respell 
(as iu this dictionary), so as to indicate the 
actual or supposed pronunciation. 
Now a uniform system of representing sounds . . . 
would be of great use as a system to be followed for every 
word or name on the principle of phonetic respelling. 
Kature, XLII. 7. 
resperset (re-spers'), > ' [< L- respersus, pp. 
of respergere, sprinkle again or over, besprinkle, 
bestrew, < re-, again, 4- spargere, sprinkle : see 
sparse.] To sprinkle; scatter. 
Those excellent, moral, and perfective discourses which 
with much pains and- greater pleasure we find respersed 
and thinly scattered in all the Greek and Roman poets. 
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, Pref. 
respersiont (re-sper'shon), n. [< L. resper- 
sio(n-), a sprinkling, < respergere (pp. respersus), 
sprinkle : see resperse.] The act of sprinkling 
or spreading; scattering. 
All the joys which they should have received in resper- 
tion and distinct emanations if they had kept their anni- 
versaries at Jerusalem, all that united they received in the 
duplication of their Joys at their return 
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 80. 
respirability (re-spir-a-bil'i-ti), . [= F. re- 
spirabilite; as res/tirable -t- -ity (see -bility).] 
The property of being respirable. Imp. Diet. 
respirable (re-sp!r'a-bl), a. [< OF. F. respira- 
ble = Sp. respirable "= Pg. respiravel = It. re- 
spirabite, < NL. *respirabilis, < L. respirare, re- 
spire: see respire.] If. That can respire. Imp. 
Diet. 2. Capable of or fit for being respired 
or breathed : as, respirable air. 
respirableness (re-spir'a-bl-nes), n. Same as 
respirability. Imp. Diet. 
respiration (res-pi-ra'shpn), n. [< OF. (and 
F.) respiration = Pr. respiracio = Sp. respira- 
tion = Pg. respiraqao = It. respirazione, < L. 
respiratio(n-), breathing, respiration, < respi- 
rare, pp. respiratus, breathe out, respire, take 
breath : see respire.] If. The act of breathing 
again or resuming life. 
Till the day 
Appear of respiration to the just, 
And vengeance to the wicked. 
Mttton, P. L., xii. B40. 
2. The inspiration and expiration of air. 3. 
That function by which there takes place an 
absorption of oxygen from the surrounding me- 
dium into the blood with a corresponding excre- 
tion of carbon dioxid. This is accomplished in the 
higher animal forms chiefly by the lungs and skin ; the 
gills or branchiee of aquatic animals and the trachea? of 
insects perform the same function. In unicellular organ- 
isms these changes take place in the protoplasm of the cell 
itself. The number of respirations in the human adult is 
from 16 to 24 per minute. About 500 centimeters or one 
sixth of the volume of the air in the lungs is changed at each 
respiration, giving a daily income of about 744 grams of 
oxygen and an expenditure of 900 grains of carbon dioxid. 
Inspiration is slightly shorter than expiration. 
Ev'ry breath, by respiration strong 
Forc'd downward. Cotcper, Task, iv. 348. 
4. In physiological bot., a process consisting in 
the absorption by plants of oxygen from the air, 
the oxidation of assimilated products, and the 
release of carbon dioxid and watery vapor. 
It is the opposite of assimilation, in which carbon dioxid 
(carbonic acid) is absorbed and oxygen given off con- 
trasted also as being the waste process in the plant econ- 
omy, a part of the potential energy of a higher compound 
being converted into kinetic energy, supporting the ac- 
tivities of the plant, the resulting compound of lower po- 
tential being excreted. Respiration takes place in all 
active cells both by day and by night; assimilation only 
by daylight (then overshadowing the other process) and 
in cells containing chlorophyl. 
5. The respiratory murmur. 6f. A breathing- 
spell ; an interval. 
Some meet respiration of a more full trial and enquiry 
into each others' condition. 
Bp. Halt, Cases of Conscience, iv. 6. 
