reproduction 
manufactures, the reproduction of a value equal to their 
own consumption, or to the capital which employs them, 
together with its owners' profits, but of a much greater 
value. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, li. 2. 
2. The act or process of restoring parts of an 
organism that have been destroyed or removed. 
The question of the Reproduction of Lost Parts is In- 
teresting from several points of view in biology. 
Mi nil, IX. 415. 
Specifically 3. The process whereby new in- 
dividuals are generated and the perpetuation 
of the species is insured; the process whereby 
new organisms are produced from those already 
existing: as, the reproduction of plants or ani- 
mals, (a) The reproduction of plants is effected either 
vegetatively or by means of spores or of seeds. Vegetative 
reproduction consists in the individualizing of some part of 
the parent organism. In low unicellular plants this is sim- 
ply a process of fission, one cell dividing into two or more, 
much as in the formation of tissue, save that the new cells 
become independent. In higher plants this method ob- 
tains by the shooting and rooting of some fraction of the 
organism, as a branch, a joint of a rootstock, in Reyonia 
even a part of a leaf ; or through specially modified shoots 
or buds, as the gemmce of some algae, mosses, etc., the 
bulblets of some mosses, ferns, the tiger-lily, etc., the 
corais, bulbs, and tubers of numerous annual plants. The 
cells engaged in this mode of reproduction are simply 
those of the ordinary tissues. Very many, but not all, 
plants propagate in this manner; but all are capable of 
reproduction in other methods included under the term 
spore-reproduction, which is reproduction most properly 
so called. This is accomplished through special repro- 
ductive cells, each of which is capable of developing into 
an individual plant. These are produced either indepen- 
dently, or through the conjunction of two separate cells 
by which their protoplasm coalesces. These may also in 
a less perfect sense be called reproductive cells. Repro- 
duction through the union of two cells is sexual ; through 
an independent cell, asexual. Sexual reproduction pro- 
ceeds either by conjugation (that is, the union of two cells 
apparently just alike, which may be either common vege- 
tative cells or specialized in form) or by fertilization, in 
which a smaller but more active sperm-cell or male cell 
impregnates a larger, less active germ-cell or female cell. 
In cryptogamous plant* both methods are common, and the 
reproductive cells are termed spores, or when of the two 
sexes gametes, the male being distinguished as antkero. 
zoith. the female as oospheres. In flowering plants spore- 
reproduction is always sexual, fertilization becoming pol- 
lination, the embryo-sac in the ovule affording the female 
cell and the pollen-grain the male cell. But the union of 
these cells produces, instead of a detachable spore, an 
embryo or plantlet, which, often accompanied by a store 
of nutriment, is inclosed within an integument, the whole 
forming a seed. The production of seeds instead of spores 
is the most fundamental distinction of phanerogams. 
Spore-reproduction is consummated by the germination 
of the spore or seed, which often takes place after a con- 
siderable interval. (t Among the lowest animals, in 
which no sex is recognizable, reproduction takes place in 
various ways, which correspond to those above described 
for the lowest plants. (See conjugation, fission, gemmation, 
and sporulation. ) Among sexed animals, reproduction re- 
sults from the fecundation of an ovum by spermatozoa, 
with or without sexual copulation, and with many modi- 
fications of the details of the process. (See genesis, 2, 
and words there given.) Many animals are hermaphro- 
dite, containing both sexes in one individual, and matur- 
ing the opposite sexual elements either simultaneously or 
successively : such are self-impregnating or reciprocally 
fecundating, as the case may be. Reproduction may be 
effected also by a detached part of an individual, con- 
stituting a separate person (see generative person, un- 
der generative). Sexual may alternate with asexual repro- 
duction (see parthenogenesis) ; but in the vast majority 
of animals, invertebrate as well as vertebrate, permanent 
and perfect distinction of sex exists, in which cases repro- 
duction always and only results from impregnation of the 
female by the male in a more or less direct or intimate act 
of copulation, and extends to but one generation of off- 
spring. The organs or system of organs by which this is 
effected are known as the reproductive organs or system, 
Reproduction isalways exactlysynonymouswithpenerafwm 
(def. 1) ; less precisely with procreation and propagation in 
their biological senses. See sex. 
