real 
being called a Spanish or Mexican shilling in New York, a 
levy (Bee levy*, \) in the South, etc. 
real 4 (re'al), w. [Cuban, perhaps < Sp. real, roy- 
al: see reap*, real 3 . Cf. OF. real, a kind of stur- 
geon.] The big-eyed herring, or saury. Slops 
saurus. [Cuba.] 
reales, . Plural of real 9 . 
realgar (re-al'gar), n. [Also resalgar, < ME. re- 
salgar, rysalgar, rosalgar; = OF. realyal, reagal, 
riagal, realgal, risigal, F. realgar = Sp. rejalgar 
= Pg. rosalgar = It. risigallo (ML. risigallum), 
< Ar. rahj al-ghar, realgar, lit. 'powder of the 
mine,' mineral powder (so called because de- 
rived orig. from silver-mines) : ralij, relij, dust, 
powder; al, the ; ghar (gar), cavern, mine. Cf. 
Ar. rahj asfar, orpiment.] Arsenic disulphid 
(Aso82), a combination of an equal number of 
sulpnur and arsenic atoms; red sulphuret of 
arsenic, which is found native in transparent 
crystals, and also massive. Realgar differs from 
orpiment in that orpiment la composed of two equivalents 
of arsenic and three of sulphur, and has a yellow color. 
Realgar, also called red arsenic or ruby sulphur, is pre- 
parea artificially for use as a pigment and for making white 
fire, which is a mixture of 2 parts of ruby sulphur and 10 
parts of niter. 
realisation, realise. See realization, realize. 
realism (re'al-izm), n. [= F. realistHe = Sp. Pg. 
It. realismo = Gr. realismiis, < NL. realismus; 
as real 1 + -ism."] 1 . The doctrine of the realist, 
in any of the senses of that word. See espe- 
cially realist, n.,1. 
(1) Extreme realism taught that universals were sub- 
stances or things, existing independently of and separate- 
ly from particulars. This was the essence of Plato's the- 
ory of ideas. ... (2) Moderate realism also taught that 
universals were substances, but only as dependent upon 
and inseparable from Individuals, in which each inhered : 
that is, each universal inhered in each of the particulars 
ranged under It. This was the theory of Aristotle, who 
held that the roSt TI or individual thing was the first es- 
sence, while universals were only second essences, real in 
a less complete sense than first essences. He thus reversed 
the Platonic doctrine, which attributed the fullest reality 
to universals only, and a merely participative reality to 
individuals. ... (3) Extreme nominalism taught that 
universals had no substantive or objective existence at all, 
but were merely empty names or words. [See nominal- 
ism.} (4) Moderate nominalism or conceptualism taught 
that universals have no substantive existence at all, but 
yet are more than mere names signifying nothing ; and 
that they exist really, though only subjectively, as con- 
cepts in the mind, of which names are the vocal symbols. 
... (5) [The medieval schoolmen] Albertus Magnus, 
Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and others fused all these 
views into one, and taught that universals exist in a three- 
fold manner: universalia ante rein, as thoughts in the 
mind of God ; universalia in re, as the essence [quiddity] 
of things, according to Aristotle: and universalia post rem, 
as concepts in the sense of moderate nominalism. This 
is to-day the orthodox philosophy of the Catholic Church, 
as opposed to the prevailingly exclusive conceptualism of 
the Protestant world. ... In contrast with all the views 
above presented, another and sixth view will now be 
stated. ... (6) Relationism or scientific realism teaches 
that universals, or genera and species, are, first, objective 
relations of existence among objectively existing things ; 
secondly, subjective concepts of these relations, deter- 
mined in the mind by the relations themselves ; and third- 
ly, names representative both of the relations and of the 
concepts, and applicable alike to both. This is the view 
logically implied in all scientific classifications of natural 
objects, regarded as objects of real scientific knowledge. 
F. E. Abbot, Scientific Theism, Int. 
2. In literature and art, the representation of 
what is real in fact; the effort to exhibit the 
literal reality and unvarnished truth of things; 
treatment of characters, objects, scenes, events, 
circumstances, etc., according to actual truth 
or appearance, or to intrinsic probability, with- 
out selection or preference over the ugly of what 
is beautiful or admirable: opposed to idealism 
and romanticism. Compare naturalism. 
I wish the reader particularly to observe, throughout all 
these works of Tintoret, the distinction of the imaginative 
verity from falsehood on the one hand, and from realism 
on the other. Ruskin, Modern Painters, III. ii. 8. 
A far fuller measure of the ease and grace and life of 
the realism which Giotto had taught. 
D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, ii. 
By realism I mean simply the observation of things as 
they are, the familiarity with their aspect, physical and 
intellectual, and the consequent faculty of reproducing 
them with approximate fidelity. 
Contemporary Sev., L 241. 
Exact realism. See Herbartian Hypothetic real- 
ism. See hypothetic. Natural realism, the doctrine 
that in sensation (if not also in volition) we have a direct 
consciousness of a real object other than ourselves, so that 
we are as sure of the existence of the outer world as we 
are of our own, or even of the presence of ideas. 