Abdominal respiration. See abdominal. - Amphoric 
respiration, respiratory murmur with musical intonation, 
such as might be produced by blowing across the mouth 
of a bottle. It occurs in some cases of pneumothorax and 
with some phthisical cavities. Artificial respiration, 
respiration induced by artificial means. It is required 
in cases of drowning, the excessive inhalation of chloro- 
form or of noxious gases, etc. In the case of a person ap- 
parently drowned, or in an asphyxiated condition, the fol- 
lowing treatment has been recommended. After clearing 
the mouth and throat, the patient should be laid on his 
back on a plane inclined a little from the feet upward ; the 
shoulders gently raised by a firm cushion placed under 
them ; the tongue brought forward so as to project from 
the side of the mouth, and kept in that position by an elas- 
tic band or string tied under the chin. Remove all tight 
clothing from neck and chest. The arms should then be 
grasped just above the elbows, raised till they nearly 
meet above the head, and kept stretched upward for 
two seconds : this action imitates inspiration. The arms 
are then turned down and firmly pressed for two seconds 
against the sides of the chest, thus imitating a deep ex- 
piration. These two sets of movements should be perse- 
veringly repeated at the rate of fifteen times in a minute. 
As soon as a spontaneous effort to breathe is perceived, 
cease the movements and induce circulation and warmth. 
Branchial respiration. See branchial. Bronchial 
6110 
respiration, respiration such as is heard immediately 
over bronchi, or over the trachea. The inspiratory sound 
is high in pitch and tubular ; the expiratory sound is high- 
er, tubular, and prolonged. It is heard in disease over con- 
solidated lungs. Also called tubular respiration. Brpn- 
chocavernous respiration, respiration intermediate 
in character between bronchial and cavernous respira- 
tion. Bronchovesicular respiration, respiration In- 
termediate in character between bronchial and vesicular 
respiration. Cavernous respiration. See cavernous. 
Center of respiration, the nervous center which regu- 
lates respiration. It is automatic in action, but is guided 
by incoming influences from the vagus, the skin, and else- 
where. The main center is limited in extent, and situated in 
the floor of the fourth ventricle, near the point of the cala- 
mus. Cerebral respiration, shallow, quick, irregular, 
more or less sighing respiration, sometimes resulting from 
cerebral disease in children. Cheyne-Stokes respira- 
tion, a rhythmic form of respiration described by Cheyne 
in 1818 and by Stokes in 1846. It consists of a series of 
cycles in every one of which the respirations pass gradu- 
ally from feeble and shallow to forcible and deep, and 
then back to feeble again. A pause follows, and then the 
next cycle begins with a feeble inspiration. This symp- 
tom has been found associated with cardiac and brain 
lesions. Cogged or cog- wheel respiration. Same as 
interrupted respiration. Costal respiration, respira- 
tion in which the costal movements predominate over 
the diaphragmatic. Cutaneous respiration, gaseous 
absorption and excretion by the skin. Diaphragmat- 
ic respiration. Same as abdominal respiration (which 
see, under abdominal). Divided respiration, respira- 
tion in which inspiration is separated from expiration by 
a well-marked interval. Facial respiration, respira- 
tory movements of the face, as of the ales nasl. Harsh 
respiration. Same as rude respiration. Indetermi- 
nate respiration. Same as bronchovesicular respira- 
tion, especially its more vesicular grades. Interrupted 
respiration, respiration in which the inspiratory, some- 
times the expiratory, sound is broken into two or more 
parts. Also called jerking, wavy, and cogged or cog-wheel 
respiration. Jelling respiration. Same as inter- 
rupted respiration. Laryngeal respiration, laryngeal 
respiratory movement*. Metamorphosing respira- 
tion, respiration in which the first part of the inspiratory 
sound is tubular and the last part cavernous. Organs Of 
respiration, any parts of the body by means of which con- 
stituents of the blood are interchanged with those of air 
or water. In the higher vertebrates, all of which are air- 
breathers, such organs are internal, and of complex lobu- 
lated structure, called lungs. (See lung.) In lower verte- 
brates and many invertebrates respiration is effected by 
breathing water, and such organs are usually called yills 
or bronchia. Most invertebrates, however (as nearly all 
the immense class of insects), breathe air by various con- 
trivances for its admission to the body, generally of tu- 
bular or laminated structure, which may open by pores or 
spiracles on almost any part of the body. The organs of 
mollusks are extremely variable in form and position ; 
they are commonly called branchiee or gills, technically 
ctenidia. Some gastropods, called pulmonate, are air- 
breathers. Arachnidans are distinguished as pulmonate 
and tracheate, according to the laminate (or saccular) or 
the simply tubular character of their organs of respira- 
tion. The character of the lungs as offsets of the alimen- 
tary canal is somewhat peculiar to the higher vertebrates 
being represented in the lower, as fishes, only by an air- 
bladder, if at all ; and the various organs of respiration of 
lower animals are only analogous or functionally repre- 
sentative, not homologous or morphologically representa- 
tive, of such lungs. (See pneoyaster.) In birds the organs 
are distributed in most parts of the body, even in the in- 
terior of bones. (Seepneunwtoct/st.) In embryos the allan- 
tois is an organ of respiration, as well as of digestion and 
circulation. See cuts under Branchiostoma, ffill. and Mya. 
