Santenot 
Santenot (son-te-no'), . An excellent white 
f Burgundy, produced in the Cote d'Or. 
5337 
poison. It is one of the most efficacious vermifuges for 
roundworms. 
sape 
duced in the sumc 
climate. 
santer (sta'- 
ter), i'. i. A dia- 
lectal spelling 
of sti it liter. 
santir, santur 
(san'ter), n. A 
variety of dul- 
cimer used in 
the East. 
The prototype of 
our pianoforte is 
evidently the dul- 
cimer, known at an 
early time to the 
Arabs and Persians, 
who call it santir. 
It was played by 
means of two 
slightly curved 
sticks. 
S. K. Art Band- 
{book. No. v., 
[p. 5. 
Santist, Santost, 
(see def . ) + -aw.] Pertaining to or named after 
the Venetian anatomist Santorini (1681-1737): 
as, the SdiitoriniiiH plexus (which see, under 
plejfus). 
Santorini's canal. See canal*. 
Santir, after a Persian painting. 
( From " South Kensington Museum Art 
Handbook.") 
Same as Sanctus. 
Santoli'na (san-'to-H'na), n. [NL. (Tourne- 
fort, 1700), said to be named from its repute in sanzt, prep 
Santorini's cartilage. 
rini, under cartilage. 
Santorini's fissures. Irregular fissures in the 
fibrocartilage of the pinna. 
Santorini's muscle. The risorius. 
Santorini's tubercles. Same as cormcula la- 
ri/ni/in (which see, under corniculum). 
santur, . See santir. 
Sanvitalia (san-vi-ta'li-a), n. [NL. (Lamarck, 
1792), named after the Sanvitali family of Par- 
ma.] A genus of composite plants, of the tribe 
Hflianthoidex and subtribe Zinniese. It is char- 
acterized by a flattened and chaffy receptacle, solitary 
heads with fertile disk-flowers and spreading pistillate 
rays, and achenes bare or tipped with nine short awns. 
The 3 or 4 species are annual or perennial branching herbs, 
natives of Mexico and Texas, bearing opposite entire 
leaves, and small heads with yellow or white rays and pur- 
ple centers suggesting Rudbeckia. S. procumbens is often 
cultivated for ornamental edgings. 
See sang. 
"They say he is the cleverest boy in the school. But 
then he saps." "In other words," said Mr. Dale, with 
proper parsonic gravity, "he understands he was sent to 
school to learn his lessons, and he learns them. Yon call 
that sapping. I call it doing his duty." 
Bvlwer, My Novel, i. 12. (Danes.) 
A pretty sportsman you are. . . . What 's that book on 
the ground V Sapptng and studying still ? 
Kingsley, Yeast, i. 
sap ;) (sap), n. [< OF. sapjie, F ; supe, a hoe, = 
in |* y~. /T - l_ ' - M. -I / * 
See cartilages of Santo- Sp. sapa = Pg. sapa, a spade, = It. zappa, a mat- 
tock, < ML. sappa, sapa, a hoe, mattock, perhaps 
corrupted < Gr. mcmdv)/, a hoe, digging-tool, < 
mairreiv, dig: see shave.] If. A tool for dig- 
ging; a mattock. 
in small heads, and alternate leaves which are finely dis- 
ton, so called from being used like lavender and from its 
dense hoary pubescence, is a neat bedding-plant contrast- 
ing well with darker foliage. Its name is extended to the 
other species, some of them also cultivated. 
santon (san'ton), n. [Earlier also santoon; = F. 
sainton, santon (also santoron, sanctoron, forms 
due to L. sanctorum, gen. pi. of sanctus, holy) 
= D. G. santon, < Sp. santon, a Turkish monk or 
friar (also Sp. santon = Pg.santSo, a hypocrite), 
< santo, sacred, holy (see saint 1 ), or else (in the 
Turkish sense) < Hind, sant, a devotee, a saint, 
chaffy'receptacle, long-stalked roundish heads of flowers Icel. saji = Sw. Dan. saft (conformed to (T.) 
without rays, corollas with a hooded appendage at the ( a ) Teut. root appar. *sap, or according to the 
base, smooth achenes which are three- or four-angled, and j ce j f orm SO J perhaps connected with OS. 
an involucre of many rows of dry and closely appressed , , OH(V w-nen stennen MHG seben Der- 
bracts. The 8 species are all natives of the Mediterranean sebbjan = OJ it,, seven, stppen, ngU.HH 
region They are shrubby and remarkably odorous plants, ceive, = L. sapere, taste, perceive, know . see 
very much branched at the base, bearing yellow flowers sa pid, sapient. (6) But perhaps the Teut. words 
! ._.,ii *,*, ,! ..n. .,.,,., i.. looses oiViioh a flnfiiv dis- afe Q j^ or igj nj _ p\ ge've, dial, sepf, sive = Pr. 
so&a = Sp. saba, sabia = Pg. seiva, juice, sap 
(of. F. saber, yield sap), < L. sapa, must, new 
wine boiled. Cf. AS. sseppe, spruce-fir, < L. 
sapinus, sappinus, a kind of fir. (c) Not con- 
nected, as some suppose, with Gr. bir6f, juice, 
sap, = L. sueus, succus, juice, sap, = Ir. sug = 
Kuss. soM, sap, = Lith. sakas, tree-gum : see 
opium, succulent.] 1. The juice or fluid which 
circulates in all plants, being as indispensable 
to vegetable life as is the blood to animal life. 
