sandpiper 
peculiar to the Prybilof (or Pribylov) Islands of Alaska. 
Red-backed sandpiper, the American dunlin, Tringa 
(Pelidna) americana of Ca&sin, paciftca of Cones, in full 
plumage. See cut under dunlin. Red-necked sand- 
piper, an Asiatic stint, Trinya ntjtcollis of Peter S. Pallas. 
I. Hi/in in, 1785. Red sandpiper, the aherdeen ; the knot 
in full plumage ; the robin-snipe, Triiiya ixlandica, now 
T. conudw. Selninger sandpiper, the purple sand- 
piper. Pennant; Latham. Semipalmated sandpiper, 
Ereunetes piwillus, one of the commonest peeps of Amer- 
ica. See cut under Ereunetee. Senegal sandpipert, an 
African spur-winged plover (Farm erneijalla of Linntcus, 
Triivja stnegaUa of Latham, 1790). Latham, 1785. Sharp- 
tailed sandpiper, Triwja (Actodromas) acuminata of 
Horsfleld (1821). much like the pectoral sandpiper, and of 
about the same size, common in Asia, rare in Alaska. 
Shore sandpiper, (a) The ruff. (6t) Of Pennant, the 
green sandpiper : called Tringa littorea by Linnaeus, and 
Mr. Oldham't white heron by Albin. Solitary sand- 
piper, the green sandpiper of America. See cut under 
, 
RhyacophUut. Spoon-billed sandpiper. See def. 1. 
Spotted sandpiper. See def. 1. This is the spotted 
trinya of Edwards. Stilt-sandpiper. See def 1. 
Streaked sandpipert, the surf bird, Aphriza viryata, 
called Tringa viryata (and T. borealie) by Latham (1790). 
The earliest description is under this name, by Latham in 
1785, from the northwest coast of North America (Sand- 
wich Sound). Striated sandpipert , the redshank. Pen- 
nant; Latham, 1785. Swiss sandpipert, the black-bel- 
lied plover, Squatarola (formerly Tringa) helvetica. Hav- 
ing four toes, this plover used to be classed with the sand- 
pipers. Pennant; Latham, 1785. Temmlnck's sand- 
piper. See glint. Terek sandpiper. See Terelcia. 
Three-toed sandpiper, the sanderling. See cut under 
sanderling. Uniform sandpipert, a sandpiper so called 
by Pennant and Latham, from Iceland. waved sand- 
pipert, a sandpiper supposed to be the knot in some ob- 
scure plumage (Tringa undata of Brunnich, 1764). Pen- 
nant; Latham, 1785. White-winged sandpiper of La- 
tham, Tringa leucoptera of Gmelin (1788), a remarkable 
sandpiper of Polynesia, related to the buff-breasted sand- 
piper, and type of the genus Progobonia of Bonaparte 
(1S53). Wilson's sandpiper, the American least sand- 
piper, peep, or stint. See stint. Yellow-legged sand- 
piper, the ruff. 
sand-pit (sand 'pit), . A place or pit from 
which sand is excavated. 
sand-plover (sand'pluy"er), . A ringneck, 
ring-necked plover, or ring-plover; any species 
of the genus JEgiaKtcs, as a ring-dotterel, which 
frequents sandy beaches. See cuts under jEgi- 
alites and piping-plater. 
sand-prey (sand'pra), n. Same as sand-pride. 
sand-pride (sand'prid), n. A petromyzontoid 
verteorate, also known as mud-lamprey and 
sandpiper, in its young or larval condition, 
when it has a short horseshoe-shaped mouth. 
It is found in many rivers and streams of Europe, reaches 
a length of 6 or 7 inches, and is of a brown color. See 
pride'^. 
sand-pump (sand'pump), M. 1. In rope-drilling, 
a cylinder, provided with a valve at the bottom, 
wliich is low- 
ered into the 
drill-hole from 
time to time to 
remove the pul- 
verized rock, or 
sludge. Also 
called sludger. 
[Pennsylvania 
oil - regions.] 
