redstart 
"V V i 
American Redstart (Sftofhaga rutlciila). 
a neat nest in the fork of a branch, and lays four or five 
eggs, which are white, speckled with shades of reddish 
brown. Blue-throated redstart. Same as bluethroat. 
redstreak (red'strek), . 1. A sort of apple, 
so called from the color of the skin. 
The redstreak, of all cyder fruit, hath obtained the 
preference. Mortimer, Husbandry. 
2. Cider pressed from redstreak apples. 
Herefordshire redstreak made of rotten apples at the 
Three Cranes, true Brunswick Mum brew'd at S. Kath- 
erines. Character nf a Coffee-house (1W3), p. 3. (HattiieeU.) 
redtail (red'tal), . and a. I. 11. 1. Same as 
redstart (a). 2. The red-tailed buzzard, Buteo 
borealis, one of the commonest and largest 
hawks of North America, when adult having 
the upper side of the tail bright chestnut-red. 
The plumage otherwise is very variable, not only with age, 
but also according to geographical distribution, there be- 
ing several varieties or local races in western parts of the 
continent. It is commonly known as hen-haiek or chicken- 
haick, and the young, without the red tail, is the white- 
breasted hawk. The male is from 19 to 22 inches long, and 
48 inches or more in spread of wing ; the female is 21 to 
24 inches long, and spreads 56 inches. See cut under 
Buteo. 
II. o. Having a red tail. 
red-tape (red'tap'), [< red tape: see 1f<pc.~\ 
Pertaining to or characterized by official rou- 
tine or formality. See red tape, under tape. 
Exposures by the press and criticisms in Parliament 
leave no one in ignorance of the vices of red-tape routine. 
H. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 55. 
We working men, when we do come out of the furnace, 
come out not tinsel and papier mache, like those fops of 
red-tape statesmen, but steel and granite. 
Kiiujsley, Alton Locke, iv. (Davits.) 
red-taped (red'tapf). a. [< red tape + -ed 2 .] 
Same as red-tape. Nature, XLII. 106. 
red-tapery (red'ta'pe-ri), n. [< red tape + 
-ery.] Same as rcd-tapism. 
red-tapism (red'tS'pirm), n. [< red tape + 
-ism.] Strict observance of official formalities ; 
a system of vexatious or tedious official rou- 
tine. 
He at once showed . . . how little he had of the official 
element which is best described as red-tapeism. 
T. II'. Reid, Cabinet Portraits, p. 52. 
He loudly denounces the Tchinovnik spirit or, as we 
should say, red-tapeism in all its forms. 
D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 261. 
red-tapist (red'ta'pist), ii. [< red tape + -int.] 
1. A clerk in a public office. Quarterly Rev. 
2. One who adheres strictly to forms and rou- 
tine in official or other business. 
You seem a smart young fellow, but you must throw 
over that stiff redtapixt of yours, and go with Public 
Opinion and Myself. Bulwer, My Novel, x. 20. (Danes.) 
In no country is the red-tapist so out of place as here 
Every calling is filled with bold, keen, subtle-witted men, 
fertile in expedients and devices, who are perpetually in- 
venting new ways of buying cheaply, underselling, or 
attracting custom. 
W. Mathews, Getting on in the World, p. 99. 
red-thighed (red'thid), . Having or charac- 
terized by red thighs.-Red-thlghed locust. See 
locusti. 
red-throated (red 'thro "ted), a. Having a 
patch of red on the throat : as, the red-throated 
diver, Colymbus or Urinator septentrional^. 
red-thrush (red ' thrush), n. The redwing, 
Turdus iliacus. 
red-tipped (red'tipt), a. Having the wings 
tipped with red: as, the red-tipped clearwing, 
a British moth, Sexia formiceeformis, 
redtop (red'top), n. A kind of bent-grass, 
Agrostis vulgaris (A. alba, var. vulgariy). The 
species is common throughout the northern parts of the 
Old World, and is thoroughly naturalized in America. It 
is marked to the eye by its large light panicle of minute 
spikelets on delicate branches, which is of a reddish 
hue. Other varieties, called Jiorin, white bent, etc., have a 
whitish top and a longer ligule. Redtop, at least in the 
United States, is a highly valued pasture grass, and is also 
5024 
sown for hay. It forms a fine turf, and is suitable for 
lawns. Also called fine bent, finettip.rirass, and herd's- 
grass. [U. S.] False redtop, the fowl meadow-grass, 
Poa serotina, which has somewhat the aspect of redtop. 