"' is the first product of the digestion of plant-food, and 
Zappa, a mattocke to dig and delue with, a sappe. 
Florio. 
2. [< sap 3 , v.] Milit., a narrow ditch or trench 
by which approach is made to a fortress or be- 
sieged place when within range of fire. The 
trench is formed by trained men (sappers), who place ga- 
bions as a coverfnlled with the earth taken from the trench) 
along the intended line of parapet the earth excavated 
after the gabions have been filled, being thrown toward 
the fortress, to form a parapet capable of resisting artillery. 
The single sap has only a single parapet ; the double has 
one on each side. A sap is usually made by four men 
working together. 
At three points on the Jackson road, in front of Leggett's 
brigade a sap was run up to the enemy's parapet, and by 
the 25th of June we had it undermined and the mine 
charged. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 549. 
Flying sap (milit.), the rapid excavation of the trenches 
of an attack, when each man advances under cover of two 
gabions. 
sap 3 (sap), v. ; pret. and pp. sapped, ppr. sapping. 
[< OF. sapper, F. saper (= Sp. zapur = Pg. sopor 
= It. zappare), sap, undermine ; from the noun : 
see sop3, n.] I. trans. 1. To undermine ; render 
unstable by digging into or eating away the 
foundations, or, figuratively, by some analogous 
insidious or invisible process ; impair the sta- 
bility of, by insidious means : as, to sap a wall ; 
to sap a person's constitution, or the morals of 
a community. 
Nor safe their dwellings were, for, sap'd by floods, 
Their houses fell upon their household gods. 
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., i. 397. 
Savvimi a solemn creed with solemn sneer. 
Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 107. 
x lUJUBii stmaej \ i-Liim. ,5i*/ti., ai vc \\juw, .i^u, jj ]g jj e first proouct or ule uigesuon 01 piaui-iuuu, u 
a good simple man.] In Eastern countries, a contains the elements of vegetable growth in a dissolved 
kind of dervish or recluse, popularly regarded 
as a saint. 
There go in this foreward 6 Santones with red turbants 
vpon their heads, & these eat and ride at the cost of the 
Captaine of the Carouan. Haklmjt's Voyages, II. 204. 
Adjoyning unto them are lodgings for santoiis, which are 
fools and mad-men. Sandys, Travailes, p. 93. 
He was (say the Arabian historians) one of those holy 
men termed santons, who pass their lives in hermitages, 
in fasting, meditation, and prayer, until they attain to the 
purity of saints and the foresight of prophets. 
Irving, Granada, p. 23. 
All the foregleams of wisdom in santon and sage, 
In prophet and priest, are our true heritage. 
WhiUier, Quaker Alumni. 
Santonian (san-to'ni-an), . [< L. Santoni, 
Santoncs, a people of Aquitania (see santonic), 
+ -ian.] In geol., the lower subdivision of the 
Senonian, wliich in England forms the upper- 
most division of the Cretaceous, but in France 
and Belgium is overlain by the Danian, a group 
condition. The absorption of nutriment from the soil is 
effected by the minute root-hairs and papillte, the absorbed 
nutriment being mainly composed of carbonic acid and 
nitrogenous compounds dissolved in water. This ascend- 
ing sap, or as it is termed crude sap, is apparently trans- 
mitted through the long cells in the vascular tissue of the 
stem and branches to the leaves, passing from cell to cell 
by the procesi 
fected the pn 
following resu 
oxygenated matter of the sap, vnc tnjowj^nvn v* %,*.,.. 
dioxid (carbonic acid), and the liberation of pure oxygen at 
the ordinary atmospheric temperature ; (2) a counter-op- 
eration by which oxygen is absorbed from the air, and car- 
bon dioxid exhaled ; (3) the transformation of the remain- 
ing crude sap into organic substances which enter into the 
composition of the plant: this change is effected in the 
At the same time the insidious art of a Dominican friar 
. . had been surely sapping the fidelity of the garrison 
from within. Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 526. 
2. Milit., to approach or pierce with saps or 
trenches. 
