remutation 
The mutation or rarefaction of water into air takes place 
by day, the refutation or condensation of air into water 
by night. Southey, The Doctor, ccxvii. 
ren 1 !, c. i.; pret. ran, ran, pp. roimen. A Mid- 
dle English form of run 1 . 
Pitee renneth soone In gentil herte. 
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 742. 
ren 2 t, <' ' [ME. re/men, < Icel. rsena, rob, plun- 
der, < ran, plunder: see ra 2 .] To plunder: 
only in the phrase to rape and ren (which see, 
under rape 2 ). 
ren 3 (reu), . ; pi. rents (re'nez). [NL., < L. rien 
(rare), sing, form of reues, pi., the kidneys: see 
reins, renal.] The kidney: little used, though 
the derivatives, as renal, adrenal, are in con- 
stant employ Renes succenturiatl, the adrenals, 
or suprarenal capsules. Renes succenturiati acces- 
sorii, accessory adrenals. Ben mobilis, movable kid- 
ney; floating kidney. 
rena, reina (ra'uii), n. [NL., < Sp. reina, < L. 
regina, queen, fern, of rex (ren-), king: see rex.] 
A small rockfish of the family Scorpssnida, Se- 
bastichtliys elongatus. [California.] 
renable (ren'a-bl), a. [Also rennible; < ME. 
reliable, also rexnablc, resonable: see reasonable."] 
If. A Middle English form of reasonable. 
Thyse thri thinges byeth nyednolle to alle the thinges 
thet in the erthe wexeth. Guod molde, wocnesse noris- 
synde, and renable hete. AyaMte of!nwit(E. E. T. S.), p. 95. 
2. Talkative ; loquacious. [Obsolete or prov. 
Eng.] 
A niton of renon, most renable of tonge. 
Fieri Plowman (B), Prol., 1. 168. 
renablyt, adv. [ME., < renable + -ly%. See 
reasonably.] Reasonably. 
Sometime we ... speke as renably and faire and wel 
As to the Phitonesse dide Samuel. 
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, L 211. 
renaissance (re-na-sohs' or re-na'sans), n. and 
a. [F. renaissance, OF. renaissance, renaiseence, 
< ML. renascentia, new birth: see renascence.] 
I. n. A new birth ; hence, the revival of any- 
thing which has long been in decay or desue- 
tude. Specifically [cap.], the movement of transition in 
Europe from the medieval to the modern world, and espe- 
cially the time, spirit, and activity of the revival of classi- 
cal arts and letters. The earliest traces and most charac- 
teristic development of this revival were in Italy, where 
Petrarch and the early humanists and artists of the four- 
teenth century may be regarded as its precursors. The 
movement was greatly stimulated by the influx of By- 
zantine scholars, who brought the literature of ancient 
Greece into Italy in the fifteenth century, especially after 
the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. The 
Italian Renaissance was at its height at the end of the 
fifteenth and in the early sixteenth century, as seen in 
the lives and works of such men as Lorenzo del Medici, 
Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Machiavelli, 
Politian, Ariosto, Correggio, Titian, and Aldus Manutius. 
The Renaissance was aided everywhere by the spirit of 
discovery and exploration of the fifteenth century the 
age which saw the invention of printing, the discovery of 
America, and the rounding of Africa. In Germany the 
Renaissance advanced about the same time with the Ref- 
ormation (which commenced in 1517). In England the 
revival of learning was fostered by Erasmus, Colet, Grocyn, 
More, and their fellows, about 1600, and in France there 
was a brilliant artistic and literary development under 
Louis XII. (1408-1515) and Francis I. (1515-47). Also, in 
English form, renascence. 
I have ventured to give to the foreign word Unmix- 
sance destined to become of more common use amongst 
us as the movement which it denotes comes, as it will 
come, increasingly to interest us an English form [fte- 
nascenee}. M. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, iv., note. 
The .Renaissance and the Reformation mark the return 
to experience. They showed that the doctrine of recon- 
ciliation was at last passing from the abstract to the con- 
crete. E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 28. 
II. a. [cop.] Of or pertaining to the Renais- 
sance ; in the style of the Renaissance. Renais- 
sance architecture, the style of building and decoration 
which succeeded the medieval, and was based upon study 
and emulation of the outward forms and ornaments of Ro- 
man art, though with imperfect understandingof their prin- 
ciples. This style had its origin in Italy in the first half of 
the fifteenth century, and afterward spread over Europe. 
