveloped wing beneath i i . 
pterotic (te-rot'ik), a. and n. [< Or. arrow, 
feather, wing, + oiV (<Jr-), E. ear, + -4c. ] 1. a. 
In -(</. and anat., noting an ossification of the 
periot ic capsule or petrosal bone, distinct from 
the profit ie. epiotic, and opisthotic, which oc- 
curs in some vertebrates between the proBtic 
and the epiotic. 
II. n. A pterotic ossification. See first cut 
under teleost and cut under Esox. 
Pterotrachea (ter'o-tra-ke'a), . [NL. (Fors- 
k&l), < Gr. rrrrpov, wing, + Tpaxi'f, fern. TjMxeia, 
rough: see trachea.] The typical genus of Ptero- 
tracheidee. Also called Firola. 
Pterotracheacea (ter-o-tra-ke-a'sf-a), n. pi. 
[NL.,< Pterotrachea + -acea.] The P'ierotrachc- 
idee considered as a suborder of heteropods. 
Pterotracheida (ter'6-tra-ke'i-de), M. pi. [NL. 
(J. E. Gray, 1840), < Pterotrachea + -W*.J A 
family of shell-less heteropods, typified by the 
genus Pterotra- 
chea. Different 
limits have been as- 
signed to it. By 
some It Is extend- 
ed to all the hetero- 
pods with the bran- 
chiae carried In a 
dorsal peduncle 
and protected by a 
small or no shell, 
and the mcsopodl- Puralrafhta ftdunrulata. 
inn lamelliform. 
by others it is limited to Ptrrntrathea and Firolnida, hav- 
ing the visceral hump, reduced to a mere oval sac, embed- 
ded in the posterior region of the body, no shell, and a cy- 
lindrical slug-like form. Also called t'irvliilac and, as a 
suborder, Pttrvtrachtacea. 
Pterqzamites (ter-o-zam'i-tez), n. [NL. 
(Schitnper, 1870), < GV. irrepov, feather, 4- Zam- 
itcx, q. v.] A genus of fossil cycadaceous plants, 
differing from other genera chiefly in having 
only the stronger veins fork at base. It em- 
braces about 5 or 6 species, found in the Khetic, 
Lias, and Oolite of Europe. 
Pterura (te-ro'rii), n. Same as Pteronura. 
pterygial (te-rij''i-al), . [< ptcrytjium + -al.] 
t)f or pertaining to a pterygium. 
pterygium (te-rij'i-um), n. ; pi. pterygia (-*). 
[NL., also pteri/gioii ; cf. L. i>leryi/iuin, < Gr. nrr- 
/''; mi 1 , a little wing, a fin, projection, film over 
the eye, growth of flesh over the nails, dim. of 
KTepvi (irrcpvy-), wing,< irrepur, wing, feather: see 
l>tere.] 1. In zoiil. and anat., a limb or member 
of one of the vertebrates, 
as a fish, in the most gen- 
eral sense, without refer- 
ence to its specialization 
in nny given instance. A 
hypothetical pterygium, whence 
other pterygia are supposed to 
have been evolved, is an archip. 
ttryyium ; the Ichthylc modifica- 
tion is an ichthyoptfryyiitm ; the 
air-breathers' modification is a 
chirvpteryyium. Parts of the 
pterygium of an elasmobran- 
chiate fish have been called 
mttopttryaium, melapteryffivm, 
prapteryinum, bearing basalia 
and radlalia, as in the accom- 
panying figure. 
2. In pathol., a more or 
less triangular patch of hy- 
pertrophied conjunctiva 
and siitx'onjunctival tissue 
with its apex at the edge of 
the cornea or upon the cor- 
nea. 3. In cntom., one of 
the two lateral expansions 
at the end of the rostrum 
of certain weevils. They 
lie above and partly conceal the 
scrobes or grooves in which the 
antemiK are concealed. 
pterygoblast (tcr'i-go-blast), n. [< (Jr. rrtput 
(jrrfpi'j-), wing. + .Oaoror, germ.] A germinal 
fin-ray; the histological element from which 
the embryonic fin-rays of fishes are developed. 
pterygobranchiate (ter'i-go-brang'ki-At), <i. 
[<(ir. rr^tf(rn^vy-), feather, + </"i; \KI. gills.] 
Having feathery gills: noting a section of iso- 
pods, in distinetiim from )i>ii/ti>lir/iiii->iiut<. 
pterygoda (ter-i-iro'iliii, . /il. [NL.. < Or. rr-i- 
pvyufiK, wing-like: see /it> ryifoiil.] In 
\ 
1'tcryviiiin, or (richt} I'cf 
ral I' imli of the MonkfiiJi 
tut, lueuiilcrwitim Ixrar- 
im; respcctivrly the onftt- 
iyei.il nicKtxn ' 
< 