4. That which is produced or revived ; that 
which is presented anew ; a repetition; hence, 
also, a copy. 
The silversmiths . . . sold to the pilgrims reproductions 
in silver of the temple and its sculptures. 
The Century, XXXIII. 13& 
Butrinto was once a city no less than Corfu ; to Virgil's 
eyes it was the reproduction of Troy itself. 
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 840. 
5. lnpydioL, the act of repeating in conscious- 
ness a group of sensations which has already 
been presented in perception. 
All Reproduction restson the impossibility of the resusci- 
tated impression reappearing alone. 
Lotze, Microcosmus (trans.), I. 216. 
Fear and anger have their rise in the mental reproduc- 
tion of some organic pain. 
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 477. 
All knowledge is reproduction of experiences. 
0. H. Uwes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. 83. 
Asexual reproduction. See asexual, and def. 3, above. 
Empirical synthesis of reproduction, an associa- 
tion by the principle of contiguity, depending on the asso- 
ciated ideas having been presented together or successive- 
ly. Pure transcendental synthesis of reproduc- 
tion, an association of ideas such that one will suggest the 
other independent of experience, due to innate laws of the 
mind, and one of the necessary conditions of knowledge. 
Sexual reproduction. See def. 3, and sexual. Syn- 
5092 
thesis of reproduction, the name given by Kant to that 
association of ideas by which one calls up another in the 
mind. 
reproductive (re-pro-duk'tiv), a. [= F. repro- 
ductif= Pg. reproductive, < ML. "reproductive, 
< *reproducere, reproduce : see reproduce.'} Of 
the nature of, pertaining to, or employed in 
reproduction ; tending to reproduce : as, the re- 
productive organs of an animal. 
These trees had very great reproductive power, since they 
produced numerous seeds, not singly or a few together, 
as In modern yews, but in long spikes or catkins bearing 
many seeds. Dawson, Geot Hist, of Plants, p. 188. 
Rembrandt . . . never put his hand to any reproductive 
etching, not even after one of his own paintings. 
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 331. 
Reproductive cells, in oot. See reproduction, 3 (a). Re- 
productive faculty, in the psychology of Sir William 
Hamilton, the faculty of association of ideas, by virtue of 
which one suggests a definite other, but not including the 
faculty of apprehending an idea a second time. Repro- 
ductive function of order n. See function. Repro- 
ductive imagination, the elementary faculty by virtue 
of which one idea calls up another, of which memory and 
imagination, as popularly understood, are special devel- 
opments. See imagination, 1. 
Philosophers have divided imagination into two what 
they call the reproductive and the productive. By the 
former they mean imagination considered simply as re- 
exhibition, representing the objects presented by percep- 
tion that is, exhibiting them without addition or re- 
trenchment, or any change in the relations which they 
reciprocally held when first made known to us through 
sense. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xxxiii. 
Reproductive organs, (a) In hot., the organs appropri- 
ated to the production of seeds or spores : in flowering 
plants, chiefly the stamens and pistils together with the 
accessory floral envelops ; In cryptogams, mainly the an- 
theridia and archegonia. (6) In zool. , those organs or parts 
of the body, collectively considered, whose function it is 
to produce and mature ova or spermatozoa or their equiv- 
alents, and effect the impregnation of the female by the 
male elements, or otherwise accomplish reproduction ; the 
reproductive or generative system of any animal in either 
sex ; the genitals, in a broad sense. The fundamental 
reproductive organ of all sexed animals is an indifferent 
genital gland, differentiated in the male as a test is. in the 
female as an ovary (or their respect ive equivalents) ; its ul- 
terior modifications are almost endless. These organs are 
sometimes detached from the main body of the individual 
(see person, 8, and hectocotylus) ; they often represent both 
sexes in one individual ; they are usually separated in two 
individuals of opposite sexes ; they sometimes fail of func- 
tional activity in certain Individuals of one sex (see neuter, 
vorker). Reproductive system, in WoJ., the sum of the 
reproductive or generative organs in plants and animals ; 
the generative system ; the sexual system of those plants 
and animals which have distinction of sex. The term is 
a very broad one, covering not only all parts immediately 
concerned in generation, but others indirectly conducing 
to the same end, as devices for effecting fecundation, for 
protecting or nourishing the product of conception, for 
cross-fertilization (as of planta by insects), for attracting op- 
posite sexes (as of animals by odorous secretions), and the 
like. See secondary sexual characters, under sexual. 
