refrenation 
refrenationt (ref-re-na'shgn), . [< OF. refre- 
nation, F. refrenation = Sp. refrenacion, < L. 
refrcnatio(n-), a bridling, curbing, restraining, 
< refrenare, bridle, curb, check : see rc/rwtn 1 .] 
The act of restraining. Cotgrave. 
refresh (re-fresh'), v. [< ME. refreshen, re- 
freschen,refrisschen,<.OF.rcfreschir,refraischir, 
also refrescliier, refraissier (= Sp. Pg. rcfrescar 
= It. rinfrescare, < ML. refrcscare, refriscare), 
refresh, cool, < L. re-, again, + friscus, frcscus, 
new, recent, fresh : see/rfsA.] I. trans. 1. To 
make fresh or as if new again; freshen; im- 
prove; restore; repair; renovate. 
I have desirid hym to move the Counsell for refreshing 
of the toun of Yermowth with stuff of ordnance and 
goimes and gonue powdre, and he seid he wolde. 
Paston Letters, I. 427. 
Before I entered on my voyage, I took care to refresh my 
memory among the classic authors. 
Aiiiiimin, Remarks on Italy, Pref. 
I remember, old gentleman, how often you went home 
In a day to refresh your countenance and dress when Tera- 
minta reigned in your heart. Steele, Tatler, No. 96. 
As in some solitude the summer rill 
Refreshes, where it winds, the faded green. 
Cawper, In Memory of John Thornton. 
2. To make fresh or vigorous again ; restore 
vigor or energy to ; give new strength to ; re- 
invigorate; recreate or revive after fatigue, 
privation, pain, or the like ; reanimate. 
I am glad of the coming of Stephanas and Fortunatus, 
... for they have refreshed my spirit and yours. 
1 Cor. icvi. 17, 18. 
And labour shall refresh itself with hope, 
To do your grace incessant services. 
Shak., Hen. V., 11. 2. 87. 
There are two causes by the Influence of which memory 
may be refreshed, and by that means rendered, at the time 
of deposition, more vivid than, by reason of the Joint In- 
fluence of the importance of the fact and the anclentness 
of it, it would otherwise be. One is intermediate state- 
ments. . . . Another is fresh incidents. 
Bentham, Judicial Evidence, i. 10. 
3. To steep and soak, particularly vegetables, 
in pure water with a view to restore their fresh 
appearance. =gyn. 1 and 2. To revive, renew, recruit, 
recreate, enliven, cheer. 
II. intrans. 1. To become fresh or vigorous 
again ; revive ; become reanimated or reinvig- 
orated. 
I went to visite Dr. Tenlson at Kensington, whither he 
was retired to refresh after he had ben sick of the small- 
pox. Evelyn, Diary, March 7, 1684. 
2. To take refreshment, as food or drink. [Col- 
loq.] 
Tumblers refreshing during the cessation of their per- 
formances. Tltaekeray, Vanity Fair, Ixvi. 
3. To lay in a fresh stock of provisions. [Col- 
loq.] 
We met an American whaler going In to refresh. 
Stmnumfl Colonial Mag. (Imp. Diet.) 
refresht (re-fresh'), n. [< refresh, t>.] The 
act of refreshing ; refreshment. 
Beauty, sweete love, is like the morning dew, 
Whose short refresh upon the tender green 
Cheers for a time. Daniel, Sonnets, xlvii. 
refreshen (re-fresh'n), c. t. [< re- + freshen.] To 
make fresh again ; refresh; renovate. [Rare.] 
In order to keep the mind in repair, it is necessary to 
replace and refreshen those impressions of nature which 
are continually wearing away. 
Sir J. Reynolds, On Du Fresuoy's Art of Fainting, Note 28. 
It had begun to rain, the clouds emptying themselves 
In bulk ... to animate and refreshen the people. 
S. Judd, Margaret, i. 13. 
refresher (re-fresh'er), . 1. One who or that 
which refreshes, revives, or invigorates; that 
which refreshes the memory. 
This [swimming] is the purest exercise of health, 
The kind refresher of the summer heats. 
