Pulmonata 
breathe air, hat are otherwise structurally related to the 
pectlnlhranchiate or to Uie rhlpldoglouate gastropods. 
The Pulmonata are hermaphrodite, with highly developed 
copuUtory uud other sexual organs in every individual, and 
well-formed odoutophore. Ashell isusuiillypresent. some- 
times small or wanting; lt aperture la closed In some 
y apsetidoperculuni. They are divided Into /tam- 
i aud Styttnninalophura. There are more than 
Diagram of the Anatomy of the Snail (Hllix), illustrating structure 
of I'Mlmortata. 
a, mouth ; *, tooth ; f, odonlophore ; d, gullet ; e, crop ; /, stomach ; 
r , coiled end of the visceral mass ; A, rectum ; t, anus ; >. renal sac : 
/, heart ; rt. lung-sac, or modified pallial chamber ; M. its external 
opening ; <', thick edge of mantle ; /, /, extent of the foot ; r, i, ner- 
vous ganglia round the esophagus. 
6,000 species. By Ferussac and many later conchologista 
the order was extended to include the opcrculate tcenio- 
glossate anil rhipidoglossate terrestrial gastropods, the 
true Pulmonata being then called P. inoperculata, and the 
others P. npercvlata. This use of the word was long preva- 
lent, but Is now obsolete. Also called Pulmonea, Pulmo- 
ii\fera, I*utinvnoffasUropoda, and Pulmoyasteropoda. ( />) 
A section of rhipidoglossate gastropods, char- 
acterized by adaptation for aerial respiration, 
and including the families Helicinidse, Hydro- 
cenidie, and Proserpinida. Fischer. 2. m en- 
lorn., the pulmonary arachuidaus: same as Pul- 
monaria't, 2. 
pulmonate (pul'mo-nat), a. and n. [< NL. pul- 
monatus, < L. }>ulm'o(n-), luiig: see pulmonary."} 
I. a. Having lungs, lung-sacs, or lung-like or- 
gans; pulmonary or pulmoniferous, as a mol- 
1 1 1 -k or an arachuidan ; pulmouated, as a verte- 
brate: distinguished from branchiate and tra- 
cheatc.=ByiL See pulmoliranchial. 
II. n. A member of the 1'ulmonata in either 
sense, as a snail or a spider. 
pulmonated (pul'mo-na-ted), a. [< pulmonate 
+ -erf-.] Same as pulmonate. 
In the lower pulnumaUd Vertcbrata, the sacctilation is 
more marked near the entrance of the bronchus. 
Huxley, Anat. Vert,, p. 9i 
Pulmonea (pul-mo'ue-ft), n. pi. [NL., < L. t>ul- 
JHO(M-), lung: see pulmonate.} In Latreille's 
classification, an order of Gasteropoda: now 
called Pidmonata or Pidmonifera. 
pulmonian (pul-rao'ni-an), n. [< L. pidmo(n-), 
lung, + -inn.] A pulmonate gastropod, as a 
snail. 
Pulmonibranchiata(pul'mo-ni-brang-ki-a'ta), 
n. pi. [NL.] The more correct form of Pul- 
miihranchiata. 
pulmonibranchiate (pul'mo-ni-brang'ki-at), a. 
The more correct form of pulmobranchiate. 
palmonic (pul-mon'ik), a. and n. [= F. pul- 
mnnique = Pg. pulmonico (cf. Sp. pulmonuico), 
< L. pulmo(n-), lung: see pulmonary.] I. a. 
Of or pertaining to the lungs. 
An ulcer of the lungs may be a cause of pulmonick con- 
sumption, or consumption of the lungs. 
Harvty, Consumptions. 
Pulmonlc circulation. Same as pulmonary circulation 
(which see, under pulmonary). 
H. n. 1. A medicine for diseases of the 
lungs. Dunnlixon. 2. One who is affected with 
a disease of the lungs. 
Pvtmenickx are subject to consumptions, and the old to 
asthmas. Artwthnot. 
pulmonifer (pul-mon'i-fer), n. [< NL. Pulmo- 
n(i'irii.\ A pnlmonate gastropod, as a snail; 
any member of the Pulmonifera. 
Puimonifera (pul-mo-nif'e-r&), . pi. [NL., 
neut. pi, of pulir.onifcr, having lungs: sec /<'- 
monifcrous.] In conch.: (a) Same as Pulmo- 
nata, 1 (). (It) The Pulmonata considered as 
a subclass of gastropods, Pulmonata then being 
M-. !-M-<| as the ordinal name, (e) A section 
of tamioglossate pectinibranehiate gastropods, 
characterized by a mollification of the respira- 
tory apparatus as a lung for aerial respiration. 
It includes the families 1'yclosttnnida, Poma- 
tiidte, I'ycloplioriilee, and Aciculida-. Fischer. 
Adelopneumona is a synonym. 
pulmoniferous (pul-iuo-iuf'e-rus), a. [< XL. 
