sacrum 
pelvic arch, wedged in posteriorly between the ilia, with 
which it articulates or unites by the sacro-iliac synchon- 
drosis, all the body above being supported, so far as its 
bony basis is concerned, by the sacrum alone. A similar 
Human Sacrum. A, anterior surface ; S, posterior surface. 
but narrower, straighter, less pyramidal and more hori- 
zontal sacrum composed of a few bones (usually two to 
five, sometimes ten) characterizes Mammalia at large. 
(See sacral.) In birds a great number of vertebrae are 
ankylosed to form the sacrarium or so-called sacrum, and 
a large number unite with the ilia, but the greater num- 
Sacruni of a Bird (young chick) before ankylosis has occurred, 
showing (//, dorsolumbar, .r, sacral proper, and c, urosacral vertebrae 
all of which fuse together in adult life to form the sacrarium. 
her of these are borrowed from both the lumbar and the 
coccygeal series, and in this class it has been proposed to 
limit the term sacrum to the few (three to five) vertebne 
which are in special relation with the sacral plexus. (See 
urosacral.) In some reptiles or batrachians a single rib- 
bearing vertebra may be united with the ilia, and so rep- 
resent alone a sacrum. Also called rump-bone. See also 
cuts under epipleura. Ornithoscelida, pell-is, Ichthyosauria, 
Dtnontfg. pterodactyl, sacrarium'2, and marsupial. Cor- 
nua of the sacrum. See cornu. Curve of the sacrum, 
the longitudinal concavity of the sacrum, remarkably deep 
in man. It approximates to Carus's curve, which is the 
curved axis of the true pelvis of the human female. 
Promontory of the sacrum, the sacrovertebral or sa- 
crolumbar angle, made between the sacrum and the ante- 
cedent vertebra, remarkably salient in man. 
sacry-bellt (sa'kri-bel), )i. Same as sacring bell 
(which see, under bell 1 ). 
sad (sad), a. [< ME. sad, seel, < AS. sted, full, 
sated, having had one's fill, as of food, drink, 
fighting, etc., = OS. sad = MD. sad, sat, D. sat 
= OHG. MHG. sat, G. satt = Icel. satlir, later 
saddr = Goth, saths, full, sated (cf . sotJis, satie- 
ty) ; orig. pp. with suffix -d (as in cold, old, etc. : 
see -d 2 , -erf 2 ), < / sa, fill, which appears also in 
L. sat, satis, sufficiently, satur, sated, Gr. a/ievai, 
satiate, anrof, insatiable, a&r/v, sufficiently, Olr. 
sathach, sated, sasaim, I satisfy, saitli, satiety: 
see sate 2 , satiate, and satisfy. The develop- 
ment of the concrete physical sense 'heavy' 
from that of the mental sense 'heavy' (if it 
does not come from the orig. sense ' filled ') is 
parallel with the development of 'keen,' sharp- 
' 
5296 
Hym selfe on a md horse surely enarmyt, 
That Galathe with gomys gynen was to noinc. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6244. 
But we saddere men owen to susteync the f eblenesses of 
sijkemen, and not plese to vs silf. Wydif, Rom. xv. 1. 
8f. Settled; fixed; i-esolute. 
Yet in the brest of hir virginitee 
Ther was enclosed rype and tad corage. 
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 164. 
If a man in synne be sadde, 
Ech day newe, and lieth ther-inne, 
Of such a man God is moore gladde 
Than of a childe that neuere dide synne. 
Hymn* to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.^ p. 75. 
Loke your hertes be seker and sad. 
Lytett Oeste of Itobyn Uode (Child's Ballads, V. 82). 
9f. Steadfast; constant; trusty; faithful. 
deere wyf ! O gemme of lustiheed ! 
That were to me so sad, and eek so trewe. 
Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, 1. 171. 
Then Ecuba esely ordant a message, 
Sent to that souerain by a sad frynde. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 10527. 
10f. Sober; serious; grave; sedate; discreet; 
responsible; wise; sage. 
In ensaumple that men schulde se that by sadde resoun 
Men mijt nougt be saued, but thoruj mercy and grace. 
Piers Plowman (B), xv. 541. 
In Surrye whilom dwelte a compaignye 
Of chapmen riche, and therto sadde and trewe. 
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 87. 
And vppon these iij lordes wise and sadde 
A poyntid were to goo on this massage 
Onto the Sowdon and his Baronage. 
Oenerydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3134. 