2. A powerful 
water-jet with 
an annular 
nozle inclosing 
a tube which is 
sunk in loose 
sand, and oper- 
ates as an injec- 
tor to lift the 
sand with the 
water which 
discharges back 
through the 
tube. This form 
is used in caissons 
for sinking bridge- 
foundations, and is 
sometimes called a 
sand-ejector. It is 
a modification of 
the jet-pump. The 
Sand-pump. 
, sand to be removed ; b, suction-pipe ; e, 
induction-pipe ; d, discharge-pipe. 
water, passing upward around the upper end of the suc- 
tion-pipe, produces an upward draft or suction on the 
mingled sand and water below, drawing it upward and 
discharging it through d. 
sand-rat (saud'rat), n. A pocket-gopher of the 
genus Thomomys, found in sandy places in the 
western coast-region of North America ; the 
camass-rat. The term applies to some other members 
of the family, as the common Geomys bursarius. See cuts 
under camaes-rat and Geomyidtt. 
sand-reed (sand 'red), . A shore-grass, the 
marram or beach-grass, Ammophila arundi- 
nacea. 
sand-reel (sand'rel), . A windlass, forming 
part of a well-boring outfit, used for operating 
a sand-pump. 
5332 
sand-ridge (sand'rij), . [< ME. 
AS. Kuudhrycg, a sand-bank, < saiiil, san'd, + 
/iii/ft/, back, ridge.] A sand-bank. 
sandrock (sand'rok), H. Same as xiindxlmir : 
term occasionally used in England, but very 
rarely in the United States. The Great Sandrock 
is the local name of a member of one of the lower divisions 
of the Inferior Oolite series in England. It is from 50 to 
100 feet thick, and is extensively quarried for building 
purposes. 
Sand-roll (sand'rol), n. A metal roll cast in 
sand: in contradistinction to a chilled roll, 
which is cast in a chill. 
sandrunner (sand'run'er), . A sandpiper. 
sand-saucer (sand'sa"ser), . A popular name 
for the egg-mass of a naticoid gastropod, as 
i.iiiintiii heron, commonly found on beaches, re- 
sembling the rim of a saucer or lamp-shade 
broken at one place and covered with sand. 
See cut under Satim. 
sand- scoop (sand'- 
skop), n. A form of 
dredge used for 
scooping up sand 
from a river-bed. 
sand-screen (sand'- 
skren), . A large 
sieve consisting of a 
frame fitted with a 
wire grating or net- 
ting of the desired 
fineness, propped up 
by a support at a con- 
venient angle, and 
used to sift out pebbles and stones from sand 
which is thrown against it with a shovel. The 
fine sand passes through the screen, while stones and 
gravel fall down in front Also called sand-sifter. 
sandscrew (sand'skro), n. An amphipod, Lepi- 
dactylits arenaria, which burrows in the sand of 
the sea-shores in Europe and America. 
sand-shark (sand'shark), n. A small voracious 
shark. Odontaspis or Carcharias littorulis, also 
called shovelnosc. The name extends to all the 
Carchfiriidse as restricted by Jordan, by most 
writers called Odontaspididse. 
sand-shot (sand'shot), . Small cast-iron balls, 
such as grape, canister, or case, cast in sand, 
larger balls being cast in iron molds. 
sand-shrimp (saud'shrimp), n. A shrimp: an 
indefinite term. In Europe Crangon vulgaris 
is sometimes so called. 
sand-sifter (sand'sifter), H. Same as sand- 
screen. 
sand-skink (sand'skingk), . A skink found 
in sandy places, as Seps ocellatiis of southern 
Europe. 
sand-skipper (sand'skip'er), . A sand-hopper 
or beach -flea. 
sand-smelt (sand'smelt), n. An atherine or 
silversides ; any fish of the family Atherinidte. 
A common British sand-smelt is Atherina pres- 
byter. See cut under silrersides. 
Sand-snake (sand'snak), n. 1. A colubrine 
serpent of the family Psammophidse, as Psam- 
mophis sibil nun. Also called desert-snake. 2. 
