pycnogonold 
II. *. Any member of the 1'yennfionifta. 
Pycnogonuin (pik-nog'o-nuin), w. [XL., < Or. 
nwooSf, thick, + 
knee, joint.] 
tvnical gem 
The 
IB Of 
/'. lit- 
litralf is a parasite 
of cetaceans, and is 
half an inch long, 
pycnometer (pik- 
nom'e-ter), n. F< 
Gr. miti-6f, thick, 
ilense, 4- ffTpov, 
measure.] An in- 
strument for deter- 
mining the relative 
density or specific 
gravity of solid bod- 
ies; a specific-grav- 
ity flask. It consists of 
a glass flask with a long 
tabular stopper. The flask, when filled with distilled water, 
and when the stopper Is pressed In till the water overflows 
through the tubule of the stopper, will at any given tem- 
perature hold a specific volume and therefore a specific 
weight of the liquid. The combined weight of the flask 
and Its stopper, and the weight of water It contains when 
the stopper is pressed In, having been ascertained, and 
littoral* , 1% times 
atural size. 
Prcnometcr*. 
also the total weight of the flask and its contents after 
the solid body has been placed in It, the then unfilled 
space refilled with distilled water, and the stopper again 
pressed In, the weight of the solid body In air and the 
weight of the water displaced by It when It Is put In the 
pycnometer can be easily determined. These are the 
data neceasary to compute the relative density or specific 
gravity of the Iwdy a unit of mass of distilled water at 
4' C. divided by Its apparent volume at the same tem- 
perature being the usual unit of density. This unit Is 
written "LOW" In sneclflc-gravity tables in which the 
specific gravity of bodies lighter than water Is expressed 
in three places of decimals. See dentUy, denrimrter, spe- 
cific fframty (under gramty\ votuinr, and UUUH-*. 
pycnometochia (pik'no-me-to'ki-ii), . [NL., 
< Or. JTWOC, thick, close, crowded") + /irrnx//, a 
participle.] Use of participles or participial 
claused at short intervals ; close succession of 
participles. Compare oligomctochia . 
pycnometochic (pik'no-me-to'kik), a. [< pyc- 
nomctochia + -ic.J Characterized by using or 
containing participles in close succession. 
pycnon (pik'non), n. [Also nyknon; < Gr. >rt*- 
vini, neut. of irwvof, thick, dense, close, com- 
pact.] 1. In one. dr. music, one of the short in- 
tervals in the chromatic or enharmonic scales, 
usually about equivalent to a quarter-step. 
2. In medicral mugic, a half-step or semitone. 
Pycnonotidae (pik-no-not'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
I'yrnonotus + -ida.] ' The bulbuls, rock-thrush- 
es, or 1'ycnonotina rated as a family of Pas- 
ant, 
Pycnonotinae (pik'no-no-ti'ne), H. pi. [NL., < 
I'ycHonotit* i + -<.] ' A subfamily of turdiform 
or thrush-like osciue passerine birds, placed in 
the family Turdidee, or merged in the subfamily 
White eand Bulbil d^mnMni Inmlli). 
4870 
BrachyjHMUnte ; the bulbuls or rock-thrnshes, 
typified by tin- ^cnus I'l/cnonotus. 
pycnonotine (pik-no-n6'tin),a. Kesemblingor 
related to I'l/i-iiiiiii'l'iin; belonging to the 2'ycno- 
nittiiilt'. 
Pycnonotua (pik-iio-no'tus), . [NL. (Kuhl, 
ISL'),< (Jr. TTfAi'w;, tliick,+ i'u-nf, the back.] An 
extensive genus of Old World thrush-like passe- 
rine birds, typical of the subfamily 1'ycnotiotins' 
or family Pycnonotida. It contains about fifty 
ki nds of I MI II ml s. ranging from Persia and Pales- 
tine to South Africa. Also spelled Picnonotus. 
See cut in preceding column, 
pycnospore (pik'no-spor), n. [< Gr. jrwa-of, 
close, + oiropof, seed.] Same as styloxpore. 