Thomson, Summer, 1. 1268. 
Every fortnight or so I took care that he should receive 
a refresher, as lawyers call it a new and revised brief 
memorialising my pretensions. 
De Quincey, Sketches, I. 72. (Davies.) 
Miss Peecher |a schoolmistress] went into her little offi- 
cial residence, and took a refresher of the principal rivers 
and mountains of the world. 
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, ii. 1. 
2. A fee paid to counsel for continuing atten- 
tion or readiness, for the purpose of refreshing 
his memory as to the facts of a case before 
him, in the intervals of business, especially 
when the case is adjourned. [Colloq., Eng.] 
Had he gone to the bar, he might have attained to the 
dignity of the Bench, after feathering his nest comfort- 
ably with retainers and refreshers. 
Fortnightly Ret., N. S., XL. 28. 
refreshful (re-fresh'ful), a. [ < refresh + -fi/l.J 
Full of refreshment ; refreshing. 
They spread the breathing harvest to the sun, 
That throws refreshful round a rural smell. 
Thomson, Summer, 1. 364. 
5040 
refreshfully (rf-fresh'ful-i), adr. In a refresh- 
ing manner; so as to refresh. 
Rcfreshfullij 
There came upon my face . . . 
Dew-drops. Keats, Endymion, i. 
refreshing (re-fresh'ing), n. [Verbal n. of re- 
fresh, .] Refreshment ; that which refreshes ; 
relief after fatigue or suffering. 
And late vs rest as for a daye or twayne, 
That your pepill may haue refresshing; 
Thanne we wolle geve them batell new ageyn. 
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2991. 
Secret refreshings that repair his strength. 
Milton, S. A., 1. 665. 
refreshing (re-fresh'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of refresh, 
i!.] Tending or serving to refresh ; invigorat- 
ing; reviving; reanimating: sometimes used 
witli a humorous or sarcastic implication. 
Who [Ceres] with thy saffron wings upon my flowers 
Diffusest honey -drops, refreshing showers. 
Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. 79. 
And one good action in the midst of crimes 
Is "quite refreshing,' 1 in the affected phrase 
Of these ambrosial Pharisaic times. 
Byron, Don Juan, viii. 90. 
refreshingly (re-fresh'ing-li), adv. In a re- 
freshing manner; so as to refresh or give new 
life. 
refreshingness (re-fresh'ing-nes), n. The char- 
acter of being refreshing. Imp. Diet. 
refreshment (re -fresh 'ment), n. [< OF. re- 
fregchement, refraischement, etc. (also rafre- 
chissement, rafraischissement, rafraichissement, 
F.rafraichissemeHt), refreshment; as refresh + 
-ment.'] 1. The act of refreshing, or the state of 
being refreshed; relief after exhaustion, etc. 
Although the worship of Ood Is the chief end of the In- 
stitution [the Sabbath], yet the refreshment of the lower 
ranks of mankind by an intermission of their labours is 
indispensably a secondary object. 
Bp. Hartley, Works, II. xxlii. 
2. That which refreshes; a recreation; that 
which gives fresh strength or vigor, as food, 
drink, or rest: in the plural it is now almost 
exclusively applied to food and drink. 
When we need 
Refreshment, whether food or talk between, 
Food of the mind. Milton, P. L, Ix. 287. 
Having taken a little refreshment, we went to the Latin 
Convent, at which all Frank Pilgrims are wont to be en- 
tertained. Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 67. 
Such honest refreshments and comforts of life our Chris- 
tian liberty has made it lawful for us to use. Bp. Sprat. 
" May I offer you any refreshment, Mr. ? I haven't 
the advantage of your name." Thackeray, Pendennis, rv. 
Refreshment Sunday, the fourth Sunday in Lent ; Mid- 
lent Sunday. The name of Refreshment or Refection Sun- 
day (Dominica Refectionis) is generally explained as refer- 
ring to the feeding of the multitude mentioned in the 
Gospel for the day (John vi. 1-14). Also called Bragget 
Sunday, Jerusalem Sunday, Leetare, Mothering Sunday, 
Rose Sunday, Simnel Sunday. 
refrett, refretet, . See refrait. 
refricationt (ref-ri-ka'shon), n. [< L. refricare, 
rub or scratch open again, < re-, again, + fri- 
care, rub: see friction.'] A rubbing up afresh. 
