russeting 
Nor pippin, which we hold of kernel-fruits the king; 
The apple orendge ; then the savoury ntxsetting. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. 647. 
I have brought thee . . . some of our country fruit, half 
a score of rwsctinys. Randolph, Hey for Honesty, iii. ;>. 
russet-patedt (rus'et-pa"tetl), a. Having a gray 
or ash-colored head or pate : used only in the 
following passage. 
Russet-pated choughs, many In sort, 
Rising and cawing at the gun's report. 
SAa*., M. N. D., 111. 2. 21. 
russety (rus'et-i), a. [< russet + -y 1 .] Of a 
russet color. 
Russia (rush's), H. [NL. Russia (Russ. Ros- 
siya) : see Russ.] Short for Russia leather. 
Russia braid. 1. A kind of braid of mohair, 
or of wool and silk in imitation of it. 2. A 
fine silk braid used to decorate articles of dress. 
Russia duck, leather, matting. See duck*, 
leather, etc. 
Russian (rush/an), a. and n. [< F. russien, < 
NL. Russianus, <! Russia (Euss. Rossiya), Russia: 
see Russia, Russ.] I. o. Of or pertaining to 
Russia, an empire in eastern Europe with large 
possessions in northern and central Asia, or the 
Russians or their language Russian architec- 
ture. See Russo-Byzantine. Russian ashes, a commer- 
cial name for crude potassium carbonate imported from 
Russia. Russian band. See Russian horn-band. Rus- 
sian bath. See 'nrf/i ' . - Russian castor, castor obtained 
from the Russian beaver, and considered as more valu- 
able than the American product. Russian Church, the 
national church of the Russians, and the dominant form of 
Christianity in the Russian empire. The Russian Church 
is a branch of the Orthodox Eastern Church, in full com- 
munion and doctrinal agreement with the Greek Church, 
but not subject to any Greek patriarchate. Christianity 
existed to some extent in earlier times in Russia, but was 
first permanently introduced, from Constantinople, by the 
great prince St. Vladimir, in 988. The seat of the metro- 
politans was at first at Kieff; it was transferred to Vladi- 
mir in 1299, and in 1388 to Moscow. In 1589 the metro- 
politan of Moscow was made patriarch, with the consent 
of the rest of the Eastern Church. In 1721, with the ap- 
proval of the Greek patriarchs, the Holy Governing Synod 
succeeded to the power of the patriarch. The members 
of this synod are appointed by the emperor. Among them 
are a metropolitan as president, several other metropoli- 
tans and prelates, secular priests, and the procurator-gen- 
eral, a layman, representing the civil power. The bishops 
are all virtually equal in power, though ranking as metro- 
politans, archbishops, and ordinary bishops. The Russian 
Church is the established church of the country; dissen- 
ters (see Raskolnik), as well as adherents of other reli- 
gions, are tolerated, but are not allowed to proselytize. 
Sometimes called the Russo-Greek Church. Russian di- 
aper, diaper having a diamond pattern rather larger or 
more elaborate than the ordinary : it is made in both cot- 
ton and linen. Russian embroidery, embroidery in 
simple and formal patterns, zigzags, frets, etc., especially 
that which is applied to washable materials, as towels, 
etc. Such embroidery, as originally practised by the Rus- 
sian peasants, includes also the insertion of openwork pat- 
terns, strips of bright-colored material, and needlework 
representations of animals and the like conventional but 
very decorative. Russian horn-band. See horn-band. 
Russian isinglass, isinglass prepared from the swim- 
ming-bladders ofthe. Russian sturgeon, Acipenser huso. 
Russian musk, musk obtained from Russia, and inferior 
to that which comes from China. Russian porcelain, 
porcelain made in Russia, especially that of the imperial 
factory established by the czarina Elizabeth in 1756, and 
maintained by the sovereigns since that time. The mark 
is the initial of the reigning sovereign with a crown above 
it. The paste is very hard and of a bluish tinge. Rus- 
sian sable. See sable. Russian stitch, in crochet. See 
stitch. Russian tapestry, a stout material of hemp or 
of coarse linen, used for window-curtains, etc. Russian- 
tapestry Work, embroidery in crewels or other thread 
on Russian tapestry as a foundation. It is done rapidly, 
and is used for the borders of window-curtains, etc. 
II. n. 1. A native or a citizen of Rus- 
sia ; a member of the principal branch of the 
Slavic race, forming the chief part of the popu- 
lation of European Russia, and the dominant 
people in Asiatic Russia. 2. A Slavic lan- 
guage, belonging to the southeastern branch 
(which includes also the Bulgarian). Its chief 
form is the Great Russian ; other important dialects are 
Little Russian and White Russian. Abbreviated Rugs. 
