pulley-sheave 
pulley-sheave (pul'i-shev), M. The grooved 
roller ovor which a rope runs in a pulley-block. 
pulley-shell (pul'i-shel), . The outer part or 
casing of a pulley-block. 
pulley-stand (pul'i-stand), . A hanger on 
which pulleys can be adjusted as to height and 
angle of axis, HO as to make them suit the belt- 
ing, which may reach them at angles varying 
with the stem of the hanger. E. H. Knight. 
pulley-stone (pul'i-ston), n. In geol., a name 
familiarly given to the silicious pulley -like casts 
or molds of the joints and stems of encrinites. 
pulley-wheel (pul'i-hwel), . A pulley-sheave. 
pullicat, pulicat(pul'i-kat), . A cotton check 
handkerchief of real or imitation Indian make. 
lialfour. 
pullint, . See pullen. 
pulling-jack (pul'ing-jak), . A hydraulic 
jack which has a pulling instead of a pushing 
action. 
pulling-OUt (pul'ing-ouf), .; pi. puttings-out 
(-ingz-out'). The lining worn with a slashed 
garment and drawn partly through the slash, 
so as to project loosely. 
pull-iron (pul'i"ern), . 1. In a railroad-car, 
an eye-bolt or lug to which a chain may be at- 
tached when the car is to be moved by horses. 
2. A hook or ring at the back end of the 
tongue of a horse-car, for attaching it to the car. 
pullisht, t\ An obsolete form of polish' 1 . 
pullock (pul'ok), N. A putlog. . H. Knight. 
pull-off (pul' of), H. In gun-making, the power 
required to be applied to the trigger to dis- 
charge a gun. 
pull-over (piU'o'ver), M. In hat-manuf., a cap 
of silk or felted fur drawn over a hat-body to 
form the napping ; also, a hat so made. 
pull-piece (pul'pes), H. In a clock, a wire or 
string which, when pulled, causes the clock to 
strike : used, if necessary, to bring the striking- 
mechanism into accord with the hands. 
pull-pipes (pul 'pips), n. [A corruption of 
poofjnpts.] Various species of Jiquinetum : so 
called from their hollow stems and growth in 
wet places. [North. Eng.] 
pull-to (pul'to), . In weaving, same as lay-cai>. 
pullulate (pul'u-lat), r. i ; pret. and pp. pullu- 
lated, ppr. pullulating. [< L. pullulatu.i, pp. of 
pitllulare (> It. pullulare, pullolare = 8p. pulu- 
lar = Pg. pullular = F. pulMcr), put forth, 
sprout forth, < pullulus, a young animal, a 
sprout, dim. of pullus, a young animal, a chick: 
see pullet.] To germinate ; bud. 
Money IB but as drugs and lenitive ointments, to miti- 
gate the swellings and diseases of the body, whoso root re- 
maineth still within, and pullulateth again, after the same 
or some other manner. 
Grainger, On Ecclesiastes (1621), p. 17B. 
Instead of repairing the mistake, and restoring religious 
liberty, which would have stifled this pullulating evil in 
the seed by affording It no further nourishment, they 
took the other course. Warburton, Divine Legation, it- 6. 
Ovisacs or bnlbules naked, bud -like, pullulating from 
the bases of the tentacula. johmton, British Zoophytes. 
pullulation (pul-u-la'shon), M. [= P. pullula- 
tiint = Pg. pullulacdo = ft. pullulazionc, < L. as 
if *puUulatio(n-), 'pullulare, pp. pullulatus, pul- 
lulate: see pullulate.] 1. The act of germinat- 
ing or budding. 
These were the Generations or Pullulationt of the Hea- 
venly and Earthly Nature. Dr. H. More, Moral Cabbala, II. 
2. Specifically, in bot., a mode of cell-multi- 
plication in which a cell forms a slight protu- 
berance on one side, which afterward increases 
to the size of the parent-cell, and is cut off 
from it by the formation of a dividing wall at 
the narrow point of junction: same as sprout- 
ing. This mode of multiplication is especially 
characteristic of the yeast-plant and its allies, 
pullus (pul'us), . [NL., < L. pullus, a young 
animal.] 1. Inornith.,* chick; a very young 
bird; a nestling: applied to any bird in the 
down, or before it nas acquired its first full 
feathering. Hence 2. In zodl., the young (em- 
bryonic or larval) condition of any animal. 