In these legal sacrifices there Is a continual refrication 
of the memory of those sins every year which we have com- 
mitted. Bp. Hatt, Hard Texts, Heb. x. 3. 
refrigerant (re-frij'e-rant), a. and n. [< OF. re- 
frigerant, F. refrigerants Sp. Pg. refrigerante = 
It. refrigerante, rifrigerante, < L. refrigeran(t-)s, 
ppr. of refrigerare, make cool, grow cool again: 
see refrigerate.^ I. a. Abating heat; cooling. 
Unctuous liniments or salves . . . devised as lenitive 
and refrigerant. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxiv. 18. 
II. n. 1. Anything which abates the sensa- 
tion of heat, or cools. 2. Figuratively, any- 
thing which allays or extinguishes. 
This almost never fails to prove a refrigerant to passion. 
Blair. 
refrigerate (re-frij'e-rat), i: t.; pret. and pp. 
refrigerated, ppr. refrigerating. [< L. refrige- 
ratus, pp. of refrigerare (> It. refrigerare, rifrige- 
rare = Sp. Pg. refrigerar = F. refrigerer), make 
cool again, < re-, again, + frigerare, make cool : 
see frigerate.~] To cool; make cold; allay the 
heat of. 
The great brizes which the motion of the air in great 
circles (such as are under the girdle of the world) produ- 
ceth, which do refrigerate. Bacon, Nat. Hist., 8 398. 
The air is intolerably cold, either continually refrige- 
rated with frosts or disturbed with tempests. 
Goldsmith, Animated Nature, 1. 142. 
refrigeratet (re-frij'e-rat), a. [< ME. refriiji- 
rate,<Ij.refrigeratus,vp.: see the verb.] Cooled; 
made or kept cool ; allayed. 
Nowe benes, . . . 
. . . upplucked soone, 
Made clene, and sette up wel refrigerate, 
From grobbes saue wol kepe up theire estate. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 160. 
refrigeration 
refrigerating-chamber (re - f rij ' e - ra - ting - 
cham"ber). . A chamber in which the air 
is artificially cooled, used especially for the 
storage of perishable provisions during warm 
weather. 
refrigerating-machine (re-frij'e-ra-ting-ma- 
shen*), n. A machine for the artificial produc- 
tion of cold. In such machines mechanical power is 
employed for the conversion of heat into work by operat- 
ing upon a gas at a temperature far removed from that at 
which such gas becomes a liquid. They perform the fol- 
lowing cycle of operations : first, the gas is compressed 
into a smaller volume, in which compression its contained 
heat is increased by the heat-equivalent of the work per- 
formed in the compression ; secondly, the compressed 
gas Is cooled under constant pressure, and thus brought 
near to the temperature of the cooling medium (usually 
water), and the increase of heat dne to compression is re- 
moved ; thirdly, the compressed and cooled gas is permitted 
to expand, expending a portion of its expansive force in the 
performance of work. This work having been performed 
at the expense of the store of heat originally contained in 
the gas, the latter has now lost the heat-equivalent of the 
work, and its temperature is greatly lowered. The now 
cold gas can be used for the refrigeration of any other sub- 
stance which has a higher temperature by methods de- 
scribed under ice-machine and refrigeration. In other ma- 
chines a gas or vapor the ordinary temperature of which 
is near to that at which it liquefies is compressed and 
cooled, and subsequently permitted to assume the gaseous 
form. By the compression the temperature of liquefaction 
is raised till it becomes the same as or a little higher than 
that of a conveniently available cooling medium, such as 
ordinary atmospheric air, or, most commonly, water at or- 
dinary temperature, the application of which to cooling 
the gas still under constant pressure reduces it to the 
liquid state, or to a state of intermixed liquid and gas. The 
subsequent expansion of the liquid into gas is performed 
at the expense of its inner heat. It therefore suffers a re- 
duction of temperature, to restore which it absorbs its la- 
tent heat of vaporization from a surrounding or contigu- 
ous substance (usually a saline solution), which, thus made 
cold, Is used for cooling air-spaces, or refrigerators or sub- 
stances therein contained, or for making Ice. Machines 
of either of the above classes are very commonly called ice- 
machines, and are so styled in the classifications of inven- 
tions in both the United States and British patent-offices, 
whether designed for the manufacture of ice, for merely 
cooling substances in insulated spaces or refrigerators, or 
for both these purposes. 