To sadde wise men he yaf soche thinge as hym dought 
sholtle hem plese ; and with hem he heilde companye, and 
enquered in the centre what myght hem beste plese. 
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), i. 106. 
A jest with a sad brow. Shot., 2 Hen. IV., v. 1. 92. 
Receive from me 
A few sad words, which, set against your joys, 
May make 'em shine the more. 
Beau, and Fl., King and No King, ii. 1. 
11. Sorrowful; melancholy; mournful; de- 
jected. 
Methinks no body should be sad but I : 
Yet I remember, when I was in France, 
Young gentlemen would be as sad as night, 
Only for wantonness. Shak., K. John, iv. 
What, are you sad too, uncle? 
Faith, then there 's a whole household down together. 
Middleton, Women Beware Women, i. 2. 
Sod for their loss, but joyful of our life. 
Pope, Odyssey, ix. 72. 
1 2. Expressing or marked by sorrow or melan- 
choly. 
Of all sad words of tongue or pen, 
The saddest are these : "It might have been !" 
Whittier, Maud Muller. 
13. Having the external appearance of sorrow ; 
gloomy ; downcast : as, a sad countenance. 
Methinks your looks are sad, your cheer appall'd 
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 2. 48. 
But while I mused came Memory with sad eyes, 
Holding the folded annals of my youth. 
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter. 
. l. 15. 
edged, from 'keen,' eager, bold.] If. Full; 14. Distressing; grievous; disastrous: as, a 
having had one's fill; sated; surfeited; hence, sad accident ; &sad disappointment, 
satiated; wearied; tired; sick. 
Sad of mine londe. 
Layamon. 
Yet of that art they can not wexen sadde, 
For unto hem it is a bitter swete. 
Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 324. 
2f. Heavy; weighty; ponderous. 
With that his hand, more sad then lomp of lead 
Uplifting high, he weened with Morddure, 
His owne good sword Morddure, to cleave his head. 
Spenser, F. Q., II. viii. 30. 
3f. Firm; solid; fixed. 
He is Ivk to a man bildinge an hous, that diggide deepe 
and puttide the foundement on a stoon. Sothli greet 
flowing maad flood was hurtlid to that hous, and it myste 
not moue it, for it was foundid on a sad stoon. 
WycHf, Luke vi. 48. 
4f. Close; compact ; hard; stiff; not light or soft. 
Ar then the lande be waxen sadde or tough 
Palladiw, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 50. 
Chalky lands are naturally cold and sad. 
Mortimer, Husbandry. 
5. Heavy; soggy; doughy; that has not risen 
well: as, sad! bread. [Old and prov. Eng.] 
6t. Weighty; important; momentous. 
A sadder chance hath given allay 
Both to the mirth and music of this day. 
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2. 
Insulting Age will trace his cruel Way, 
And leave sad marks of his destructive Sway. 
Prior, Celia to Damon. 
15. Troublesome; trying; bad; wicked: some- 
times used jocularly : as, a sad grumbler ; a sad 
rogue. 
Then does he begin to call himself the saddest fellow, in 
disappointing so many places as he was invited to else- 
where. Steele, Spectator, No. 448. 
I have been told as how London is a sad place. 
H. Mackenzie, Man of Feeling, xiT. 
16. Dark; somber; sober; quiet: applied to 
color: as, a sad brown. 
With him the Palmer eke in habit sad 
Him selfe aoTdrest to that adventure hard. 
Spenser, F. Q., II. xi. 3. 
My wife is upon hanging the long chamber, where the 
girl lies, with the sad stuff that was in the best chamber. 
Pepys, Diary, Aug. 24, 1668. 
[Bring] the coarsest woollen cloth (so it be not flocks), 
and of sad colours, and some red. 
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 458. 
Syn. 11 and 13. Depressed, cheerless, desponding, dis- 
consolate. 14. Dire, deplorable. 
saddle 
2f. To strengthen; establish; confirm. 
Austyn the olde here-of he made bokes, 
And hym-self ordeyned to sadde vs in bileue. 
Piers Plowman (B), x. 242. 
3. To sadden; make sorrowful; grieve. 
Nothing sads me so much as that, in love 
To thee and to thy blood, I had pick'd out 
A worthy match for her. 
Middletnn, Women Beware Women, iv. 1. 
But alas! this is it that saddeth our hearts, and makes 
us look for more and more sad tidings concerning the af- 
fairs of the church, from all parts of the world. 