Craven has . . . subsequently acknowledged that his 
Sinusijtcra perversa (from the Indian Ocean) is onlyaj/td- 
lus of Triforis. 
P. Pelxneer, Challenger Reports, XXIII., Zool., part Ixv., 
[Report on Thecosomata, p. 40. 
pulmentt, " Sa.mea.spol/iniit. 
Pulmobranchia (pul-mo-brang'ki-a), n. pi. 
[NL., < L. pitlmo(n-), lung, + branchise, gills. 
In this and following compounds, pulmo- is 
short for pulmono-, prop, pulmoni-.] Same as 
Pulmobranchittlii. 
pulmobranchise (pul-mo-brang'ki-e), n. pi. 
[NL., < L. i>ii!ino(n-\ lung, + branchiae, gills.] 
4839 
Gills or branchiae modified into organs of aerial 
respiration ; the respiratory apparatus peculiar 
to certain animals. < ) The long-sacs of air-breathing 
mollusks, as snails. Sec cut under Pulmonata. (b) The 
lung-sacs of certain arachnldans, as spiders; the pulmo- 
tracheaj. See cuts under pulmonary and Scorpiomdtt. 
pulmobranchial (pul-mo-brang'ki-al), a. [< 
Pulmobranchui + -al.] l'. In COHC/I., breathing 
by means of pulmobranchiai or lung-sacs; per- 
taining to pulmobranchiiB ; pulmouate, pulmo- 
11 ifr roiis, or pulmonary, as a snail. 2. In 
i- nt: i in., breathing by means of pulmotraeheee ; 
pertaining to pulmotrachew ; pulmonary, as a 
spider. = Byn. Pulmobranchial, etc. In application to 
those arachnldans which have lung-sacs by which they 
breathe, as well as by trachea?, the terms pulmonary, pul- 
monate, pulinobratichial.pulmobranchiate, pnlmntrarheal, 
pulmotracheate, and jnilttiotrachfary mean the same, the 
first two terms being the least specific, since they are ap- 
plied to other animals, the two m Iddle terms being less spe- 
cific, as shared by certain mollusks, the last three being spe- 
cific and precise, since they apply only to these arachnidan*. 
In application to mollusks, pulmonary, pulmonate, pulmo- 
n^ferouf, pulmobranchial. pnlmobranchwtt t and pultnotjajS' 
ttropod are a parallel series of words, the first three shared 
by any other animals which have lungs, the fourth and fifth 
by arachnidans, the sixth being specific and precise. 
Pulmobranchiata (pul-mo-brang-ki-a'tft), n.pl. 
[NL., neut. pi. of pulmobranchiatus: see pul- 
mobranehiatc.] In De Blainville's classification 
(1825), the first one of three orders of his Ptiru- 
eephalophora monoica asymmetrica, containing 
the three families Limnacea, Auriculacea, and 
Limacinea, or the pulmonary gastropods, as 
snails, slugs, etc., both aquatic and terrestrial. 
Also Pnlmobranchia. Now commonly called 
Pulmonata or Pulmonifera. 
pulmobranchiate (pui-mo-brang'ki-at), a. [< 
NL. pulmobranehiatut, < pulmooranckia, q. v.] 
Provided with pulmobranchisp. (a) Breathing by 
lung-sacs or pnlmonranchia?, as mollusks; of or pertaining 
to the Pvlmobranchiata. (b) Breathing by lung-sacs or 
pulmotrachere, as spiders; pulmotracneate. = 8yn. See 
liliii<ilirii nch ial. 
pulmocutaneous (pul'mo-ku-ta'ne-us), a. [< 
L. pulmo(n-), lung, + cutix, skin: seo cuta- 
neous.] Of or pertaining to the lungs anil skin : 
said of the hindmost one of three passages into 
whicli each of the two aortic trunks of the adult 
frog is divided, which ends in pulmonary and 
cutaneous arteries. 
pulmogasteropod, pulmogastropod (pul-nio- 
gas-ter'o-pod, -gas tro-pod), a. and n. [< L. 
pulmo(n-), lung, + Gr. }a<rri/p, stomach, + iroiV 
(irorf-) = E. foot.] I. a. Pulmonate or pulmo- 
niferous, as a gastropod; of or pertaining to 
the Pulmogasteropoda. 
