running 
Running fire. See fire. Running footmant. See 
footnum 8. Running hand, the style of handwriting 
or penmanship in which the letters are formed without 
lifting the pen from the paper. Running head. See 
head, 13. Running knot, a knot imuie in such a way 
as to form a noose which tightens as the rope is pulled 
on. Running lights, the lights shown by vessels be- 
tween sunset and sunrise, in order to guard against col- 
lision when under way. They are a green light on the 
starboard side and a red light on the port side. If the 
vessel is under steam, a bright white light is also hoisted 
at the foremast-head ; a vessel towing another carries two 
-d. in mrtle. 
Running Ornament. Medieval Architectural Sculpture. 
lines, as in many medieval moldings carved with foliage, 
etc. Running patterer. See paUerer. Running 
pine. See Lycopodium. Running rigging. See rig- 
ging*. Running Stationer. See stationer. Running 
swamp-blackberry, fivbus hispidus, an almost herba- 
ceous species, with short flowering shoots, bearing a fruit 
of a few sour grains, and with long and slender prickly 
runners. Running title, in printing, a descriptive head- 
line put continuously at the top of pages of type. Also 
called running head-line. Running toad. Same as nat- 
terjack. 
running (run'ing), prep. [Prop, ppr., with on 
or toward understood. Of. rising, p. a., 3, in a 
somewhat similar use.] Approaching; going 
on. [Colloq.] 
I hae been your gudwife 
These nine years, running ten. 
Laird of Wariestoun (Child's Ballads, III. 112). 
running-gear (run'ing-ger), n. 1. The wheels 
and axles of a vehicle, and their attachments, 
as distinguished from the body ; all the work- 
ing parts of a locomotive. 2. Same as run- 
ning rigging. See rigging^. 
runhingly (run'ing-li), adv. Continuously; 
without pause or hesitation. 
Played I not off-hand and runningly, 
Just now, your masterpiece, hard number twelve ? 
Browning, Master Hugues of Saxe-Gotha. 
running-rein (run 'ing-ran), n. A driving-rein 
which is passed over pulleys on the headstall 
to give it increased freedom of motion. Such 
reins are sometimes passed over sheaves on the bit, and 
made to return up the cheek, in order to pull the bit up 
into the angle of the mouth. 
running-roll (run'ing-rol), . In 2)late-glass 
manuf., a brass cylinder used to spread the 
plastic glass over the casting-table. 
running-string (run'ing-striug), n. A cord, 
tape, or braid passed through an open hem at 
the top of a bag or anything which it is desir- 
able to draw tight at pleasure. 
running-thrush (run'ing-thrush), n. A dis- 
ease in the feet of horses. See thruslft. 
running-trap (run'ing-trap), . A depressed 
U-shaped section in a pipe, which allows the 
free passage of fluid, but always remains full 
whatever the state of the pipe, so that it forms 
a seal against the passage of gases. 
runniont, n. Same as ronion. 
runologist (ro-npl'o-jist), . [< runology + 
-ist.] One who is versed in runology; a stu- 
dent of runic remains. 
The advanced school of Scandinavian runologists holds 
that the Runic Futhork of twenty-four letters is derived 
from the Latin alphabet as it existed in the early days of 
imperial Borne. Athenseum, June 28, 1879, p. 818. 
runology (rij-nol'o-ji), . [< NL. runa, rune, 
+ Gr. -tjoyia, < /ity'eiv, speak: see -ology.'] The 
study of runes. 
Of late, however, great progress has been made in ru- 
nology. Anhseologia, XLIH. 98. 
run-out (run'out), n. The extent of a ruu of 
fish: as, the run-out reaches 20 miles. J. W. 
Milner. [Lake Michigan.] 
runrig (run'rig), n. [< run* + rig 1 .'} A ridge 
or rig (that is, a strip of ground) in land so 
divided that alternate rigs belong to different 
owners; hence, the system of land-holding by 
alternate rigs. 
We may assume that wherever in Ireland the land was 
cultivated in modern times according to the rundale or 
runriy system, the custom arose from the previous ex- 
istence of co partnerships. 
W. K. Sullivan, Introd. to O'Cnrry's Anc. Irish, p. clir. 
The face of a hill-side in Derbyshire was laid out in 
strips of garden land with ridges of turf dividing. These 
the holders of the land called "rigs"; the long narrow 
ones run rigs ; and one, wide, which intersected the rise 
at a right angle, the "cart-rig." 