reproductiveness(re-pro-duk'tiv-nes), H. The 
state or quality of being reproductive; ten- 
dency or ability to reproduce. 
reproductivity (re"pro-duk-tiv'i-ti), w. [< re- 
productive + -ity.} In math., a number, a, con- 
nected with a function, Y"', such that 
,. 
reproductory (re-pro-duk'to-ri), a. [< repro- 
duct(ive) + -ory.} Same as reproductive. Imp. 
Diet. 
repromissiont (re-pro-mish'on), n. [= F. re- 
prom ission = Sp. repromision = Pg. repromissao 
= It. repromissione, ripromissione, (. L. repromis- 
s*o(n-), a counter-promise, < repromittere, prom- 
ise in return, engage oneself, < re-, back, + 
promittere, promise: see promise.} Promise. 
And he blesside this Abraham which hadde rtprom/iv- 
tiount. WycHf, Heb. vii. 6. 
repromulgate (re-pro-mul'gat), v. t. [< re- + 
promulgate.} To promulgate again ; republish. 
Imp. Diet. 
repromulgation (re'pro-mul-ga'shon), w. [< 
repromulgate + -ton.] 'A second or repeated 
promulgation. Imp. Diet. 
reproof (re-prof), M. [< ME. reprofe, reproef, 
reprof, reproffe, reprove, repreve (whence early 
mod. E. repreef, reprief, repreve) ; < reprove, r.] 
If. Reproach; blame. 
The childe certis is noght myne, 
That repro/e dose me pyne, 
And gars me fie fra name. 
York Plays, p. 104. 
The doubleness of the benefit defends the deceit from 
reproof. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1. 269. 
2. The act of one who reproves; expression of 
blame or censure addressed to a person ; blame 
expressed to the face ; censure for a fault; rep- 
rehension; rebuke; reprimand. 
There is an oblique way of reproof which takes off from 
the sharpness of it. Steele. 
Those best can bear reproof who merit praise. 
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 583. 
3t. Disproof; confutation; refutation. 
reptant 
But men been evere untrewe, 
And wommen have repreve of yow ay newe. 
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 960. 
The virtue of this jest will be the incomprehensible lies 
that this same fat rogue will tell us when we meet at sup- 
per, . . . what wards, what blows, what extremities he en- 
dured ; and in the reproof of this lies the jest. 
Sfca*., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.213. 
= Syn. 2. Monition, Reprehension, etc. See admonition 
and censure. 
reprovable(re-pro'va-bl),a. [Also >-</>i-<>i'<'<iblc; 
< OF. rcprouftihle, F". reprouvable = Sp. rcpro- 
bable = Pg. reprovavel = It. reprobabilr, < ML. 
reprobabilis, ( L. reprobare' disapprove, con- 
demn, reject: see reprove.} Blamable; worthy 
of reproof. 
The superflultee or disordiuat scantinesse of clothynge 
is reprcvable. Chaucer, Parson's Tale. 
A reprovaUe badness in himself. Shak., Lear, iii. 5. 9. 
We will endeavour to amend all things reproreable. 