Puerile respiration. See puerile. Rough respira- 
tion. Same as rude respiration. Rude respiration, a 
form of bronchovesicular respiration, the sounds being 
hareh. Supplementary respiration, respiration with 
increased vesicular murmur, as heard over normal parts 
of the lungs when some other part of them is incapaci- 
tated, as from pneumonia or pleurisy. Thoracic res- 
piration. Same as costal respiration. Tubular respi- 
ration. Same as bronchial respiration. Vesiculocav- 
enious respiration, respiration intermediate in char- 
acter between vesicular and cavernous respiration. 
respirational (res-pi-ra'shon-al), a. [< respira- 
tion + -al.] Same as respiratory. 
respirative (re-splr'a-tiv), a. [< respiration) 
+ -ice.] Performing respiration. 
respirator (res'pi-ra-tor), n. [NL., < L. respi- 
rare, pp. respiratus, respire: see respire.'] An 
instrument for breathing through, fitted to coyer 
the mouth, or the nose and mouth, over which 
it is secured by proper bandages or other ap- 
pliances. It is mostly used to exclude the passage into 
the lungs of cold air, smoke, dust, and other noxious sub- 
stances, especially by persons having delicate chests, by 
firemen, cutlers, grinders, and the like, and by divers in 
operations under water. Respirators for persons with 
weak lungs have several plies of fine gauze made of high- 
ly heat-conducting metal, which warms the air as it passes 
through. See acrophore. 
respiratorium (res'pi-ra-to'ri-um), . ; pi. res- 
piratoria (-a). [NL., neut. of respiratorius, re- 
spiratory: see respiratory.] Ineniom..oneof the 
laminiform gill-like organs or branchiee found 
on the larvse of certain aquatic insects, and used 
to draw air from the water. In dipterous larva? they 
are commonly four in number, two near the head and two 
at the end of the abdomen. 
respiratory (re-spir'a- or res'pi-ra-to-ri), a. [= 
F.>-espiratoire,<.Nlj.resjnratoritis,<'L. respirare, 
pp. respiratus, respire : see respire.'] Pertaining 
to or serving for respiration Bronchial respira- 
tory murmur. Same as bronchial respiration (which see, 
under respiration). Bronchovesicular respiratory 
respiring 
murmur, a murmur intermediate between a vesicular 
and a bronchial murmur. Also called rude, rough, and 
harsh respiration. Indeterminate respiratory mur- 
mur. Same as bronchovesicular raptratory murmur. 
Respiratory bronchial tube, respiratory bronchi- 
ole. Same as lobular bronchial tube (which see, under 
loliular). Respiratory bundle. Same as solitary funi- / 
culus (which see, under solitary). Respiratory capa- 
city. Same as extreme differential capacity (which see, 
under capacity). Respiratory cavities, a general name 
of the air-passages: used also to designate the body-cavi- 
ties which contain the respiratory organs. Respira- 
tory chamber, a respiratory cavity. Respiratory col- 
umn, respiratory fascicle. Same &s solitary funiculus 
(which see, under solitary). Respiratory filaments, 
thread-like organs arranged in tuffs near the head of the 
larva or pupa of a gnat. Respiratory glottis, the pos- 
terior portion of the glottis, between tne urytenoid carti- 
lages. Respiratory leaflets, the laminated organs of 
respiration, or so-called lungs, of the pulmonary arachni- 
dans. See cut under pulmonary. Respiratory mur- 
mur. See respiratory sounds. Respiratory nerve, 
(a) External, the posterior thoracic nerve. See thoracic. 
(o) Internal, the phrenic nerve. Respiratory nerve 
of the face, the facial nerve. Respiratory nerves of 
Bell, the facial, phrenic, and posterior thoracic nerves. 
