reforest 
reforest (re-for'est), r. t. [< re- + forest.] To 
replant with forest-trees; restore to the condi- 
tion of forest or woodland; reafforest. 
M'ithin the last twenty years, France has reforested 
about two hundred and fifty thousand acres of mountain- 
lands. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXII. 228. 
The reforesting of the denuded areas in the lower hills. 
Nature, XXXVII. 7. 
reforestation (re-for-es-ta'shon), ii. [< reforest 
+ -ation.] The act or process of reforesting ; 
replanting with forest-trees. 
Quite recently districts have been enclosed for reforesta- 
tion, and the eucalyptus and other trees have been planted. 
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 93. 
reforge (re-forj'), r. t. [= F. reforger; &sre- 
+ forye.] To forge or form again ; hence, to 
fabricate or fashion anew; make over. 
The kyngdome of God receiueth none but suche as be 
reforged and chaunged according to this paterne. 
J. Udall, On Luke xviii. 
reforger (re-for'jer), n. One who reforges; one 
who makes over. 
But Ohriste, beyng a newe reforger of the olde lawe, in 
stede of burnte otfreyng did substitute charitce. 
J. Udall, On Luke xxiv. 
reform (re-fdrm'), v. [Early mod. E. also re- 
fourm; <lME. reformen, refourmen (= D. refor- 
meren = G. reformiren = Sw. reformera = Dan. 
reformere), < OF. reformer, reformer, refformer, 
reffourmer, form anew, reform, rectify, etc., F. 
reformer, form anew, reformer, reform, rectify, 
correct, reduce, put on half-pay, = Pr. Sp. Pg. 
reformar = It. riformare, reform, < L. reformare, 
form anew, remodel, remold, transform, meta- 
morphose, change, alter, amend, reform (as 
manners or discipline), < re-, again, + formare, 
form: see form.'] I. trans. 1. To form again 
or anew; remake; reconstruct; renew, (inthis, 
the original sense, and in the following sense, usually with 
a full pronunciation of the prefix, and sometimes written 
distinctively re-form.] 
Then carppez to syr Gawan the knyjt in the grene, 
"Refourme we cure forwardes [covenants], er we fyrre 
passe." 
Sir Gautayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 377. 
And right so in the same forme, 
In flesshe and bloud he shall reforme, 
Whan time cometh, the quicke and dede. 
Gower, Conf. Amant., il. 
Beholde the buyldynge of the towre ; yf it be well I am 
contente, and yf ony thynge be amysse yt shall be re- 
fourmed after your deuyse. 
Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. Ixxxiii. 
She saw the bees lying dead in heaps. . . . She could 
render back no life ; she could set not a muscle in motion ; 
she could re-form not a filament of a wing. 
S. Judd, Margaret, 1. 5. 
Napoleon was humbled; the map of Europe was re- 
formed on a plan which showed a respect for territorial 
rights, and a just recognition both of the earnings of 
force and of the growth of ideas. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 237. 
2. To restore to the natural or regular order or 
arrangement : as, to reform broken or scattered 
troops. 
In accustoming officers to seek all opportunities for 
re-forming dispersed men at the earliest possible mo- 
ment. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 354. 
Then came the command to re-form the battalion. 
The Century, XXXVII. 49. 
3. To restore to a former and better state, or 
to bring from a bad to a good state ; change 
from worse to better; improve by alteration, 
rearrangement, reconstruction, or abolition of 
defective parts or imperfect conditions, or by 
substitution of something better; amend; cor- 
rect : as. to reform a profligate man ; to reform 
corrupt manners or morals ; to reform the cor- 
rupt orthography of English or French. 
And now, forsooth, takes on him to reform 
Some certain edicts, and some strait decrees 
That lie too heavy on the commonwealth. 
Shak, 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3. 78. 
In the Beginning of his Reign, he refined and reformed 
the Laws of the Realm. Baker, Chronicles, p. 56. 
When Men have no mind to be reformed, they must 
have some Terms of Reproach to fasten upon those who 
go about to do it. Stillingfleet, Sermons, III. v. 
Reforming men's conduct without reforming their na- 
tures is impossible. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 384. 
4. To abandon, remove, or abolish for some- 
thing better. [Rare.] 
1 Play. I hope we have reformed that [bombastic act- 
ing] indifferently with us. sir. 
IJamlet. O, reform it altogether. 
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. 40. 
5f. To mend, in a physical sense ; repair. 
He g-ive towardes the reforming of that church [St. 
Helen's] five hundred markes. 
Stowc, Survey of London, p. 181. 
6. To correct. [Rare.] 
5037 
The prophet Esay also saith, " Who hath reformed the 
Spirit of the Lord, or who is of His council to teach Him ': " 
Becon, Works, ii. 39. (Dalies.) 
To reform an instrument, in law, to adjudge that it 
be read and taken differently from what it is impressed, 
as when it was drawn without correctly expressing the 
intent of the parties. =Syn. 3. Improve, Letter, etc. (see 
amend), repair, reclaim, remodel. 
II. iii trans. 1. To form again; get into order 
or line again; resume order, as troops or a pro- 
cession. [In this use treated as in I., 1, above.] 