II. intrans. To dig or use saps or trenches; 
hence, to impair stability by insidious means. 
Zappare, to digge, or delue, or grubbe the ground : to 
sap. Florio. 
Both assaults are carried on by sapping. Taller. 
Same as sapodilla. 
. sapaju, < F. sapa- 
,___., _. , or sai with a prehensile 
tail; some species of A teles or Cebus; especial- 
ly, a spider-monkey or a capuchin. See cut 
under spider-monkey. 2. [_cap.] [NL. (Lac<- 
pede).] The genus of spider-monkeys: same 
as Ateles. =Syn. 1. See sagui-n. 
v ---- I-L ..... n -- --- * + T v. - - -^ 
produced by a small East Indian tree, Cxsal- 
series of changes included under the 
to form deposits of reserve material 
, odged ln varioUB part s for future use. The ascent of the 
sap is one of the most wonderful phenomena of spring, and 
,<rr,tl,,.Tir,rr>infrliBrhnTinpl Tip Santo apparently depends not so much on the state of the wea- 
ia ?-" el - * ther-for it b - 
nian of France is divided into three subgroups, 
each characterized by a peculiar species of Mi- 
craster. 
santonic (san-ton'ik), a. [< NL. santonica, the 
specific name of Artemisia santonica, fern, of 
L. Santonicus (Gr. Savrow/c^f), pertaining to the 
Santoni (Santonicum absinthium (G_r. aavrovin&v, 
aavroviov), also Santonica herba, a kind of worm- 
wood found in their country), < Santoni, San- 
tones, a people of Aquitania, whose name sur- 
vives in that of the place called Saintes in sa p 
France.] Derived from the plant santonica. 
santonica (san-ton'i-ka), n. [NL.: see san- 
tonic.] 1. The Tartarian southernwood, Arte- 
misia Gallica, var. pauciflura, by some consid- 
ered a distinct species. It was formerly con- 
founded with A. Santonica. 2. An anthelmin- 
tic drug consisting of the flower-heads of this 
plant; Levant wormseed. The extract santo- 
nin, now produced mainly in Turkestan, is 
chiefly in use. 
havingh 
constrai 
Sappan. It yields a good red color, 
however, is not easily fixed. Also samp- 
_ fen-wood, buklcum-wood. 
irit begins in 'thedepth "of winter as on the plant sap-ball (sap'bal), n. A local name for those 
lad its sufficient term of rest, and being, therefore, species of Polvnorus that grow on trees, but 
ned by its very nature to renewed activity. ^ snecificailv ar,i>lie ' 
applied to 
ash'-trees, the stems of which sometimes form 
a foundation for tennis-balls. It is sometimes 
used for razor-strops. See cut under Polijporus. 
fresh, or vigorous condition ; blood. 
A handkerchief ; which say to her did drain 
The purple sap from her sweet ^ ^ sa p.beetle (sap'be-tl), ." AbeTtlewhiclfi feeds 
3. The alburnum of a tree; the exterior part ^^T^^' "* ^^ * 
of the wood, next to the bark; sap-wood. sa n-boiler (sap'boi'ler), . A special form of 
lap 2 (sap), . [Abbr. of sappy or sapkead,] * iab}e furna c e with kettle or pans, used for 
Same as saphead. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch, and evaporating the sap of which maple-sugar is 
slang, especially in schools.] made. 
He maun be a saft sap, wi' a head nae better than a fozy can-bucket (sap'buk"et), n. In maplf'-Kii<l<tr 
frosted turnip. Scott, Rob Roy, xiv. *%* tM(f ^ a bueke t into which the sap flows from 
When I once attempted to read Pope's poems out of tne ,.j. ee w j! en ft has been tapped. 
M H sap-cavity (sap'kav''i-ti),)i. In lot., one of cer- 
tain sacs or cavities iii the leaves of officinal and 
other species of aloe, filled with a colorless or 
variously colored sap. They are thin-walled 
and semicircular in transverse section. 
If you are patient because you think it a duty to meet 
insult with submission, you are an essential sap, and in no 
shape the man for my money. 
r . . Charlotte Bronte, Professor, iv. 
santonin (san to-mn), n [1 "* sap2 (sap)> . . . pret . and pp. sapped, ppr. sap- sap'^olor^ap'kul'or), ,, An expressed vege- 
pin,,. [< f sX ,.] To act like a sap; play table juice inspissated by slow evaporation, for 
the'part of a ninny or a soft fellow. [Scotch, the use of painters, as sap-green, etc. 
and slang, especially in schools.] sape, saip (sap), n. Scotch forms of soap. 
as s<nil<t)t(ic) + -in 2 .] 
(CjsHjgOs), the active principle of santonica, 
or wormseed. It is a crystalline, odorless, and neu- 
tral principle, insoluble in cold water, and an active 