De Bury. 
pycnostyle (pik'no-stll), a. [< Gr. >n*i>oc, thick, 
close, compact, -t-'oriXof, column.] In classical 
columnar arch., according to the Vitruvian sys- 
tem, noting a conventional intercolumniation, 
less than that usually employed. It is common- 
ly reckoned at one diameter and a half, 
pyet, . See pie 1 , pic?, etc. 
pyebaldt, An obsolete form of piebald. 
pyedema (pi-e-de'mfi), n. [NL., < Gr. nfav, pus 
(see pun), + otir/fia,~& swelling, tumor.] Infil- 
tration with pus. 
pyelitic (pi-e-lit'ik), a. [< pyelitis + -if.] Of 
or pertaining to pyelitis ; affected with pyelitis. 
pyelitis (pi-e-li'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. rtrAof, a 
trough or pan, hence the pelvis, + -itis.] In- 
flammation of the pelvis of the kidney. Also 
called cndoneptiritis. 
pyelocystitis (pi'e-lo-sis-ti'tis), . [NL.. < Gr. 
jri'r/of, pelvis, + KivTif, bladder, + -itix.J In- 
flammation of the renal pelvis and of the uri- 
nary bladder. 
pyefonephritic (pi'e-lo-nef-rit'ik), . [< pye- 
lonephritis + -if.] Of, pertaining to, or affected 
with pyelonephritis. 
pyelonephritis (pi"e-lo-nef-ri'tis), n. [NL., < 
Gr. TrirXof, pelvis, + vctytdr, kidney, + -itis.] 
Inflammation of the kidney and the renal 
pelvis. 
pyemia, pyaemia (pi-e'mi-ii), H. [NL. pyeennti, 
< Gr. m-ov, pus (see pun), + "a'tfia, blood.] In pa- 
tliol., a febrile disease caused by the absorp- 
tion of pus, or certain of its constituents, or of 
its bacteria, with the formation of metastatic 
abscesses. 
pyemic, pyaemic (pi-e'mik), o. [< pyemia, py- 
feniia + -ic.} Of, pertaining to, or character- 
ized by pyemin ; of the nature of pyemia; af- 
fected with pyemia. 
pyengadu (pi-eng'ga-do), w. [E. Ind.] An aca- 
cia-like tree, Xylia dolabriformis, one of the 
ironwoods, found in considerable quantities in 
India, Burma, etc. It rises 70 or 80 feet without 
branches, and furnishes a reddish-brown timber in large 
sizes and of remarkable quality. It is heavier than water, 
and so hard that the Bunnene work it only before season- 
ing. It resists decay even better than teak, and Its heart- 
wood Is proof against white ants and teredo. From Its 
power of resisting shocks, it is valued for gun-carriages, 
but it is also used for numerous other purposes requiring 
strength, hardness, and durability. Also pynlcado. 
pye-powdert, . An old spelling of piepowder. 
pyet, . A variant otpiet. 
Pygaera (pi-je'rS), n. [NL. (Ochsenheimer, 
1810), < Gr. Tt')7, rump, + aipeiv, raise, lift up.] 
A genus of lepidopterous insects of the bomby- 
cid family Aotodontidie, occurring in Europe 
and Asia; the buff-tips. P. bucrphala is an 
example. 
pygal (pi'gal), a. and n. [< Gr. mrf, rump, + 
-<] I. a. In zool., of or pertaining to the 
rump or posterior part of an animal Pygal 
plate or shield, In herpet., one of the posterior nieman 
plMM of the carapace of a turtle. See pygidium, vro- 
faaffam, and cuts under carapace and CMonia. 
II. n. The posterior median or supracaudal 
plate of the carapace of a tortoise; a pygal 
shield. 
Pygarg (pi'garg), . [< L. pygargus, a kind of 
antelope, also a kind of eagle, < Gr. jrt'iyooyoj-, 
a kind of antelope, also the white-tailed ea- 
gle, Falco albicilla, also a kind of sandpiper, 
Totanus ochropus, lit. ' white-rumped,' < mrrf, 
rump, + apyof, shining, white.] If. A kind of 
antelope, perhaps the addax. 
The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the 
wild goat, and the pygarg (raarg. or, bison ; Heb. di*hon\, 
and the wild ox, and the chamois. Deut \iv. . 
2. The osprey, sea-eagle, or fish-hawk, 
pygargue, n. Same as pyyarg, 2. 
pygargua (pi-gar'gus), .; pi. pygartji (-ji). 
[NL. : see pygarg.} 1. Same as pygarg, 2. 
2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of hawks: same as 
Ciroux. Koch, 1816. 
pygmy 
pyghtt. Same twpigltt, an obsolete past parti- 
eiple of ;i/fr/|l. 
pygidial (pi-jid'i-al), a. [< pyi/idium + -<ij.] 
Of or pertaining to the pygidium; caudal; anal; 
cereal. 
PygidiidaB(pi-ji-di'i-d6)...;)J. [NL.,< Pygidi- 
um + -idle.] A family of nematognathous 
fishes, typified by the" genus Pyi/utium. They 
have a naked body, air-bladder confined In a capsule 
formed by the lateral processes of the anterior vertebra- 
only, the donal generally posterior, and no adipose fin. 