In the act of sensible perception, I am conscious of two 
things ; of myself as the perceiving subject, and of an ex- 
ternal reality . . . as the object perceived. . . . I am con- 
scious of knowing each of them, not mediately, in some- 
thing else, as represented, but immediately in itself, as ex- 
isting. . . . Each is apprehended equally, and at once, in 
the same indivisible energy . . . ; and . . . each is appre- 
hended out of, and in direct contrast to, the other. . . . The 
contents of the fact of perception, as given in conscious- 
ness, being thus established, what are the consequences to 
4986 
philosophy, according as the truth of its testimony is, or 
is not, admitted V On the former alternative, the veracity 
of consciousness, in the fact of perception, being uncondi- 
tionally acknowledged, we have established at once, with- 
out hypothesis or demonstration, the reality of mind and 
the reality of matter; while no concession is yielded to 
the sceptic, through which he may subvert philosophy in 
manifesting its self-contradiction. The one legitimate 
doctrine, thus possible, may be called natural realism or 
natural dualism. ... If the testimony of consciousness 
to our knowledge of an external world existing be rejected 
with the idealist, but with the realist the existence of 
that world be affirmed, we have a scheme which as it 
by many various hypotheses endeavours on the one hand 
not to give up the reality of an unknown material universe, 
and on the other to explain the ideal illusion of its cogni- 
tionmay be called the doctrine of cosmothetic idealism, 
hypothetical realism, or hypothetical dualism. This last 
[system] . . . is the one which . . . has found favour with 
the immense majority of philosophers. 
Sir W. Hamilton, Reid's Works, Note A, <j 1, 10. 
realist (re'al-ist), . and a. [= F. realiste = 
Sp. Pg. It.' realista = G. realist, < NL. realis- 
ta; as real 1 + -ist.] I. n. 1. A logician who 
holds that the essences of natural classes have 
some mode of being in the real things : in this 
sense distinguished as a scholastic realist : op- 
posed to nominalist. As soon as Intellectual devel- 
opment had reached the point at which men were ca- 
pable of conceiving of an essence, they naturally found 
themselves realists. But reflection about words inclined 
them to be nominalists. Thus, a controversy sprang up 
between these sects in the eleventh century (first in the 
Irish monasteries, and then spread through the more civ- 
ilized countries of northern Europe), and was practically 
settled in favor of the realists toward the end of the 
twelfth century. During the fourteenth century a reac- 
tion from the subtleties of Scotus produced a revival of 
nominalistic views, which were brought into a thorough- 
going doctrine by Occam, his followers being distinguish- 
ed as terminists from other schools of nominalists. At the 
time when scholasticism came to a rather violent end, 
owing to the revival of learning, the terminists were in 
the ascendant, though some of the universities were 
Scotist. The Cartesians did not profess to be realists ; and 
Leibnitz was a decided nominalist ; while the whole weight 
of the English school (Occam, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, 
Hume, Hartley, Reid, Brown, the Mills, and others) went 
hi the same direction. At the present day philosophy 
seems to be, and science certainly is, prevailingly realistic. 
See quotation under realism, 1. 
2. A philosopher who believes in the real ex- 
istence of the external world as independent 
of all thought about it, or, at least, of the 
thought of any individual or any number of 
individuals. 3. In literature and art, a be- 
liever in or a practiser of realism; one who 
represents persons or things as he conceives 
them to be in real life or in nature ; an oppo- 
nent of idealism or romanticism. 
How hard and meagre they seem, the professed and 
finished realists of our own day, ungraced by that spiritual 
candor which makes half the richness of Ghirlandaio ! 
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 29S. 
4. One who advocates technical as opposed 
to classical education ; one who upholds the 
method of the real-schools. [A German use.] 
II. a. Of or pertaining to realism ; realistic ; 
naturalistic. 
realistic (re-a-lis'tik), a. [< realist + -ic.~\ 1. 
Of or pertaining to the realists in philosophy ; 
characteristic of speculative realism. 
The realistic tendency the disposition to mistake words 
for things is a vice Inherent in all ordinary thinking. 
J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 122. 
2. Exhibiting or characterized by realism in 
description or representation ; objectively real 
or literal ; lifelike, usually in a bad or depre- 
ciatory sense : as, a realistic novel or painting ; 
a realistic account of a murder. 
A bit of realistic painting, in the midst of a piece of 
decorative painting, would offend us, and yet the realistic 
bit would add a certain amount of veracity. 
P. G. Hamtrton, Graphic Arts, v. 
Realistic they are in the nobler sense : that is, they are 
true to nature without being slavish copies of nature. 
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 91 
Realistic dualism. See dualism. 
realistically (re-a-lis'ti-kal-i), adv. In a re- 
alistic manner; in a manner that has regard to 
the actual appearance of objects or circum- 
stances, or the real facts of existence. 
reality 1 (re-al'i-ti), n. ; pi. realities (-tiz). [= F. 
realite = Sp. realidad = Pg. realidade = It. re- 
alitd, < ML. realita(t-)s, < realis, real: see real 1 . 