Northern or mountain redtop, Agrostis exarata, a spe- 
cies found from Wisconsin to the Pacific, allied to the 
common redtop, and giving promise of similar service in 
its own range. Tall redtop, a tall reddish wiry grass, 
Triodia cuprea, found in the United States. 
red-tubs (red'tubz), n. The sapphirine gur- 
nard, Trigla hirundo. [Local, Eng.] 
redubt (re-dub'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also re- 
doub; < OF. redouber, redaubcr (also radauber, 
radouber, F. radouber), repair, mend, fit, < re-, 
again, + douber (adouber), mend, repair, etc. : 
see rfwfii.] To repair or make reparation for; 
make amends for; requite. 
Whiche domage . . . neither with treasure lie with 
powar can be redoubed. 
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, ii. 14. 
I doubte not by Goddes grace so honestly to redubbe all 
thynges that have been amys. 
Ellis, Literary Letters, p. 4. 
O Gods, redubbe them vengeaunce lust. 
Phaer, ^Eneid, vi. 
Whether they [monks] will conform themselves gladly, 
for the redubbing of their former trespasses, to go to other 
houses of their coat, where they shall be well received. 
State Papers, I. 540, in R. W. Dixon's Hist Church of 
[Eng., vii.. note. 
redubbert (re-dub'er), n. [Also redubbor; < 
OF. "redoubeur, radoubeur, one who mends or 
repairs a ship, < redouber, radouber, mend : see 
redub.] One who bought stolen cloth and so 
altered it in color or fashion that it could not 
be recognized. 
reduce (re-dus'),..; pret. a nd pp. reduced, ppr. 
reducing. [< ME. reducen, < OF. reducier, ver- 
nacularly reduire, F. rcduire = Pr. reduzir, re- 
duire= Cat. reduir = Sp. reducir = Pg. reduzir 
= It. ridurre, < L. reducert, lead or bring back, 
draw back, restore, replace, bring to a certain 
condition, reduce, < re-, back, -f ducere, lead, 
bring: see duct. Cf. reduct, reduit, redout^.'] 
If. To lead or bring back ; restore ; resolve to 
a former state. 
Therupon he reduced to their niemorle the battailes they 
had fought. J. Brende, tr. of Qulntus Cnrtius, iv. 
Ahiite the edge of traitors, gracious Lord, 
That would reduce these bloody days again. 
Shak., Rich. III., v. 5. 36. 
A good man will go a little out of his road to reduce the 
wandring traveller ; but if he will not return, it will be an 
unreasonable compliance logo along with him to the end 
of his wandring. 
Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, II. ill. 19. 
Mr. Cotton . . . did spend most of his time, both pub- 
licly and privately, to discover . . . errors, and to reduce 
such as were gone astray. 
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 304. 
And 'cause I see the truth of his affliction, 
Which may be your's, or mine, or any body's, 
Whose passions are neglected, I will try 
My best skill to reduce him. 
Shirley, Hyde Park, v. 1. 
It were but right 
And equal to reduce me to my dust. 
Milton, P. L., x. 748. 
2. In surg., to restore to its proper place, or so 
that the parts concerned are brought back to 
their normal topographical relations: as, to re- 
duce a dislocation, fracture, or hernia. 3. To 
bring to any specified state, condition, or form : 
as, to reduce civil affairs to order; to reduce a 
man to poverty or despair; to reduce glass to 
powder; to reduce a theory to practice; to re- 
duce a Latin phrase to English. 
Being inspired with the holy spirite of God, they [the 
72 Interpreters chosen by Eleazar out of each tribe] re- 
duced out of Hebrue into Greeke all the partes of the 
olde Testament. 
Guevara, Letters (tr. by Hellowes, 1577), p. 380. 
Doe you then blame and flnde faulte with soe good an 
Acte in that good pope as the reducing of such a greate 
people to Christianitye? Spenser, State of Ireland. 
He had beene a peace-maker to reduce such and such, 
which were at oddes, to amitie. 
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 453. 
Reduc'd to practice, his beloved rule 
Would only prove him a consummate fool. 
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 139. 
Holland was reduced to such a condition that peace was 
her first necessity. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., p. 463. 
4. In metal, and chem., to bring into the metal- 
lic form; separate, as a metal, from the oxygen 
or other mineralizer with which it may be com- 
bined, or change from a higher to a lower de- 
reducement 
to reduce expenses; to redurr the quantity of 
meat in diet ; to reduce the price of goods ; to 
reduce the strength of spirit ; to reduce a figure 
or design (to make a smaller copy of it without 
changing the form or proportion). 
He likes your house, your housemaid, and your pay ; 
Reduce his wages, or get rid of her, 
Tom quits you. Cowper, Truth, 1. 211. 