2. To abandon that which is evil or corrupt 
and return to that which is good ; change from 
worse to better; be amended or redeemed. 
Experience shows that the Turk never has reformed, and 
reason, arguing from experience, will tell us that the Turk 
never can reform. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 422. 
reform (re-f&rm'), n. [= D. reforme = G. 
Sw. Dan. reform; < F. reforme = Sp. Pg. re- 
forma = It. riforma, reform; from the verb.] 
Any proceeding which either brings back a bet- 
ter order of things or reconstructs the present 
order to advantage ; amendment of what is de- 
fective, vicious, depraved, or corrupt ; a change 
from worse to better; reformation : as, to intro- 
duce reforms in sanitary matters; to be an ad- 
vocate of reform. 
A variety of schemes, founded in visionary and imprac- 
ticable Ideas of reform, were suddenly produced. 
Pitt, Speech on Parliamentary Reform, May 7, 1783. 
Great changes and new manners have occur'd, 
And blest reforms. Cowper, Conversation, 1. 804. 
Our fervent wish, and we will add our sanguine hope, 
is that we may see such a reform of the House of Com- 
mons as may render its votes the express image of the 
opinion of the middle orders of Britain. 
Macaulay, Utilitarian Theory of Government. 
Revolution means merely transformation, and is accom- 
plished when an entirely new principle is either with 
force or without it put in the place of an existing state 
of things. Reform, on the other hand, is when the prin- 
ciple of the existing state of things is continued, and only 
developed to more logical or just consequences. The 
means do not signify. A reform may be carried out by 
bloodshed, and a revolution in the profoundest tranquillity. 
Lawalle, quoted in Rae's Contemporary Socialism, p. 66. 
Ballot reform, reform in the manner of voting in popu- 
lar elections. Since about 1887 several of the United States 
have passed laws designed to promote secrecy in voting, 
to discourage corruption at elections, and to provide for 
an exclusively official ballot ; these laws are modeled more 
or less on the so-called Australian system in elections. 
Civil-service reform, in U. S. politics, reform in the 
administration of the civil service of the United States ; 
more generally, reform in the administration of the entire 
public service, federal, State, and local. The main ob- 
jects of this reform are the abolition of abuses of pa- 
tronage and the spoils system, discouragement of the in- 
terference of office-holders iu active politics, abolition of 
arbitrary appointments to and removals from office, quali- 
fication by competitive examination for appointment to all 
offices of a clerical nature, and promotion for merit. Since 
the passage of the Civil-service Act in 1871 this reform has 
been one of the leading questions for public discussion. 
See Civil-service Act (under civil) and spoils system (under 
spoil). Reform Act. See Reform BiU. Reform Bill, 
specifically, in Eng. hist., a bill for the purpose of enlarg- 
ing the number of voters in elections for members of the 
House of Commons, and of removing inequalities in rep- 
resentation. The first of these bills, passed in 1832 by 
the Liberals after a violent struggle, and often called spe- 
cifically The Reform Bill, disfranchised many rotten bor- 
oughs, gave increased representation to the large towns, 
and enlarged the number of the holders of county and 
borough franchise. The effect of the second Reform Bill, 
passed by the Conservatives in 1867, was in the direction of 
a more democratic representation, and the same tendency 
was further shown in the Franchise Bill (see franchise) 
passed by the Liberals in 1884. Reform school, a re- 
formatory. [U.S.] Spelling reform. See spelling. 
Tariff reform. See (on/. =syn. Amendment, etc. See 
reformation. 
reformable (re-for'ma-bl), a. [< ME. reforma- 
ble, < OF. reformable, F. reformable = Sp. re- 
formable = Pg. reformavel = It. riformabile, < 
ML. *reformabilix, < L. reformare, reform: see 
reform, .] Capable of being reformed; inclined 
to reform. 
Yf ony of the said articlis be contrary to the liberte of 
the said cite, or old custumes of the same, thath hit be 
reformabyU and corrigabill by the Mayre, Bailiffs, and the 
comen counsayle of the citee. 
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 337. 
A seruaunt not reformable, that 
Takes to his charge no heede, 
Ofte tymes falleth to pouertye ; 
In wealth he may not byde. 
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 83. 
Woman [Eliz. Young], I have sued for thee indeed, and 
I promise thee, if thou wilt be reformable, my Lord will be 
good unto thee. Foxe, Martyrs, III. 769, an. 1568. 
refprmadet (ref-6r-mad')> . [Appar. an An- 
glieization of reformado.'] A reduced or dis- 
missed officer; a disbanded or non-effective 
soldier. 
They also that rode Reformades, and that came down to 
see the Battle, they shouted . . . and sung. [Marginal 
note by author, " The Reformades joy."] 
Bunyan, Holy War, p. 123. 
reformadot (ref-or-ma'do), . and a. [< Sp. 
reformado = Pg. reformado = It. riformato = F. 
reformation 
reformed, reduced, < L. reformatus, 
l>j>. of reformare, reform, refashion, amend : see 
rifiiriii, c.] I. n. 1. A monk who demands or 
fjivors the reform of his order. 