A boa-like Old World serpent of the family 
Erycidte, quite different from the foregoing, as 
Eri/x jaculus of India, and others. See cut un- 
der Eryx. 
sand-snipe (sand'snip), . A general or occa- 
sional name of any sandpiper; especially, the 
common spotted sandpiper or summer-piper of 
Europe, Tritif/oides hypoleucus. 
sand-sole (sand'sol), n. A sole, Solea lascaris. 
See borhame. 
sandspout (sand'spout), . A pillar of sand, 
similar in appearance to a waterspout, raised 
by the strong inflowing and ascending currents 
of a whirlwind of small radius. The height of the 
column depends on the strength of the ascending currents 
and the altitude at which they are turned outward from 
the vortex. Sandspouts are frequently observed in Ara- 
bia, India, Australia, Arizona, and other hot countries and 
tracts having desert sands. 
sand-spurry (sand'spur'i), n. A plant of the 
genus Spergularia. 
sand-star (sand'star), n. 1. Any starfish or 
five-fingers. 2. An ophiuran ; a brittle-star, 
having long slender fragile arms attached to a 
small circular body. 
sandstay (sand'sta), H. An Australian shrub 
or small tree, Leptofpermwm terigatum, a spe- 
cially effective plant for staying drift-sands in 
warm climates. 
sandstone (sand'ston), n. [= D. zandsteen = 
G. sandstein = Sw. Dan. sandsteti; as sand 1 + 
stnne.~\ A rock formed by the consolidation of 
sand. The grains composing sandstone are almost ex- 
sandstone 
cluaively quartz, this mineral resisting decomposition, and 
only becoming worn into tiner particles as abrasion con- 
tinues, while almost all other minerals entering into the 
composition of ordinary rocks are liable to dissolve and be 
carried away in solution, or be worn down into :<n impal- 
pable powder, so as to be deposited as mud. Sandstones 
may contain also clayey or calcareous particles, or be ce- 
mented by so large a quantity of ferruginous or calcareous 
matter as to have their original character quite obscured. 
Hence varieties of sandstones are qualified by the epithets 
argillaceous, calcareous, ferruyinmis, etc. Berea sand- 
stone, a sandstone or grit belonging to the Carboniferous 
series, extensively quarried as a building-stone and for 
grindstones in Ohio and especially in the vicinity of Berea 
(whence the name). CaradOC sandstone, a sandstone of 
Lower Silurian age, very nearly the geological equivalent 
of the Bala group in Merionethshire, Wales, and of the 
Trenton limestone of the New York geologists. The name 
was given by Murchison, from the locality of Caer Caradoc, 
in Shropshire, England. Flexible sandstone. See ita- 
columitf. Medina sandstone, a red or mottled and 
somewhat argillaceous sandstone forming, according to 
the classification of the New York Survey, the base of the 
Upper Silurian series. It corresponds nearly to the Upper 
Llandovery of the English geologists. It is the "Levant" 
or No. IV. of the Pennsylvania Survey. 
"A mountain of IV."is perhaps the commonest expres- 
sion in American geology. These mountains are very nu- 
merous, being reiterated outcrops or reappearances and 
disappearances of the Medina sandstone as it rises and 
sinks in the Appalachian waves. 
