ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., adj adjective. 
abbr. . ... abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French, 
agri agriculture. 
AL Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Amer. American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist. 
appar apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archtfcol archaeology. 
arith arithmetic. 
art article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav. Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg. Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caus. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cL L. confer, compare. 
ch church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
'comp. composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch conchology. 
conj conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
def definite, definition. 
deriv. derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
dlff different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrib. distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E. East. 
K. English (ust'aZfy mean- 
ing modernEnglish). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g. L. exempli gratia, lor 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryo} embryology. 
Eng. English. 
engin engineering. 
i nt MI i. entomology. 
Epis. Episcopal. 
eqniv equivalent. 
esp. especially. 
Eth Ethiopia 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
t., fern feminine. 
F. French (usually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort fortification. 
Ireq frequentative. 
Fries. Friesic. 
fut future. 
G QermSiU(usuallymean- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Mcesogothic). 
Or Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet. herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (itsuaUjt 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, oiherwisecaU- 
ed Old Norse). 
ichth ichthyology. 
i. e L. id est, that is. 
impers impersonal. 
impf. imperfect. 
impv. .' imperative. 
improp improperly. 
Ind Indian. 
ind indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
indel indefinite. 
Inf. infinitive. 
instr. instrumental. 
interj interjection. 
intr., intrans intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
Irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It. Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol lichenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
Lith Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
in . , masc masculine. 
M. Middle. 
mach machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle English (other- 
wise called Old Eng- 
lish). 
rnech mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensur. mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor meteorology. 
Mex Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG Middle High German. 
mllit. military. 
mineraL mineralogy. 
ML Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG. Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n .noun. 
n., neut. neuter. 
N New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numis numismatics. 
Old. 
obs obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr Old Irish. 
OH Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornith ornithology. 
OS Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
Ol'eut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
pal eon paleontology. 
part. participle. 
pass passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
pert perfect. 
Pers Persian. 
pers person. 
persp perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrog petrography. 
Pg Portuguese. 
phar pharmacy. 
Phen Phenician. 
philol philology. 
plains philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys. physical. 
physiol physiology. 
pl.,plur plural. 
poet poetical. 
pollt political. 
Pol Polish. 
pass possessive. 
pp past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref. prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present. 
pret preterit. 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
pros prosody. 
Prot. Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. auae) 
wdc, which see. 
refl reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Horn Roman. 
Rom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Rnss Russian. 
8. South. 
S. Amer South American. 
sc L. scilicet, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
Bing singular. 
Skt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
superl superlative. 
surg surgery. 
Burv surveying. 
8w Swedish. 
syn synonymy. 
Syr Syriac. 
techno! technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratol teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut Teutonic. 
theat theatrical. 
theol theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var variant. 
vet. veterinary. 
v. L intransitive verb. 
v. t. transitive verb. 
W Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachtan. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
zobgeog zoogeography. 
zool. zoology. 
zoot. zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as In fat, man, pang. 
as in fate, mane, dale. 
as in far, father, guard. 
aa in fall, talk, naught. 
as in ask, fast, ant. 
as in fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless, 
e as in mete, meet, meat, 
e as in her, fern, heard, 
i as in pin, it, biscuit. 
i as in pine, fight, file, 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
b as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood, 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty : see Preface, pp. 
ix, x). 
ft- aa in pull, book, could. 
u German ii, French n. 
oi as in oil, joint* boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. 
Thus: 
i> as in prelate, courage, captain. 
V as In ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
i.i as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a. as in errant, republican. 
e. as in prudent, difference, 
i as in charity, density. 
o as in valor, actor, Idiot. 
H as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book. 
ft as in nature, feature. 
A mark (^) under the consonants (, d, 
s, z indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure. 
'I as in arduous, education. 
g as in leisure, 
z, as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
ii French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (mou- 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent is not marked if at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
<read/rom; i. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
-i- read and ; i. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cogitate with; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read obsolete. 