Great Russian, (a) A member of the main stock of the 
Russian people, forming the hulk of the population in the 
northern and central parts of European Russia ; the Great 
Russians have spread, however, into all regions of the em- 
pire, (b) The principal dialect of Russia, and the basis of 
the literary language. Little Russian, (o) One of a 
race dwelling in southern and southwestern Russia, num- 
bering about 14,000,000, and allied to the Great Russians. 
Members of this race in the Austrian empire are called 
Rutheniam. (b) The Russian dialect spoken by the Little 
Russians and Ruthenians. Red Russian, (a) A member 
of a branch of the tattle Russians dwelling in Galicia and 
the neighboring parts of Hungary and Russia. (6) The 
dialect of the Red Russians.- White Russian, (a) A 
member of a branch of the Russian family whose seat is 
in the western part of the empire, east of Poland. (b) The 
dialect of this branch. 
Russianism (rush'an-izm), . [< Russian + 
-ism.'] Russian influence, tendencies, or char- 
acteristics. The American, XII. 219. 
Russianize (rush'an-iz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. 
RiiSfiiniir.cil. ],]ir. Russiani/ting. |< Kuaxiau + 
-ize.] To impart Russian characteristics to. 
5279 
The Tartar may learn the Russian language, but he does 
not on that account become hussianizeit. 
D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 167. 
Russification (rus"i-fi-ka'shon), n. [< Russify 
+ -ation (see -fieation).] The act or process of 
Russianizing, or of bringing over to Russian 
forms, habits, or principles; also, annexation 
to the Russian empire. 
The process of Rusti/icaKon may be likewise observed in 
the manner of building the houses and in the methods of 
fanning, which plainly show that the * innish races did not 
obtain rudimentary civilization from the Slavonians. 
D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 152. 
The school is the great means used by the Russian 
Government for the so-called Russification of Poland. 
Encyc. Brit., XIX. 311. 
That the Turk has got to go is now hardly open to 
doubt, and in as far as British statesmanship can promote 
the Germanisation, as opposed to the Russijication, of 
Turkey in Europe, our policy should be directed to that 
end. nineteenth Century, XXI. 556. 
Russify (rus'i-fi), v. t.; pret. and pp. Russified, 
ppr. Russifying. [< Russ (NL. Rtissus) + -fy.] 
To Russianize. 
The aboriginal Meryas have been completely Russified. 
Encyc. Brit. , XXIV. 731. 
Russniak (rus'ni-ak), n. [Little Russ. Rusnak 
(Hung. Rusenjak) : see Russ.] Same as Rutlie- 
nian, 1. 
Russo-Byzantine (rus'o-biz"an-tin), a. Noting 
the national art of Russia, and especially the 
characteristic architecture of Russia, which is 
Russo-Byzantine Architecture. Cathedral of the Assumption, 
Kremlin, Moscow. 
based on the Byzantine, but evolved and differ- 
entiated in obedience to race characteristics. 
There is much sound art and construction in Russian 
architecture, despite the grotesque and fantastic charac- 
teristics of some examples. 
Russo-Greek (rus'o-greV), a. Of or pertaining 
to both the Russians and the Greeks. Russo- 
Greek Church. See Russian Church, under Russian. 
Russophile (rus'o-fil), w. and a. [= F. russo- 
phile, < NL. Russus, Russ (see RUSH), + Gr. 
Qtfalv, love.] I. n. One who favors Russia or 
the Russians, or Russian policy, principles, or 
enterprises. 
The offer is totally hollow, and one which cannot be ac- 
cepted, even by the most willing Sussophile. 
C. Marvin, Gates of Herat, viii. 
II. a. Favoring Russian methods or enter- 
prises. 
The so-called Russophile traders in politics. 
C. Marvin, Russian Advance towards India, i. 
RuSSOphilism (rus'o-fil-izm), w. [< RussopJiilc 
+ -ism.] The doctrines, sentiments, or prin- 
ciples of a Russophile. 
Russophilist 'rus'o-fil-ist), n. [< Russophile + 
-ist.] Same as Russophile. 
Russophobe (rus'o-fob), n. [NL., < Rmsiis, 
Russ, + Gr. -0oj3of,' < ijiofiuaSai, fear.] Same as 
RussopJiobist. 
The unanimity of the condemnation of Russia on the 
part of the representative organs of public opinion indi- 
cates clearly enough that the union of Russophiles and 
Russophobes . . . has not been disrupted by the wrangles 
at home. Contemporary JRev.,L. 267. 
Russophobia (rus-6-fo'bi-a), n. [< NL. 7?ic.--. 
Russ, + Gr. -</ioftia,t Qo/ieiaOai, fear.] A dread of 
Russia or of Russian policy; a strong feeling 
against Russia or the Russians. 
rust 
For some reason or other the Russophobia which pre- 
vailed so largely when first I began to take an interest in 
foreign affairs has gone out of fashion. 