The species, about 40, are confined to the fresh waters of 
South America. Also called Trichomycteriila. 
pygidium (pl-jid'i-um),M.; pi. pyyidia(-$). [NL., 
< Gr. icvyti, rump, + dim. -iSiav. J 1. A posterior 
part of the body, in any way distinguished; an 
B 
Posterior End of Polynof. a polychartous annelid. 
ji, from above, H t trotu below, showing pygidium, etc.: c, ('. noto- 
podial and neuropodfal cirri of last true bomite of the body ; d, cirri 
of pygidiuin ; f, set.r ; A, inferior tubercle ; x, anus. 
anal, candal, or pygal part or organ : said chiefly 
of insects, crustacean s, and worms, (o) In eniam., 
the last dorsabdomlnal segment, when modified or special- 
ized. as into an ovipositor, sting, anal forceps or cercL etc. 
The term U much used In the classification of coleop- 
ters, hymcnopters, and some of the homopters. In Coif op- 
tera, the term generally applies to any part of the dorsab- 
dominal segments which may be visible beyond the ends 
of the closed elytra. This is usually harder than the part 
covered by the elytra. When more than one segment is 
thus exposed, pygidium may be restricted to the last one, 
the next preceding being distinguished as propygidimn. 
(b) The terminal division of the body of a trilobite. See 
cut under TrOobita. (c) The terminal segment of a worm. 
2. [cap.] A genus of neinatoguaths, typical 
of the family Pygidiidse. Later called fricho- 
_ Divided pygj dlnm see drafted. 
pygmean, pigmean (pig-me'an), a. [< L. 
pygmteiis, < Gr. Kiyfiaiof, dwarfish : see pygmy, 
pigmy.] Pertaining to a pygmy or dwarf; very 
small; dwarfish. 
Throng numberless, like that pygmean race 
Beyond the Indian mount Milton, P. L., 1. 780. 
pygmy, pigmy (pig'mi), n. and n. [Early mod. 
E. also pigmtf, pigmey, pigmee ; < ME. pigmey, 
.pygmac = Sw. pygme = Dan. pi/gma 
= JtuKB.pigmef. < L. Pygmg-us, a Pygmy, dwarf, 
as adj. dwarfish, < Gr. Hiy/iaiof, in pi. Uv-jpaloi, 
a Pygmy, a dwarf, adj. dwarfish, lit. long or 
tall as a m^pi/, < m^pf/, a measure of length, the 
distance from the elbow to the knuckles, equal 
to 18 6&Krv)oi ('fingers') or about 13^ inches, a 
particular use of mr)/**/, a fist, akin to L. pug- 
nus, the fist: see migil 1 , pugnacious.] I. n.;pl. 
pugmiett (-miz). I. [cap. ] One of a fabulous race 
or dwarfs, mentioned by various ancient au- 
thors. The Pygmies (Pygmwl, with an eponytnlc ancestor 
I'ygnnens) of Greek fable were represented by llnmer as 
dwelling on the southern shores of Ocean, and as being 
warred upon by the cranes In their annual migrations. 
Later writers placed them In India and elsewhere. The 
African Pygmies described by Herodotus, and hitherto 
supposed to be equally fabulous, were apparently the 
same as the remarkable race or races of dwarfs found by 
recent explorers In various parts of equatorial Africa, espe- 
cially those discovered by Stanley (1888) in the forests of 
the upper Congo region. 
Hence 2. A little or dwarfish person; a dwarf; 
also, anything very small of its kind. 
In another Ylc ther ben lltylle folk, as Hwerghes ; and 
the) hen to so nice-he as the Pygmtya, and the! ban no 
Miiuthe. but In stede of hire tlouthe thel ban a lytylle 
round hole. UandcnUe, Travels, p. -.116. 
Thy God raigns In his Ark, and I on Earth : 
I Cbalenge Him, Him (U he dare come forth), 
Not Thee, hue Pigmee. 
Sylntter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, II., The Trophies. 
Pyymiet are pygmiet still though perch'd on Alps, 
And pyramids are pyramids In rales. 
Young, Night Thoughts, vi. 
3. The chimpan/ee: pei-hans as the supposed 
original of the fabled Pygmies. 
II. <7. 1. Belonging to or resembling a pyc- 
my; pygmean; dwarfish; very small of its ki ml: 
lit'tlc.' 
Behold the Child among his new-born blisses, 
A six years' Darling of a pigmy sice. 
H'orrtinrortA, Ode to Immortality. 
2. In :oiil., very Hinull of its kind; dwarfish or 
dwarf: applied to many animals. 