N. andQ., 7th ser., V. 374. 
Runrig lands, in Scotland and Ireland, lands held by 
tnnrig. 
runt 1 (runt), n. [Early mod. E. also rout; a 
dial, word, perhaps orig. a var. of rind, a Sc. 
527.'! 
form (= D. rund = G. rind) of rither, rather: see 
rother'*. The later senses may be of different 
origin.] 1. A young ox or cow; a steer or 
heifer ; also, a stunted ox or cow, or other un- 
der-sized animal; one below the usual size and 
strength of its kind ; especially, the smallest or 
weakest one of a litter of pigs or puppies. Com- 
pare def . 4. 
Qiouinco, a steere, a runt, & bullocke, a yeereling, a 
weanling. Florio. 
They say she has mountains to her marriage, 
She's lull of cattle, some two thousand runts. 
Middleton, Chaste Maid, iv. 1. 
He was mounted on a little runt of a pony, so thin and 
woe-begone as to be remarkable among his kind. 
The Century, XXXVII. 909. 
Hence 2. A short, stockish person; a dwarf. 
This overgrown runt has struck off his heels, lowered 
his foretop, and contracted his figure, that he might be 
looked upon as a member of this new-erected society [The 
Short Club]. Addison, Spectator, No. 108. 
3f. A rude, ill-bred person; a boor or hoiden. 
Before I buy a bargain of such runts, 
I'll buy a college for bears, and live among 'em. 
Fletcher, Wit without Money, v. 2. 
4. A breed of domestic pigeons. A single bird 
may weigh as much as 2^ pounds. 
There are tame and wild pigeons ; and of the tame, there 
be ... runts, and carriers and croppers. 
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 112. 
While the runt is the weakest and most forlorn of pigs, 
by the contrariness which characterizes our fancier it is 
the name given to the largest and most robust among pi- 
geons. The Century, XXXII. 107. 
5. A stump of underwood; also, the dead 
stump of a tree. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] 6. 
The stalk or stem of a plant. [Prov. Eng. and 
Scotch.] 
For lapfu's large o' gospel kail 
Shall flll thy crib in plenty, 
An' runts of grace the pick an' wale, 
No gi'en by way o' dainty, 
But ilka day. 
Burns, The Ordination. 
runt 2 (runt), n. [A var. of rump.'] The rump. 
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng. ] 
runteet, [Amer. Ind.] A disk of shell used 
as an ornament by the Indians of Virginia in 
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 
The boy wears a necklace of runtees. 
Beverley, Virginia, iii. H 5. 
runty (run'ti), a. [<rwi 1 +- -f^ 1 .] 1. Stunted; 
dwarfish; little. [Prov. Bug. and U. 8.] 
A brood of half-grown chickens picking in the grass, . . . 
and & runty pig tied to a "stob,' were the only signs of 
thrift. Harper's Mag., LXXIII. U96. 
2. Boorish; surly; rude. Halliwell. [Prov. 
Eng.] 
run-up (run'up), n. In bookbinding, the act of 
putting on a line, in finishing, by means of a 
roll running along the side of the back from the 
top to the bottom of the book. 
runway (run'wa), n. The path or track over 
which anything runs; a passageway. Specifi- 
cally (a) The bed of a stream of water. (6) The beaten 
track of deer or other animals ; a trail. Also runaway. 
The line of moundsoverlooks (he Grant river to the north, 
and Snake Hollow or Potosi to the south, and has a com- 
manding position. It may have been used as an elevated 
runway or graded road designed for the pursuit of game. 
Amer. Antiquarian, XI. 3S5. 
Oftentimes drivers go out with dogs and make a wide 
circuit, while the hunters post themselves along the run- 
ways or beaten trails of the deer. 
Tribune Book of Sports, p. 431. 
(c) A path made by domestic animals in going to and from 
an accustomed place of feeding, watering, etc. (d) In lum- 
bering, a trough or channel on the surface of a declivity, 
down which logs are slid or run in places more or less in- 
accessible to horses or oxen. (; One of the ways in the 
casing of a window for vertically sliding sashes. (/) 
Theat., in the setting of scenery, a path or road, as upon a 
mountain-side or the face of a rock. 
Rupicolinae 
NGr. povm = Pers. rfqnija, < Hind, rtipiya, ru- 
pii/a, rupaya, rupaiya, rapaiyd, a rupee, also 
coin, cash, specie, < rupa (Pali rfipi), silver, < 
Skt. rupya, silver, wrought silver or wrought 
gold, as adj. handsome, < rupa, natural state, 
form, beauty (> Hind, rup, form, beauty).] The 
standard unit of value in India ; also, a current 
silver coin of India, valued normally at 2s., or 
about 48 United States cents. The relative value 
of Indian and English money varies with the price of 
silver, the rupee being sometimes worth 52 cents, some- 
times only 33 cents or less, as has been the case for several 
years. 