Its main characteristic is an attempted return to the classi- 
cal forms which had been the forerunners of the Byzantine 
and the medieval. The Florentine Brunelleschi (died about 
1446) was one of the first masters of the style, having pre- 
pared himself by earnest study of the remains of the monu- 
ments of ancient Rome. From Florence the style was intro- 
duced into Rome, where the works of Bramante(died 1514) 
are among its finest examples, the chief of these being the 
palace of the Chancellery, the foundations of St. Peter's, 
part of the Vatican, and the small church of San Pietro in 
Montorio. One of the greatest achievements of the Renais- 
sance is the dome of St. Peter's, the work of Michelangelo ; 
but this must yield in grandeur of conception to the earlier 
Florentine dome of Brunelleschi. After Michelangelo the 
style declined rapidly. Another chief Renaissance school 
arose in Venice, where in the majority of the buildings of 
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries predominance is 
given to external decoration. From this school sprung 
Palladio (1618-1580), whose distinctive style of architec- 
ture received the name of Palladian. Renaissance archi- 
tecture was introduced into France by Lombardic and 
Florentine architects at the beginning i>f the sixteenth 
century, and flourished there during that century but 
especially in the first half, under Louis XII. and Francis I. 
5074 
During the seventeenth century the style degenerated in 
I-'runct 1 , as it had in Italy, and gave lise to the inorganic 
and insipid productions of the so-called rococo or Louis 
XV. style of the first half of the eighteenth century. 
iance Architecture. French Renaissance tomb of Loys tie 
ed iSli), Grand Seneschal of Nonnandy. etc.. in the cathe- 
Breze (died 15^1), Grand Seneschal of Nonnandy. etc.. in the cathe- 
dral of Rouen ; erected by his wife, Diane de Poitiers, and attributed 
to Jean Goiijon and Jean Cousin. 
In England the Renaissance style was introduced later 
than in France, and it is represented there by the works 
of Inigo Jones, 8ir Christopher Wren, and their contem- 
poraries St. Paul's, London, being a grand example by 
Wren. While all Renaissance architecture is far inferior 
to medieval building of the best time, it represents a dis- 
tinct advance over the debased and over-elaborated forms 
of the medieval decadence. For an Italian example, see 
cut under Italian; see also cuts under loggia and PaUa- 
dian* Renaissance braid- work, a kind of needlework 
similar in its make to needle-point lace, but of much 
stouter material, as fine braid. Renaissance lace. 
Same as Renaissance braid-ieorlc. Renaissance paint- 
ing, next to architecture the chief art of the Renaissance, 
had by far its most important and characteristic develop- 
ment in Italy, where, based upon the art of the Byzantine 
painters of the middle ages, a number of Important art- 
centers or -schools arose, differing from one another in 
their ideals and methods, but all distinctively Italian. The 
central one of these schools was that of Florence, which 
took the lead under the impulse and example of the great 
artist Giotto in the early part of the fourteenth century. 
Among the greatest of those after Giotto, whose genius 
influenced the development of the art, were Fra Angelico 
(Fra Giovanni da Fiesole), Masolino, Masaccio, Filippo 
Lippi, Saudro Botticelli, Filippino Lippi, and Leonardo da 
Vinci. The chief glory of Renaissance painting is that it 
advanced that art beyond any point that it had attained 
before, or has since reached. For other schools of Re- 
naissance painting, see Botognese, Roman, Sienese, Um- 
brian, Venetian; and see Italian painting, under Italian. 
Renaissance sculpture, the sculpture of the Renais- 
sance, characterized primarily by seeking its models and 
renascence 
inspiration in the works of Roman antiquity, instead of in 
contemporary life, like medieval sculpture. As an adjunct 
to architecture, tlii.H sculpture reached its highest excel- 
lence in Italy and in France. Kiniiit'iit names are those 
of Mccoln Pisano, Donatello, 
Ghiberti, Luca delln Robbia, 
Sansovino, sangallo, and Mi- 
chelanf,'elo(1475-1584), oneof 
the half-dozen names that 
rank as greatest in the world's 
art-history. See cut of Ben- 
venutoCelliniVPerseusand 
Medusa," under Perseus, and 
see, under quadra, another 
example by Luca della Knb- 
bhi. Renaissance style, 
properly the style of art and 
decoration (see Renaissance 
architecture) which prevailed 
in Italy during the fifteenth 
century and later, and the 
styles founded upon these 
which were in vogue in 
northern Europe at a date 
somewhat later as in 
France from about 1520 to 
1560. By extension the 
8hrase is made to cover all 
le revived classic styles of 
the last four centuries, in- 
cluding the above, and to 
embrace everything which 
shows a strong classic influ- 
ence. This use is generally 
avoided by French writers, 
who speak of the styles fol- 
Renaissance Sculpture. 