J. P. LetHey, Coal and its Topography, p. 59. 
New Red Sandstone, a name formerly given in Eng- 
land to a great mass of strata consisting largely of red 
shales and sandstones and overlying rocks, belonging to 
the Carboniferous series. A part of the New Red Sand- 
stone is now considered to belong to the Permian series, 
since the organic remains which it contains are decidedly 
Paleozoic in character. The upper division of these red 
rocks, although retaining to a very considerable extent the 
same lithological characters as the lower division, differs 
much from it in respect to the fossils it contains, which 
are decidedly of a Mesozoic type, and form a portion of the 
so-called Triassic series. The term New Red Sandstone is 
still used to some extent in England, and has been ap- 
plied in the United States to the red sandstones of the 
Connecticut river valley, which are generally considered 
to be of Triassic age. See Triassic. Old Red Sandstone, 
a name given in England, early in the history of geology, 
to a group of marls, sandstones, tllestones, and conglom- 
erates seen over an extensive area, and especially in Here- 
fordshire, Worcestershire, Shropshire, and South Wales, 
cropping out from under the coal-measures and resting 
on the Silurian. These rocks were called Old lied, to dis- 
tinguish them from a somewhat similar series overlying 
the Carboniferous, and designated as the New Red Sand- 
ttone. The name Devonian was given later by Sedgwick 
and Murchison to rocks occurring in Devon and Cornwall 
and occupying a stratigraphical position similar to that of 
the Old Red, and the name Devonian is now in general use 
throughout the world as designating that part of the geo- 
logical series which lies between the Silurian and the Car- 
boniferous. The name Old Red Sandstone has, however, 
been retained by English geologists to designate that pe- 
culiar type of the Devonian which is less distinctively ma- 
rine than the Devonian proper, and which is characterized 
by the presence of numerous land-plants and ganoid fishes, 
as well as by the absence of unequivocally marine or- 
ganisms. The areas in which these deposits were laid 
down are generally considered to have been lakes or 
inland seas. The Old Red Sandstone, as thus limited, 
seems to have been almost exclusively confined to the 
British Isles ; and it is particularly well developed in Scot- 
land, and also is of considerable importance in Ireland. 
Oriskany sandstone, the name given by the New York 
Geological Survey to a group of strata lying between the 
Lower Helderberg group and the Cauda-galli grit, and 
considered by James Hall as forming the uppermost divi- 
sion of the Upper Silurian. In central New York it is 
chiefly a silicious sandstone, but is sometimes argilla- 
ceous ; it extends west as far as Missouri, becoming more 
calcareous. Spir\fer arenosus is a very characteristic fos- 
sil of this group over a wide area. It is No. VII. of the 
numerical designation of the Pennsylvania Survey, and 
the "Meridian " of H. D. Rogers's nomenclature. Pocono 
sandstone, a very thick and persistent mass of sand- 
stones and conglomerates underlying the Hunch Chunk 
Red Shale, and forming the base of the Carboniferous in 
Pennsylvania. It is No. X. of the numerical notation of 
the First Pennsylvania Survey, and the same as the "Ves- 
pertine" of H. D. Rogers. 
The Pottsville conglomerate forms a rim around the 
coal basins, and the Pocoiw sandstone and conglomerate 
an outer rim, with a valley included between them eroded 
out of the Mauch Chunk red shale. 
C. A. Athtnirner, Anthracite Coal-fields of Penn., p. 13. 
Potsdam sandstone, in geol., the lowest division of the 
Lower Silurian, and the lowestzone in whichdistlnct traces 
of life have been found in the United States : so named by 
the geologists of the New York Survey from a town of that 
name in that State. The formation is a conspicuous and 
important one further west through the region of the Great 
Lakes. It is the equivalent of the Primordial of Barrande, 
and of the Cambrian or Cambro-Silurian of some geolo- 
gist*. Among the fossils which characterize thisformation 
are certain genera of brachiopods (Linffvlella , Obolella, Or- 
this, Discina) and trilobites of the genera Conocoryphe and 
Paradoxules. The Potsdam, Primordial, or Cambrian rocks 
have been variously subdivided in Europe and America 
within the past few years. Thus, the Canadian geologists 
call the lower section, as developed in Newfoundland, 
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, Acadian, and the over- 
lying beds Georgian. In Nevada five divisions have In rn 
made out. The rocks thus designated, however, are pale- 
ontologically closely related ; neither is there, in the opin- 
ion of most Continental geologists, any sufficient reason 
for separating the Cambrian, as a system, from the Silu- 
rian. St. Peter's sandstone, a sandstone, from CO to 100 
feet in thickness, consisting of almost chemically pure sili- 
cious material, which lies next above the so-called Lower 
Magnesian limestone in the upper Mississippi lead region, 