C 1 ' i', < L. /iiihiiii(n-). lung, + fern = E. 
rl.] 1. Provided with lungs, as an animal; 
pulmonary or pulmouate, an a mollusk; of or 
4840 
pertaining to the Pulmonifera. 2. Containing 
the lungs, as a part of the body : as, the pulmo- 
nil'i rous somites of an orachnidan. 
Pulmonigrada (pul-mo-nig'ra-dft), n. pi. [NL.. 
ueut. pi. of ]iulnioni(/radus: see pulmonigrade.] 
Same as Pulmograda. 
pulmonigrade (pul-mon'i-grad), a. and n. [< 
NL. puTnionigradus, < L. pulmo(n-), lung, + 
gradi, walk.] Same as pulmograde. 
pulmonobranchous (put'mo-no-brang'kus), a. 
[< L. pulmo(ii-), lung, + Gr. ftpajxta, gills.] Pul- 
monate, as a gastropod; pulmonibranchiate. 
[Kare.] 
Affording a good character for dividing the land pul- 
monobranchou* Mollusca into two families. 
Kii'j. Cyc., Nil. Hist., III. 65. 
pulmonogasteropod(pul'mo-no-gas'ter-o-pod), 
a. and n. Same as piilmogasteropod. 
Pulmonogasteropoda(pul'mo-no-gas-te-rop'd- 
d6), n. pi. [NL., < L. pulmo(n-), lung, + NL. 
Gasteropoda.] Same as Pulmonata, 1 (a). 
pulmotracheal (pul-mo-tra'ke-al), a. [< L. 
pulmo(n-), lung, + NL. trachea, windpipe, + 
-nl.\ Inentom., pulmobranchial ; pertaining to 
or done by means of pulmotrachcu* : as, pulmo- 
tracheal respiration. 
Pulmotrachearia (pul-mo-tra-kf-a'ri-a), n. pi. 
[NL., < L. pulmo(n-), lung, + NL. trachea, 
windpipe.] A group of pulmobranchiate or 
pulmotracheate arachuidans ; an order of Arach- 
,ii 'in, containing those arachnidans which have 
pulmonary sacs as well as tracheae, as spiders 
and scorpions. See cut under Scorjrioniase. 
pulmotracheary (pul-mo-tra'ke-a-ri), a. and . 
I. . Of or pertaining to the Pulmotrachearia. 
II. n. ; pi. pulmotrachearies (-riz). A pulmo- 
tracheate arachnidaii. 
pulmotracheate (pul-mo-tra'ke-at), a. [< L. 
pi(lmo(>i-), lung, + trachea, windpipe, + -ate 1 .'] 
Pulmobranchiate, as a spider; of or pertaining 
to the Pulmotrachearia. 
pulp (pulp), n. [= F. pnh>r = Sp. jmlpa = Pg. It. 
])olpa, < L. pultta, the fleshy part of an animal 
body, etc., solid flesh, the pulp of fruit, etc.] A 
moist, slightly cohering mass, consisting of soft 
undissolved animal or vegetable matter. Specifi- 
cally (a) The soft, succulent part of fruit : as, the pulp 
of an orange, or of a grape. In the American grape of 
the Ktttx Lalmuca varieties (as Concord, etc.) the pulp Is 
a distinct portion of the berry inclosing the seeds, and 
is characteristically tough and sour. It is inclosed in a 
sweet and well-tlavored layer formed beneath the skin. 
The savoury pulp they chew, and in the rind, 
Still as they thirsted, scoop the brimming stream. 
Milton, P. L, iv. 835. 
('<) The material from which paper Is manufactured after 
it is reduced to a soft uniform masa. (c) Chyme ; the pul- 
plfled mass of food after chyrniflcatlon and before chyllfl- 
cation. (i/i The soft pulpy core of a tooth, consisting 
chiefly of the nerve accompanied by its vessels and con- 
nective tiwue ; a tooth-pulp, (e) The soft elastic ftbrocar- 
tilage forming much of the substance of the intervertebral 
disks. It chiefly occupies the interior of t lu-sc disks, whose 
periphery is more fibrous and tougher. To the compressi- 
bility and elasticity of this pulp is mainly due the action 
of the disks in serving as buffers to diminish concussion 
of the spine. The pulp is compressible enough to account 
also for the fact that a man may be appreciably taller In 
the morning after lying all night than in the evening after 
a day spent on the feet. (/) In mining, slimes ; ore pul- 
verized and mixed with water. 
In the case of silver the ore is frequently pulverized by 
stamps, and the resulting pulp amalgamated in pans or 
barrels. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 465. 
Blue, dental, etc., pulp. See the adjectives. Persis- 
tent pulps. See denial p/p(&). Pulp-colors. See color. 
pulp (pulp), r. [< pulp, n.] I. trans. 1. To 
make into pulp, in any sense ; reduce to pulp : 
as, to pulp wood-fiber for paper; to pup old 
papers. 2. To deprive of the surrounding pulp 
or pulpy substance : as, to pulp coffee-beans. 