II. H. A pulmonate gastropod; any member 
of the Pulmogasteropoda. 
Also pulinonognsteropod. 
Pulmozasteropoda (pul-mo-gas-te-rop'o-da), H. 
;)/. [NL.] Same as Pulmonata, 1 (). 
Pulmograda (pul-mog'ra-dS), . pi. [NL., neut. 
pi. of pulmogradus: seepulmogradc.] DeBlaiii- 
ville's name of a group of acalephs, approxi- 
mately the same as IHxcophora. 
pulmograde (pul'mo-grad), a. and . [< NL. 
piilntogradus, < 1^. pulmo(n-), a lung, + gradi, 
walk.] I. a. Having the character of the Pul- 
mograda; swimming by means of alternate con- 
traction and expansion of the body, as if by a 
kind of respiration, as a jellyfish. 
II. H. An acaleph of the group Pulmograda ; 
a discophorous hydrozoan. 
pulmometer (pul-mom'e-ter), . [< L. pul- 
mo(n-), lung, T Gr. iitrpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring the capacity of the 
lungs; a spirometer. 
pulmometry (pul-mom'e-tri), . [< L. pul- 
mo(n-), lung, + Gr. -fin-pia, < fttrpov, meaaure.] 
The measurement of the capacity of the lungs ; 
spirometry. 
Pulmonacea (pul-mo-na'shiS), n.pl. [< L. pul- 
mo(n-), lung, 4- -acea.] In conch., same as Pul- 
monata, 1. 
pulmonar (pul'mo-nar), a. [= P. pulmonaire : 
see pulmonary.] Having lungs or lung-like 
organs; pulmonate or pulmonary; specifically, 
belonging to the arachnidan order Pulmonaria. 
Pulmonaria 1 (pul-mo-na'ri-a), . [NL. (Tour- 
nefort, 1700), so called from its reputation and 
former use ; fern, of pulinonariu*, pertaining to 
the lungs, as a pulmonary remedy : see pulmona- 
ry."] A genus of gamopetalous plants of the or- 
der Boraginese, tribe Horagcse, and subtribe Au- 
di iixrir. It is characterized by a flve-lotwd funnel-shaped 
corolla without scales in the throat, a nve-cleft calyx en- 
larged in fruit, and four broad erect nutlets with an ele- 
vated and slightly concave basilar scar which is without 
a surrounding ring. There are 5 or 6 species, natives of 
Europe and Asia, especially of western Asia, They are 
erect perennial hairy herbs, bearing large petioled radical 
Pulmonata 
leaves and a few small alternate stem-leaven, and terminal 
two-parted cymes of blue or purplish flowers. They are 
generally known as lungwort (which see\ especially P. 
ttMcinalif, which is the common English species, having 
also the old or local name* of tpotttd etfmfrey, Iniglots cow- 
Wi/>, Jerusalem coicslip, beggar' t-baiM, etc. See also Jo- 
flMJk-and-Jfary. 
Pulmonaria a (pul-mo-na'ri-ft), n.pl. [NL.,neut. 
pi. of L. pulmonariu*. pertaining to the lungs: 
see pulmonary.] 1. In conch., same as Pulmo- 
nata, 1. 2. In entom.,the pulmonary arachui- 
i hi us, as spiders and scorpions. In Latrellle's sys- 
tem of classification they were one of two orders of Araeh- 
/MI/II, the other being Trathraria. Also called I'vlinuna- 
rue and Pulmoiuita. 
Pulmonaria 3 , . Plural of pulmonarium. 
Pulmonariae (pul-mo-ua'ri-e), . pi. Same a* 
Pulmonaria^, 2. 
pulmonarious (pul-mo-na'ri-us), a. [< L. pul- 
niHnariiis, diseased in the lungs: see pulmona- 
ry.] Diseased in the lungs ; affected with pul- 
monary disease. 
pulmonarium (pul-mo-na'ri-um), . ; pi. pul- 
monaria (-&). [NL., neut. of L. pulmonariun, 
pertaining to the lungs: see pulmonary.] In 
i n lam., the lateral membrane often separating 
the dorsal and ventral abdominal segments, 
and containing stigmata or breathing-holes. 