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, Epil. 
reprovableness (re-pro' va-bl-nes), n. The char- 
acter of being reprovable. Bailey, 1727. 
reprovably (re-pro'va-bli), adv. In a reprova- 
ble manner, 'imp. Diet. 
reproval (re-pro'val), . [< reprove + -al.} 
The act of reproving; admonition; reproof. 
Imp. Diet. 
reprove (re-prov'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. reproved, 
ppr. reproving. [< ME. reproven, reprouen, also 
repreuen (whence early mod. E. reprieve, re- 
preeve), < OF. reprover, repruever, reprouver, 
F. reprouver, reprove, reject, = Fr." reproar, 
reprobar = Sp. reprobar = Pg. reprorar = It. 
reprobare, riprovare, < L. reprobare, disapprove, 
condemn, reject, < re-, again, + probare, test, 
prove : see prove. C'f . reprieve, a doublet of re- 
prove, retained in a differentiated meaning ; cf . 
also reprobate, from the same L. source.] 1. 
To disapprove ; condemn; censure. 
The stoon which men bildynge reprcueden. 
Wydif, Luke xx. 17. 
There 's something in me that reproves my fault ; 
But such a headstrong potent fault it is 
That it but mocks reproof. Shak., T. N., iii. 4. 225. 
2. To charge with a fault; chide; reprehend: 
formerly sometimes with of. 
And there also he was examyned, repreved, and scorned, 
and crouned eft with a whyte Thorn. 
MandenUle, Travels, p. 14. 
Herod the tetrarch, being reproved by him ... for all 
the evils which Herod had done, . . . shut up John in 
prison. Luke iii. 19. 
There is. . . no railing in a known discreet man, though 
he do nothing but reprove. Shak., 1. N., i. 5. 104. 
Our blessed Master reproved them of ignorance ... of 
his Spirit, which had they but known . . . they had not 
been such abecedarii in the school of mercy. 
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 183.1), II. 94. 
3t. To convince, as of a fault ; convict. 
When he is come he will reprove [convict, R. V.] the 
world of sin [in respect of sin, R. V.j, and of righteous- 
ness, and of judgment. John xvi. 8. 
God hath never been deficient, but hath to all men that 
believe him given sufficient to confirm them ; to those 
few that believed not, sufficient to reprove them. 
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, Pref., p. 14. 
4t. To refute ; disprove. 
Reprove my allegation if you can, 
Or else conclude my words effectual. 
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ill. 1. 40. 
D. Willet reproueth Philoes opinion, That the Chalde 
and Hebrew was all one, because Daniel, an Hebrew, was 
set to learne the Chalde. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 47. 
= Syn. 1 and 2. Rebuke, Reprimand, etc. See censure 
and admonition. 
reprover (re-pro'ver), . One who reproves; 
one who or that which blames. 
This shall have from every one, even the reprovers of 
vice, the title of living well. Locke, Education, f 38. 
reproving (re-pro'ving), n. [Early mod. E. also 
reprering ; < ME. reprering ; verbal 11. of re- 
prove, t\] Reproof. 
And there it lykede him to suffre many Reprevinnes and 
Scornes for us. Mandeville, Travels, p. 1. 
reprovingly (re-pro'ving-li), adv. In a reprov- 
ing manner; with reproof or censure. Imp. 
Diet. 
reprune (re-pron'), r. t. [< re- + prune?.] 1. 
To prune or trim again, as trees or shrubs. 
Re-prune now abricots and peaches, saving as many of 
the young likeliest shoots as are well placed. 
Evelyn, Calendarium Hortense, July. 
2. To dress or trim again, as a bird its feathers. 
In mid-way flight imagination tires ; 
Yet soon re-prunes her wing to soar anew. 
Young, Night Thoughts, ix. 
reps (reps), . Same as rep 1 . 
repsilvert, Same as reap-ilrer. 
reptant (rep'tant), a. [< L. ri'i>t<ni(l-).i. ppr. 
of restore, crawl, creep: see rrpmf-, n-i>tilr.} 