7. To bring to an inferior condition ; weaken ; 
impoverish; lower; degrade; impairin fortune, 
dignity, or strength : as, the family were in re- 
duced circumstances; the patient was much 
reduced by hemorrhage. 
Yet lo ! in me what authors have to brag on ! 
Reduced at last to hiss in my own dragon. 
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 286. 
The Chamber encroached upon the sovereign, thwarted 
him, reduced him to a cypher, imprisoned him, and slew 
him. W. R. Greg, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 93. 
I dare say he was some poor musicianer, or singer, or a 
reduced gentleman, perhaps, for he always came after 
dusk, or else on bad, dark days. 
Mauhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 331. 
8. To subdue, as by force of arms ; bring into 
subjection; render submissive: as, to reduce 
mutineers to submission; Spain, Gaul, and 
Britain were reduced by the Koman arms. 
Charles marched northward at the head of a force suf- 
ficient, as it seemed, to reduce the Covenanters to submis- 
sion. Macaulay, Nugent's Hampden. 
Montpensier was now closely besieged, till at length, 
reduced by famine, he was compelled to capitulate. 
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 2. 
The fortresses garrisoned by the French in Spain were 
reduced ; but at what a prodigious expenditure of life was 
this effected ! Encyc. Brit., IX. 467. 
9. To bring into a class, order, genus, or spe- 
cies; bring within certain limits of definition 
or description. 
I think it [analogy between words and reason) very 
worthy to be reduced into a science by itself. 
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 236. 
Zanchius reducetJi such infidels to four chief sects. 
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 598. 
I shall . . . reduce these authors under then- respec- 
tive classes. Addison, Of the Christian Religion, i. 1. 
The variations of languages are reduced to rules. 
Johnson, Diet. 
10. To show (a problem) to be merely a special 
case of one already solved. 11. To change 
the denomination of (numbers) : as, to reduce a 
number of shillings to farthings, or conversely 
(see reduction (')); change the form of (an al- 
gebraic expression) to one simpler or more con- 
venient. 12. To prove the conclusion of (an 
indirect syllogism) from its premises by means 
of direct syllogism and immediate inference 
alone. 13. To adjust (an observed quantity) 
by subtracting from it effects due to the spe- 
cial time and place of observation, especially, 
in astronomy, by removing the effects of refrac- 
tion, parallax, aberration, precession, and nu- 
tation, changing a circummeridian to a me- 
ridian altitude, and the like. 14. In Scots 
law, to set aside by an action at law ; re- 
scind or annul by legal means: as, to reduce a 
deed, writing, etc. 15. Milit., to take off the 
establishment and strike off the pay-roll, as a 
regiment. When a regiment is reduced, the 
officers are generally put upon half-pay Re- 
duced eye, an ideal eye in which the two nodal points of 
the refractive system are considered as united into one, 
and also the two principal points : this simplifies the 
mathematical treatment of certain problems. Reduced 
form of an Imaginary, the form r(cos * + i sin ,/>), first 
used in 1828 by Canchy. Reduced hub. See hub. 7. 
Reduced inertia of a machine. See inertia and ma- 
chine. Reduced Iron, metallic iron in a fine powder, ob- 
tained by reducing ferric oxid by hydrogen at a dull-red 
heat. Also called powder of iron, iron-powder, iron by hy- 
drogen. Reduced, latitude. Same as geocentric latitude 
(which see, under latitude). Reduced reaction-time. 
See reaction-time. Reducing flame, in blowpipe analy- 
sis. Seejlame, 1. Reducing square. See square. To 
reduce the square (milit.\ to bring back a battalion 
which has been formed in a square to its former position 
in line or column. Farrow. To reduce to the ranks 
< iin'lit.), to degrade, for misconduct, to the condition of a 
private soldier. = Syn. 6. To lessen, decrease, abate, cur- 
tail, shorten, abridge, contract, retrench. 
reduceablet (re-du'sa-bl), a. [= OF. reduisa- 
ble; as reduce + -able. Cf. reducible."} Same 
as reducible. 
They [young students] should be habituated to consider 
every excellence as reduceable to principles. 
Sir J. Reynolds, Discourses, I. viii. 
Till they reduce the wrongs done to my father. 
Marlowe. 
6. To bring down; diminish in length, breadth, 
thickness, size, quantity, value, or the like: as, 
[= Sp. reduci- 
-ment.] 
1. The act of reducing; a bringing back ; res- 
toration. 
This once select Nation of God . . . being ever since 
incapable of any Coalition or Reducement. into one Body 
politic. Ifinrrll, Letters, ii. 8. 