Baxter, Self-Denial, Conclusion. 
sad (sad), adv. [< ME. sadde, sade; < sad, a.] 
If. Strongly; stiffly. 
Sadde cleyed well thai save beth leide to slepe. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 160. 
2f. Soberly; prudently; discreetly. 
Thus thi frendes wylle be glade 
That thou dispos the wyslye and sade. 
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 60. 
3. Closely; firmly: as, to lie sad. [Scotch.] 
sad-colored (sad'kul'ord), a. Of somber or 
sober hue. 
A sad-coloured stand of claiths. 
Scott, Monastery, Int. Epistle, p. 11. 
sadden (sad'n), r. [< sad + -CM!.] I. intrans. 
1. To become heavy, compact, or firm; harden, 
as land or roads after a thaw or rain. [Prov. 
Eng.] 2. To become sad or sorrowful. 
And Mecca saddens at the long delay. 
Thomson, Summer, 1. 979. 
He would pause in his swift course to admire the bright 
face of some cottage child ; then sadden to think of what 
might be its future lot. E. Dowden, Shelley, I. 80. 
II. trans. If. To make compact; make heavy 
or firm; harden. 
Marl is binding, and saddening of land is the great pre- 
judice it doth to clay lands. Mortimer, Husbandry. 
2. To make sad ; depress ; make gloomy or 
melancholy. 
Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene. 
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, I. 167. 
Accursed be he who willingly saddens an immortal spirit. 
Mary. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent, p. 27. 
3. To make dark-colored; specifically, in dye- 
ing and calico-printing, to tone down or shade 
(the colors employed) by the application of cer- 
tain agents, as salts of iron, copper, or bichro- 
mate of potash. 
For saddening olives, drabs, clarets, Ac., and for cotton 
blacks, it [copperas] has been generally discarded in favour 
of nitrate of iron. 
W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 536. 
saddle (sad'l), . [< ME. sadel, < AS. sadol, 
sadul, sadel = OD. sadel, D. sadel = MLG. LG. 
sadel = OHG. satal, satul, MHG. satel, G. sattel 
= Icel. sothull = Sw. Dan. sadel, a saddle; per- 
haps of Slavic origin : cf . OBulg. Serv. Bohem. 
sedlo = Pol. siodlo = Russ. siedlo, a saddle (Finn. 
satula, a saddle, perhaps < Teut.) ; ult. < / sad, 
sit: seesii. Cf. L. sella (for *sedla), a seat, chair, 
saddle (see selft), sedile, a chair, from the same 
root.] 1. A contrivance secured on the back 
of a horse or other animal, to servo as a seat 
for a rider or for supporting goods packed for 
transportation, (a) The seat of wood or leather pro- 
vided for a rider, especially on horseback : as, vKt-saddle, 
TTL 
The crowe anon hym tolde 
By tadde tokenes and by wordes bolde 
How that his wyf had doon hir lechery* sad (sad), v. t. ; pret'and "pp. sodded, ppr. sad- 
Chancer, Manc.ple's Tale, 1. 154. ding , [< Mlt! sadde,,, < AS. sadian, be sated 
or tired, gcsadiati, fill, satisfy, satiate (= OHG. 
saton, MHG. saten = Icel. sethja, satisfy), < seed, 
I am on many sad adventures bound 
That call me forth into the wilderness. 
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, iv. 2. 
7f. Strong ; stout : said of a person or an ani- 
mal. 
It makethe a man more strong and more sad azenst his 
Enemyes. Mandeville, Travels, p. 159. 
Anoon the groundis and plauntis or solis of him ben 
sodded togidere, and he lippingc stood and wandride. 
Wydif, Acts iii. 7. 
4, English riding-saddle ; B, ladies' saddle, or side-saddle ; C 
McClellan saddle ; D, cowboy saddle ; E, saddletree, a, seat ; * 
jockey ; c. c', pad ; tf, skirt ; e, girth \f, stirrup ; f, pommel; h, knee- 
puff; i. thigh-puff; A, cinch ; I, cantle ; m, honi. 
hunting-saddle, raclng-ddfc, side-soddfc, McOlellan sad- 
dle, Mexican saddle. The riders' saddle has differed great- 
ly in construction and in use among different nations and 
at different times, especially as to the length of the stir- 
rups and the posture of the rider. 
"Mylorde,"he seid, "that ye will in this nede 
Chaunge my Sadyll and sett it on this stede." 
Oenerydes (E. E. T. S.), I. 2254. 