Cheruh by Donatello, in the Ba- 
silica of San Antonio, Padua. 
clangelo, in the 
lowing the religious wars 
in France as the styles of 
Henry IV., Louis XIII., etc , 
excluding these from the 
Renaissance style proper; but English writers commonly 
include the whole period from 1400 to the French Revo- 
lution or the end of the eighteenth century, and divide it 
into various epochs or subordinate styles, according to 
the writer's fancy. 
renal (re'nal), . [< OF. renal, F. renal = Sp. Pg. 
renal = It. renale, < L. renalis, pertaining to the 
kidneys, < renes, kidneys, reins: see reins.] Of 
or pertaining to the kidneys: as, a renal artery 
or vein; raioZ structure or function; renal dis- 
ease Renal alterative. Same as diuretic. Renal 
apoplexy, a hemorrhage into the kidney-substance. (Ob- 
solescent] Renal artery, one of the arteries arising 
from the sides of the aorta about one half-inch below the 
superior mesenteric artery, the right being a trifle lower 
than the left. They are directed outward at nearly right 
angles to the aorta. As they approach the kidney, each 
artery divides into four or five branches which pass deep- 
ly into the substance of the kidney. Small branches are 
given off to the suprarenal capsule. Renal asthma, 
paroxysmal dyspnoea occurring in Bright's disease. Re- 
nal calculus, a calculus in the kidney or its pelvis. 
Renal canal, a ureter, especially in a rudimentary state. 
The kidneys of the Mammalia vary in several points, 
and especially as to the characters of the orifice of the 
ureters, after the differentiation of the rudiment which is 
known as the renfil canal. 
Geijenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 607. 
Renal capsule. Same as adrenal. Renal cast, colic, 
ganglion. See the nouns. Renal cyst, a thin-walled 
cyst in the substance and on the surface of the kidney, 
with serous, rarely sanguinolent or gelatinous contents. 
Renal dropsy, dropsy resulting from disease of the kid- 
ney. Renal gland. Same as adrenal. Renal impres- 
sion. See impression. Renal ischurla, retention of 
urine from some kidney trouble. Renal nerves, small 
nerves, about fifteen in number, arising from the renal 
plexus and renal splanchnic nerve. They contain fibers 
from both central and sympathetic nervous systems, and 
are distributed in the kidney along with the renal artery. 
Renal plexus. See plexus. Renal portal system. 
See reniportal. Renal splanchnic nerve, the smallest 
splanchnic nerve. See splanchnic. Renal veins, short 
wide vessels which begin at the hiluin of the kidney an"l 
pass inward to join the vena cava. Also called emulffent 
veins. 
renaldt, n. An obsolete form of reynard. 
renaldryt, . [< renald + -ry.] Intrigue ; cun- 
ning, as of a fox. 
First, she used all malitiousrenaloYtetotheendlmight 
stay there this night. 
Eetmnuto, Passengers' Dialogues. (Naret.) 
rename (re-nam'), v. t. [< re- + name 1 .] To 
give a new name to. 
renard, . See reynard. 
renardine (reu'ar-din), a. [< renard + -ine 1 .] 
Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the legend 
of "Reynard the Fox." 
There has been much learning expended by Grimm and 
others on the question of why the lion was king in the 
Renardine tales. Athenaeum, Aug. 7, 1886, p. 165. 
renascence (re-nas'ens), n. [= F. renaisxaiuv 
= Pg. reiiasceuya = It. riita-seenza, < ML. *rennx- 
ccntia, new birth, < L. renascen(t-)s, new-born: 
see renascent. Cf. renaissance.] 1. The state 
of being renascent. 
Read the Phconix, and see how the single image of re- 
nascence is varied. Coleridge. (Webster.) 
2. A new birth; specifically [cap.], same as 
Renaissance. 
"For the first time," to use the picturesque phrase of 
M. Taine, "men opened their eyes and saw." The human 
mind seemed to gather new energies at the sight of the 
vast field which opened before it. It attacked every prov- 