The other mode is to pulp the coffee Immediately as it 
comes from the tree. By a simple machine a man will 
;."//. a bushel In a minute. Bryan Edwardt. 
E[. in trans. To be or to become ripe and juicy 
like the pulp of fruit. 
A kiss should bud upon the tree of lore, 
And pulp and ripen richer every hour. Ktatt. 
The buried seed begins to pulp and swell 
In Earth's warm bosom. A. II. Stoddanl, ' 1,1 
pulpamentat (pul-pa-men't), . pi. [L., pi. of 
puipameiitum, meat, pulp, < pulpa, meat, pulp: 
see pulp.] Delicacies; tidbits. 
What, Friday night, and In affliction, too, and yet your 
pulpamenta, your delicate morsels ! 
B. Jonton, Every Man out of his Humour, v. 7. 
pulpatoont, . [Origin obscure.] A kind of con- 
fection or cake, supposed to be made of the pulp 
of fruits. 
\Vlth a French troop of pulpatimn*, inarkaroons, kick- 
shaws, grand and excellent. .VaMw*, Mlcrocosmus, 111. 
pulp-boiler (pulp'boi'ler), ii. Same as 
<lii/i i-li r. 
pulpit 
pulp-cavity (pulp'kav'i-ti), w. The hollow in- 
tenor of a tooth which contains the pulp. Also 
called nerve-canal. See cut under tooth. 
pulp-digester (pulp'di-jes'ter), M. In paper- 
iiiiiiinf., a machine for digesting straw, wood, 
bamboo, and other materials, to free the fibrous 
matter from gluten, gum, starch, and other ex- 
traneous matters. Such machines are essentially 
boilers, in which the paper-stock Is cooked with various 
chemicals under more or leu steam-pressure. In some 
digesters the boilers are stationary and are provided with 
a stirring-mechanism ; in others the boilers are made to 
rotate. Also called pulp-boiler. 
pulp-dresser (pulp'dres'er), . In paper-man- 
n/.. an apparatus for clearing paper-pulp from 
impurities, and freeing it from lumps aud 
knots. 
pulp-engine (pulp'en'jin), . lupaper-manuf., 
a machine for converting paper-rags, esparto, 
Pulp-engine, consisting of an oblong iron vat a. rounded at the 
ends and divided l>y a partition b, over which is journaled a cylinder 
(, having grooves into which chisel-edged blades a are inserted in sets 
of three, generally to the numlter of sixty ; beneath these, and set at 
an angle therewith, other blades r are fixed in the bottom of the 
vat ; the distance lietween the two may be adjusted by raising or 
lowering the cylinder c. Tile part e of the liottom is sloping. ;md has 
a recess/ for the reception of grit. A hood ^prevents the pulp from 
being thrown out of the machine, and one side of this is a sieve A. 
with a removable cover f, through which the foul water expelled from 
the pulp passes and is discharged through the opening <c. 
and other materials into a pulp with water. Also 
called pulper, pulp-machine, pulping engine, and 
pulp-mill. 
pulper (pul'per), n. 1. A machine for reducing 
roots, as turnips, mangel-wurzel, etc., to a pulp ; 
a root-pulper. 2. A machine for removing the 
fleshy pulp of coffee-berries. 3. A pulp-di- 
gester, pulp-grinder, or pulp-engine. 
pulpett, n. A Middle English form of pulpit. 
pulp-grinder (pulp'griu'der), . In paper- 
manuf., a form of grinding-mill for crushing, 
disintegrating, and grinding partially made 
paper-pulp, or for grinding woou to form paper- 
stock. 
pulpifier (pul'pi-fi'er), n. An apparatus for 
grinding up fresh meat, and converting it into 
an almost jelly-like pulp as an aid to digestion 
for dyspeptics. Also culled meat-ptdpijicr and 
mea t-p u Iverizer. 
pulpily (purpi-fi), e. t. ; prct. and \tf.pulpified, 
ppr. pulpifyhig. [< pulp + -i/y.] To render 
pulpy; make into pulp. 
These actions [of rumination] are repeated until the 
greater portion of the grass which has been cropped is 
puljrifitd. llwdry, Auat. Vert., p. 324. 
pulpiness (pul'pi-nes), w. A pulpy character or 
consistency. 
pulping-machine (purping-nia-shen'), ft. In 
agri., a pulper or root-pulper. 
pulpit (pul'pit), . and a. [< ME. pulpit, pul- 
pet, < OF. pulpitc, F. pupitre, dial, pulpite = 
Sp. pulpito = Pg. It. pulpito, < L. pulpitum, a 
staging, stage, platform, scaffold.] I. n. 1. 
A rostrum or elevated platform from which a 
Pulpit of Nlccott Pis.no. in the Baptistery at PKa. Italy. 
speaker addresses an audience <>r delivers an 
oration; s|>crili<-:illy. in the Christian clinreh, 
an elevated and more or less inclosed platform 
from which the preacher ilelivi is his sermon 