Cf. realty^.] l. The being real; truth as it is 
in the thing; objective validity; independence 
of the attributions of individual thought ; posi- 
tively determinate being. 
Hee exhorted him to beleeve the reality of the sacra- 
ment after the consecration. 
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 1159, an. 1543. 
Reality shall rule, and all shall be as they shall be for- 
ever. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ill. 24. 
For this, in reality, is the port of Acre, where ships lie 
at anchor. Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 56. 
realize 
In the English plays nlone is to be found the warmth, 
the mellowness, and the reality of painting. 
Macaulay, Dryden. 
Nothing can have reality for us until it enters within 
the circle of Feeling, either directly through perception, 
or indirectly through Intuition. Conception is the sym- 
bolical representation of such real presentation. 
G. II. Lewes, Probs. of Life und Mind, II. 11. 
2. That which is real or genuine: something 
that really is or exists, as opposed to what is 
imagined or pretended ; an essential verity or 
entity, either in fact or in representation. 
Of that skill the more thou kitow'st, 
The more she will acknowledge thee her head, 
And to realities yield all her shows. 
Milton, P. L., viiL 575. 
Only shadows are dispensed below, 
And Earth has no reality but woe. 
Cowper, Hope, 1. 68. 
They who live only for wealth, and the things of this 
world, follow shadows, neglecting the great realities which 
are eternal on earth and in heaven. 
Sumner, Orations, 1. 194. 
3. In law, sameasreaZfy 1 . [Now rare.] Abso- 
lute reality. See absolute. Empirical reality, the re- 
ality of an object of actual or conditional expenence. 
What we insist on is the empirical reality of time, that 
is, its objective validity, with reference to all objects 
which can ever come before our senses. What we deny 
is that time has any claim to absolute reality, so that, 
without taking into account the form of our sensuous con- 
dition. It should by itself be a condition or quality inherent 
in things ; for such qualities as belong to things by them- 
selves can never be given to us through the senses. 
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Miiller. 
Objective reality, truth ; reference to a real object 
This Is the sense in which this phrase is used by Kant. 
At an earlier date it would have meant existence in the 
mind. With later writers it means nearly the same as 
absolute reality. Practical reality, in the Kantian phi- 
los., that force In a postulate of the practical reason by 
which it becomes the source of the possibility of realizing 
the summum bonum. 
I have, indeed, no intuition which should determine its 
objective theoretic reality of the moral law, but not the 
less it has a real application, which is exhibited in con- 
creto in intentions or maxims : that is, it has a practi- 
cal reality which can be specified, and this is sufficient to 
justify it even with a view to noumena. 
K<int, Critique of Practical Reason, tr. by T. K. Abbott, 
[p. 146. 
Reality of laws, a legal phrase for all laws concerning 
property and things. Subjective reality, real existence 
In tne mind. 
Time has subjective reality with regard to internal ex- 
perience ; that is, I really have the representation of time, 
and of my determinations in it. 
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Miiller, p. 37. 
Theoretical reality, in the .Kantian phUos., validity 
as a hypothesis. Transcendental reality. Same as 
absolute reality. = Syn. 1 and 2. Verity (see reoJi). 
Reality means that a thing certainly is ; truth applies to 
the correctness of what is said or believed about the thing, 
the conformity of such report or belief to reality. The 
reality of a danger : the actuality of the arrival of help ; 
the truth about the matter. 
reality 2 t, Same as realty 2 . 
Our reality to the emperor. filler. 
readability (re-a-H-za-bil'i-ti), n. [< reali- 
zable + -ity (see -f>ili1y).~\ Capability of being 
realized. [Rare.] 
realizable (re'a-li-za-bl), a. [< F. realisable; 
as realize + -able.'} Capable of being realized. 
realization (re'al-i-za'shpn), n. [< OF. reali- 
sation, F. realisation; as realize + -ation.'] 1. 
A bringing or coming into real existence or 
manifestation, as of something conceived or 
imagined : as, the realization of a project. 
The realization of the rights of humanity in the nation 
is the fulfillment of righteousness. 
E. Mulford, The Nation, vt 
The desire is the direction of a self-conscious subject 
to the realisation of an idea. 
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, } 151. 
2. Perception of the reality or real existence 
of something; a realizing sense or feeling: as, 
the realization of one's danger. 
An intrinsic and awful realization of eternal truths. 
Islay Burns, Memoir of W. C. Burns, p. 98. 
3. The act of realizing upon something; con- 
version into money or its equivalent ; exchange 
of property for its money value. [Trade use.] 
4. The act of converting money into land 
or real estate. Imp. Diet. 
Also spelled realisation. 
realize (re'al-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. realized, ppr. 
realizing. '[< OF. realiser, F. realiser = Sp. Pg. 
realizar; as real 1 + 4ze.~\ I. trans. 1. To make 
or cause to become real ; bring into existence 
or fact : as, to realize a project, or a dream of 
empire. 
His [dive's] dexterity and resolution realised, in the 
course of a few months, more than all the gorgeous visions 
which had floated before the imagination of Dupleix. 
Macaulay, Lord Clive. 