Amongst others, this was one of Celestin the pope's 
caveats for his new rcformadoes. Weever. (Latham.) 
2. A military officer who, for some disgrace, is 
deprived of his command, but retains his rank 
and perhaps his pay ; also, generally, an officer 
without a command. 
He had . . . writhen himself into the habit of one of 
your poor infantry, your decayed, ruinous, worm-eaten 
gentlemen of the round. . . . Into the likeness of one of 
these refmnados had he moulded himself. 
B. Jonson, Every Man In his Humour, Ui. 2. 
II. a. 1. Penitent; reformed; devoted to 
reformation. 
Venus, and all her naked Loves, 
The reformado nymph removes. 
Fenton, The Fair Nun. 
2. Pertaining to or in the condition of a refor- 
mado; hence, inferior, degraded. 
Although your church be opposite 
To ours, as Black-friars are to White, 
In rule and order, yet I grant 
You are a reformado saint. 
S. Butler, Hudibras, II. ii. 116. 
reformalizet (re-for'mal-iz), v. i. [Irreg. < re- 
form + -al + -ize; or { re- + formalize."] To 
make pretension to improvement or to formal 
correctness. 
Christ's doctrine [is] pure, correcting all the unpure 
glosses of the reformatting Pharisees. 
Loe, Blisse of Brightest Beauty (1614), p. 25. (Latham.) 
reformation (ref-or-ma'shon), n. [< OF. refor- 
macion, reformation, F. reformation = Pr. refor- 
mado = Sp. reformacion = Pg. reformagUo = It. 
riformaaione, < L. reformatio(n-), a reforming, 
amending, reformation, transformation, < re- 
formare, pp. reformatus, reform: see reform, v.~] 
1. The act of forming anew ; a second forming 
in order: as, the reformation of a column of 
troops into a hollow square. [In this literal sense 
usually pronounced re-f6r-ma'shon, and sometimes writ- 
ten distinctively with a hyphen.] 
2. The act of reforming what is defective or 
evil, or the state of being reformed; correction 
or amendment, as of life or manners, or of a 
government. 
I would rather thinke (sauiug reformacion of other bet- 
ter learned) that this Tharsis . . . were rather some other 
countrey in the south partes of the world then this Thar- 
sis of Cilicia. 
R. Eden, First Books on America (ed. Arber), p. 8. 
Never was such a sudden scholar made ; 
Never came reformation in a flood 
With such a heady currance, scouring faults. 
Shak., Hen. V., I. 1. 33. 
God has set before me two great objects, the suppres- 
sion of the slave trade and the reformation of manners. 
Wilberforce, Journal, Oct. 28, 1787 (Life, v.}. 
Specifically, with the definite article 3. [cap.] 
The great religious revolution in the sixteenth 
century, which led to the establishment of the 
Protestant churches. The Reformation assumed dif- 
ferent aspects and resulted in alterations of discipline or 
doctrine more or less fundamental in different countries 
and in different stages of its progress. Various reformers 
of great influence, as Wyclif and HUBS, had appeared be- 
fore the sixteenth centuiy, but the Reformation proper 
began nearly simultaneously in Germany under the lead 
of Luther and in Switzerland under Ihe lead of Zwingli. 
The chief points urged by the Reformers were the need of 
justification by faith, the use and authority of the Scrip- 
tures and the right of private judgment in their interpre- 
tation, and the abandonment of the doctrine of transub- 
stantiation, the adoration of the Virgin Mary and saints, 
the supremacy of the Pope, and various other doctrines 
and rites regarded by the Reformers as unscriptural. In 
the German Reformation the leading features were the 
publication at Wittenberg of Luther's ninety-five theses 
against indulgences in 1517, the excommunication of 
Luther in 1520, his testimony before the Diet of Worms 
in 1621, the spread of the principles in many of the Ger- 
man states, as Hesse. Saxony, and Brandenburg, and the 
opposition to them by the emperor, the Diet and Con- 
fession of Augsburg in 1630, and the prolonged struggle 
between, the Protestants and the Catholics, ending with 
comparative religious equality in the Peace of Passau in 
1552. The Reformation spread iu Switzerland under 
Zwingli and Calvin, in France, Hungary, Bohemia, the 
Scandinavian countries, Low Countries, etc. In Scotland 
it was introduced by Knox about 1560. In England it led 
in the reign of Henry VIII. to the abolition of the papal 
supremacy and the liberation from papal control of the 
Church of England, which, after a short Roman Catholic 
reaction under Mary, was firmly established under Eliza- 
beth. In many countries the Reformation occasioned an 
increased strength and zeal in the Roman Catholic Church 
sometimes called the Counter-Reformation. The term Ref- 
ormation as applied to this movement is not of course 
accepted by Roman Catholics, who use it only with some 
word of qualification. 
Prophesies and Forewarnings . . . sent before of God, 
by divers and sundry good men, long before the time of 
Luther, which foretold and prophesied of this Reforma- 
tion of the Church to come. 
Foxe, Martyrs (ed. 1684), n. 43. 