Respiratory orifice, (a) A stigmatum or breathing- 
pore. (6) An orifice, generally at the end of a tubular 
process, through which some aquatic larva?, or larva? 
living in putrescent matter, under the skin of animals, 
etc., obtain air. Respiratory percussion, the per- 
cussion of the chest in different phases of respiration, 
with regard to the variations of the sounds elicited. 
Respiratory period, the time from the beginning of one 
inspiration to that of the next. Respiratory plate, 
in entom., a respiratorium, or false gill. Respiratory 
portion Of the nose, the lower portion of the nasal 
cavity, excluding the upper or olfactory portion. Re- 
spiratory pulse, alternating condition of fullness and 
emptiness of the large vessels of the neck or elsewhere, 
synchronous with expiration and inspiration. Respira; 
tory quotient, the ratio of the oxygen excreted by the 
lungs (as carbon dioxid) to that absorbed by them in the 
same time (as free oxygen). It is usually in the neighbor- 
hood of O.9. Respiratory sac, a simple sac-like respira- 
tory organ of various animals. Respiratory sounds, 
the sounds made by the air when being inhaled or exhaled, 
especially as heard in auscultation over lung-tissue, normal 
or diseased. See vesicular respiratory murmur below, for 
description of normal sounds Respiratory surface, 
the surface of the lungs that comes in contact with the 
air. This surface is extended by minute subdivision of 
the lungs into small cavities or air-cells. Respiratory 
tract, in med., a general term denoting the sum of the air- 
passages. Respiratory tree, in zool. , an organ found in 
some holothurians, consisting of two highly contractile, 
branched, and arborescent tubes which run up toward 
the anterior extremity of the body, and perform the 
function of respiration ; the cloaca. Respiratory tube, 
any tubular organ of respiration ; a spiracle. See spi- 
racle and breathing-tube. Vesicular respiratory mur- 
mur, the normal murmur. The quality of the inspira- 
tory sound is vesicular ; the expiratory sound, absent in 
many cases, is continuous with the inspiratory, and is 
more blowing, lower, and much shorter. Veslculobron- 
chlal respiratory murmur. Same as bronchovesicular 
respiratory murmur. 
respire (re-spir'), v. ; pret. and pp. respired, ppr. 
respiring! [< OF. respirer, F. rcspirer = Pr. Sp. 
Pg. respirar = It. respirare, < L. respirare, 
breathe out, exhale, breathe, take breath, re- 
vive, recover, < re-, back, again, + spirare, 
breathe, blow: see spirit. Cf. aspire, conspire, 
expire, inspire, perspire.] I. intrans. It. To 
breathe again; hence, to rest or enjoy relief 
after toil or suffering. 
Then shall the Britons, late dismayd and weake, 
From their long vassalage gin to respire. 
Spenser, f . Q., III. lit. 38. 
Sooth'd with Ease, the panting Youth respires. 
Congreve, To Sleep. 
Hark ! he strikes the golden lyre ; 
And see ! the tortured ghosts respire; 
See shady forms advance ! 
Pope, Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, 1. 64. 
2. To breathe; inhale air into the lungs and 
exhale it, for the purpose of maintaining ani- 
mal life ; hence, to live. 
Yet the brave Barons, whilst they do respire, . . . 
With courage charge, with comeliness retire. 
Draylon, Barons' Wars, ii. 66. 
II. trans. 1. To breathe in and out, as air; 
inhale and exhale; breathe. 
Methinks, now I come near her, I respire 
Some air of that late comfort I received. 
B. Jonson, Poetaster, iv. 6. 
But I, who ne'er was bless'd by Fortune's hand, . . . 
Long in the noisy Town have been immur'd, 
Respir'd its smoke, and all its cares endur'd. 
Gay, Rural Sports, i. 
2. To exhale; breathe out; send out in exhala- 
tions. 
The air respires the pure Elysian sweets 
In which she breathes. B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1. 
As smoke and various substances separately issue from 
fire lighted with moist wood, so from this great being 
[Brahma] were respired the Rigveda, etc. 
Colebroke, Asiatic Researches, VIII. 
respiring (re-spir'ing), n. [Verbal n. of respire, 
.J A breathing; a breath. 
They could not stir him from his stand, although he 
wrought it out 
With short reepirinys, and with sweat. 
Chapman, Iliad, xvi. 102. 