Nineteenth Century, XXI. 643. 
Russophobism (rns'o-fo-bizm), n. [< Russo- 
phobe + -ism.] Same as Russophobia. 
Equally guilty would be a blind, unreasoning Russo- 
phobisin attributing sinister designs to every Russian ad- 
vance. Brit. Quarterly Ren., LXXXIII. 346. 
Russophobist (rus'6-fo-bist), n. [< Russophobe 
+ -ist.] One who dreads the Russians or their 
policy; one whose feelings are strongly against 
Russia, its people, or its policy. 
These opinions cannot but be so many red rags to Eng- 
lish Russophobitts. C. Marvin, Gates of Herat, p. 88. 
russud (rus'ud), n. [< Hind, rasad, a progres- 
sive increase or diminution of tax, also the 
amount of such increase or diminution, orig. a 
store of grain provided for an army, < Pers. ra- 
sad, a supply of provisions.] In India, a pro- 
gressively inci'easing land-tax. 
Russula (rus'u-la), n. [NL. (Fries, 1836), so 
called in allusion to the color of the pileus in 
some species ; fern, of LL. rttssulus, reddish, 
dim. of L. TUSSUS, red: see russet.] A genus of 
hymenomycetous fungi of the class Agaricini, 
differing from Agaricus by having the trama 
vesiculose and the lamellte fragile, not filled 
with milk. The pileus is fleshy and convex ; the stem is 
stout, polished, and spongy within ; the veil is obsolete ; 
the spores are white or pale-yellow, usually echinulate. 
There are many species, all growing on the ground. A 
few of the species are edible, but most are noxious. 
rust 1 (rust), n. [< ME. rust, rost, roust, < AS. 
rust = OS. rost = D. roest = MLG. rost, rust = 
OHG. MHG. G. rost = Sw. rost = Dan. rust (not 
found in Goth., where nidwa is used), rust ; with 
formative -st,< nul-, root of AS. redd, red, rudu, 
redness: see red 1 . Cf. Icel. rytli, rust, MHG. 
rot, rust, etc., OSlav. riisda, Lith. rudis, Lett. 
rusa, rust, L. rubigo, robigo, rust; all from the 
same root.] 1. The red or orange-yellow coat- 
ing which is formed on the surface of iron 
when exposed to air and moisture ; red oxid of 
iron ; in an extended sense, any metallic oxid 
forming a coat on the metal. Oil-paint, varnish, 
plumbago, a Him of caoutchouc, or a coating of tin may 
be employed, according to circumstances, to prevent the 
rusting of iron utensils. 
And that (yer long) the share and coultar should 
Rub off their rust vpon your Roofs of gold. 
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 2. 
Go home, and hang your arms up ; let rust rot 'em. 
Fletcher, Bonduca, Iv. 3. 
A pound of metal produces considerably more than a 
pound of its rust. In point of fact, every 100 Ibs. of quick 
silver will produce not less than 108 Ibs. of red rust. 
Huxley, Physiography, vi. 
2. Ill metal-working, a composition of iron- 
filings and sal ammoniac, with sometimes a 
little sulphur, moistened with water and used 
for filling fast joints. Oxidation rapidly sets in, and 
the composition, after a time, becomes very hard, and 
takes thorough hold of the surfaces between which it 
is placed. A joint formed in this way is called a rust- 
joint. 
3. In hot., a fungous growth on plants which 
resembles rust on metal ; plant-disease caused 
by fungi of the class Uredinex (which see, for 
special characterization) : sameas&rand,6. See 
Fungi, mildew, Pitccinia, and Trichobasis; also 
black rust and red rust, below. 
From the observations of Prof. Henslow, it seems cer- 
tain that rust is only an earlier form of mildew. 
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., $ 319. 
High farming encourages the development of rust, espe- 
cially If the wheat is rank and it becomes lodged or fallen. 
Science, III. 457. 
4. Any foul extraneous matter; a corrosive, in- 
jurious, or disfiguring accretion. 
A haunted house, 
That keeps the rust of murder on the walls. 
Tennyson, Guinevere. 
5. Any growth, influence, or habit tending to 
injure the mental or moral faculties; a habit 
or tendency which clogs action or usefulness ; 
also, the state of being affected with such a 
habit, 
But, lord, thouj y haue ben vniust, 
Bit thorns the help of thi benignite 
I hope to rubbe aweye the rust, 
With penaunce, from my goostli yse. 
Political Poems, etc. (ed. furnivall), p. 189. 
How he glisters 
Thorough my rust .' and how his piety 
Does my deeds make the blacker ! 
Shak., W. T., ill. 2. 172. 
Those Fountains and Streams of all Polite Learning [the 
universities] have not yet been able to wash away that 
slavish Rust that sticks to ypu. 
Milton, Aus. to Salmasius, iii. 96. 