refrigeration (re-frij-e-ra'shon), . [< OF. 
refrigeration, F '.'refrigeration = Sp. refrigera- 
cion =s Pg. refrigeraqtto = It. refriyerazione, < 
L. refrigeratio(n-), a cooling, coolness, mitiga- 
tion (of diseases), < refrigerare, pp. refrigera- 
tus, make cool again: see refrigerate.] 1. 
The act of refrigerating or cooling ; the abate- 
ment of heat ; the state of being cooled. 
Suchethyngesa6arefynedl)ycontinuallheate,mouynge, 
and circulation are hyndered by refrigeration or coulde. 
R. Eden, tr. of Jacobus Gastaldus (First Books on 
[America, ed. Arber, p. 294). 
The testimony of geological evidence . . . Indicates a 
general refrigeration of climate. 
Croll, Climate and Time, p. 530. 
Specifically 2. The operation of cooling va- 
rious substances by artificial processes. This is 
effected by the use of inclosures in which the articles to 
be cooled are placed on or in proximity to ice or other refri- 
gerating substances or freezing-mixtures, or In air cooled 
by a refrigerating-machine or -apparatus ; or, as in beer- 
cooling, by floating metallic pans or vessels containing Ice 
upon the surface of the liquid to be cooled, or by circulat- 
ing the latter over an extended surface of some good con- 
ductor of heat cooled by continuous contact of cold water, 
cold air, or cold brine with the opposite surface. See ice- 
machine and refrigerating-machine. Chemical refrige- 
ration, refrigeration by the use of mixtures of substances 
which, during their admixture, by mutual solution of each 
in the other, or the solution of one or more in another or 
others, become lowered in temperature by absorption of 
the latent heat of liquefaction from the sensible heat. 
Remarkable changes of temperature are thus produced 
by a variety of refrigerating mixtures or freezing-mix- 
tures. See freezing-mixture. Mechanical refrigera- 
tion, (a) In its strictest sense, the conversion of heat 
into work by the expansion of a volume of gas or vapor 
which performs work during the act of expansion, as In 
moving a piston against some'resistance, usually that of 
a pump or compressor for compressing another volume 
of such gas or vapor. The gas during the expansion, if it 
expands adiabatically, is reduced in temperature by the 
conversion of its inner heat into work, the reduction being 
found in degrees by dividing the work due to the expan- 
sion by the product of the specific heat of the gas, the 
weight of the volume expanded, and the mechanical equiv- 
alent of heat. Air mechanically refrigerated is frequently 
discharged directly into refrigerators orrooms it is desired 
to cool, but in apparatus for cooling by the use of other 
gases and vapors a strong solution of some salt which re- 
sists freezing at low temperatures as sodium, calcium, or 
magnesium chlorid is used as a medium for extracting 
heat from the substances and spaces to be cooled, and as 
a vehicle for conveying the heat so abstracted to the me- 
chanically cooled gas. See ice-machine. (&) In a broader 
sense, a process of refrigeration in which the cycle of heat- 
changes is only partly produced by mechanical action, as 
in compression ice-machines using anhydrous ammonia, 
wherein the cooling of the vapor takes place entirely dur- 
ing the formation from the liquid, and is caused by ab- 
sorption of the latent heat of vaporization from the sen- 
sible heat of the substance, the mechanical part of the 
process being wholly confined to compressing the ammo- 
nia-vapor while liquefying it under the action of cold and 
pressure. Such machines are the most effective and the 
most extensively used. 