Kirby. 
pulmonary (pul'mo-na-ri), a. and . [= F. pul- 
monaire = fsp. Pg. pulmonar = It. pulmonare, 
pulmonario,<lj.pulmonariu,f, pertaining to the 
lungs, affecting the lungs, < pulmo(n-), lung, 
= Gr. fl-taunuv, usually mrtvuuv, lung: see pneu- 
monia.] l.a. 1. Of or pertaining to the lungs, 
in the widest sense; respiratory: as, pulmo- 
nary organs. 
The force of the air upon the pulmonary artery Is but 
small in respect to that of the heart Arfnithiwt, 
2. Affecting the lungs: as, pulmonary disease. 
3. Remedial of affections of the lungs; pul- 
monic: as, pulmonary medicine. 4. Done by 
means of lungs; aerial, as a mode of breathing: 
opposed to branchial or truchcal : as, pulmonary 
respiration. 5. Having lungs, lung-sacs, or 
lung-like organs; able to breathe air; pulino- 
branchiato, pulmonate, or pulmouiferous : dis- 
tinguished from branchiate: as, a pulmonary 
mollusk. 6. Of or having the characteristicsof 
the Pulmonaria : distinguished from traehcary: 
as, & pulmonary arachnidan Pulmonary alveoli, 
air-cells. See alveolu(b). Pulmonary artery, any artery 
conveying blood directly from the heart to the lungs: in 
man, a large vessel, about two inches in length, conveying 
venous blood from the right cardiac ventricle. It divides 
Into two branches, called the right and the left pulmonary 
artery, for the respective lungs. See cuts under luny and 
thorax. Pulmonary branchiae, of spiders and other 
arachnidans, peculiar breathing-organs or gills, situated in 
the alidomen and consisting of many membranous folds, 
appearing like the leaves of a iMxikorporte-monnaie. The 
air enters these folds from the exterior orifice, and passes 
through the membrane to the blood which circulates be- 
tween them. See cut below. Pulmonary calculus. 
See oatai/m, 2. Pulmonary cartilage, the second cos- 
tal cartilage of the left side. Pulmonary circulation, 
the lesser circulation of the blood, from the right cardiac 
ventricle through the pulmonary artery, pulmonary capil- 
laries, and pulmonary veins, back to the left auricle. See 
cut under circulation. Pulmonary consumption, 
phthisis. Pulmonary lobules, small sections tftuf 
tissue, each receiving a bronchiole, and separated from 
one another by connective-tissue septa in which vessels 
I amlfy. Pulmonary nerves, a variable number of 
branches of the pnenmogastric, distributed to the root of 
the lungs. Pulmonary pleura, the pleura pulmonalis. 
Pulmonary plexuses. See pfenw. Pulmonary sac, 
in entam., a special form of respiratory organ found only 
in some arachnldans (spiders), being 
an involution of the integument, the 
walls of which are so folded as to ex- 
pose a large surface to the air, which 
Is alternately inspired and expired, 
the blood being brought to the sacs 
by venous channels. Pulmonary 
sinuses, the sinuses of Valsalva in 
the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary 
valves, the semilunar valves of the 
right cardiac ventricle. Pulmo- 
nary veins, any veins which bring 
blood direct from the lungs to the 
heart ; in man, four veins, two from 
each lung, which convey arterial blood to the left auricle 
of the heart. See cuts under lung and thorax. Pulmo- 
nary vesicles, air-cells. =Syn. See pulmobranchial. 
II. n.; pi. piilmonarifn (-riz). 1. A pulmo- 
nary arachnidan , as a spider or scorpion ; a mem- 
ber of the Pulmonaria. 2. Lungwort. 
Pulmonata (pul-mo-na'tft), n. pi. [NL., neut. 
pi. of pulmonatua, having lungs: see ptilmo- 
iiatf.] 1. In conrh. : (a) An order or subclass 
of Gasteropoda, air-breathing and adapted to a 
terrestrial life ; the true pulmonate or pulmo- 
niferous gastropods, as snails and slugs, having 
the pallia! cavity or mantle-chamber converted 
into a lung-sac, no ctenidia or true gills, and 
generallv no true operculum to the shell. Some 
other gastropods are pulmonate in the sense that they 
Pulmonary Sac at * 
S|H(ler (Mygalt rer. 
mrnfaria). p. the 
leaflets or lamelUe ; t, 
stigma or breathing- 