They call the peeces of money roopees, of which there 
are some of divers values, the meanest worth two shillings 
and threepence, and the best two shillings and Hint-pence 
sterling. Terry, in Purchas, 1'ilgrimes, II. 1471. 
The nabob ... is neither as wealthy nor as wicked as 
the jaundiced monster of romances and comedies, who 
purchases the estates of broken-down English gentle- 
men with rupees tortured out of bleeding rajahs. 
Thackeray, Newcomes, viii. 
Rupelian (r8-pe'lian), n. A division of the Oli- 
gocene in Belgium. It includes a series of clays and 
sands partly of marine and partly of brackish-water ori- 
gin. The Uupelian lies above the Tongrian, which latter 
is a marine deposit, and is of the same age as the Egeln 
belt of the German Lower Oligocene. 
rupellaryt (ro'pe-la-ri), a. [< L. "rupellus, dim. 
of rapes, a rock, + -ary.] Rocky. 
In this rupeUary nidary do the fowle lay eggs and 
breede. Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 27, 1644. 
rupeoptereal (ro"pe-op-te're-al), i. [Irreg. < 
L. rupss, a rock, + Gr. vrep&v, wing, + -e-al.] A 
bone of the batrachian skull, supposed to corre- 
spond to the prootic. 
Rupert's drop (ro'perts drop). Same as de- 
tonating bulb (which see, under detonating). 
rupestrine (ro-pes'trin), . [< L. rapes, a rock, 
+ -trine, as in lacustrine, palitstrine, etc.] In 
zool. and l>ot., rock-inhabiting; living or grow- 
ing on or among rocks ; rupicoline; saxicoline. 
rupia (ro'pi-ii), n. [NL., prop, rltypia, < Gr. f>i- 
m>f, dirt, filtli.] A variety of the large flat pus- 
tular syphiloderm in which the crust is more or 
less distinctly conical and stratified : a use now 
obsolete. 
rupial (ro'pi-al), a. [< rvpia + -a/.] Pertain- 
ing to, characterized by, or affected with rupia. 
Rupicapra (ro-pi-kap'ra), H. [NL. (De Blain- 
vifle), < L. rupicapra, a chamois, lit. 'rock-goat,' 
< rapes, a rock, + copra, a goat : see caper 1 .] A 
genus of antelopes, sometimes giving name to 
a subfamily Bupieaprinte; the chamois. There 
is only one species, S. tragus. See chamois. 
Rupicaprinse (ro"pi-kap-ri'ne), n. pi. [NL., < 
Rupicapra + -inx.~] The chamois as a sub- 
family of Bovidse. Sir V. Brooke. 
rupicaprine (ro-pi-kap'rin), a. Pertaining to 
the chamois; belonging to the Bvpicaprinee, or 
having their characters. 
Chamois (Rupicapra tragus), the Gemse of the Germans, 
is the only Antelope found in Western Europe, and forms 
the type of the fiuvicaprinc or goat-like group of that 
family. Encyc. Brit., V. 384. 
Rupicola (ro-pik'o-la), n. [NL., < L. rapes, a 
rock, + colerc, inhabit: see culture.'] A genus 
If there is a " runway," which is an elevation like the 
rocky ascent in the second act of "Die Walkiire," ... it 
is "built" by the stage carpenters. 
Scribner's Mag., IV. 444. 
rupee (ro-pe'), . [Formerly also roopee; = F. 
roupie = Sp. Pg. rupia = G. Dan. Sw. rupie = 
Obverse. Reverse. 
Rupee, 1862. British Museum. (Size of the original. 
\ 
Cock of the Rock (Rufitcola crocta}. 
of Cotiiif/idte or of Pipriflx, founded by Brisson 
in 1760, type of the subfamily EupicoVmse; the 
rock-manikins, rock-cocks, or cocks of the rock, 
having the outer primary emarginate and at- 
tenuate toward the end. These singular birds have 
an erect compressed semicircular crest, and the plumage 
of the male is mostly naming orange or blood-red. They 
are about 12 inches long, of large size for the group to 
which they belong, and very showy. They are confined 
to northern parts of Couth America. Three species have 
been recognized R. crocea, R. pmiviana, and K. sanguino- 
lenta. 
Rupicolinae (ro"pi-ko-li'ne), u. pi. [NL., < 
Hitpicolii + -/.] A subfamily of Cotingida 
