sarcotheca 
perhaps not universal, has substituted the term sarcotheca 
for the chitinous cell, and sareostyle for the contained 
sarcode-niass. 
W. M. Hall, Cat. of Austral. Hydroid Zoophytes, p. 3). 
HK n ~,[C. Diet.) 
sarcotic (sar-kot'ik), a. and . [< Gr. 
K6f, promoting the growth of flesh, < oapKovofcu, 
produce flesh: see sarcoma, sarcosis.] I. a. 
Pertaining to sarcosis ; causing flesh to grow. 
II. n. A medicine or an application which 
promotes the growth of flesh. [Rare.] 
sarcous (sar'kus), a. [< Gr. oapf (aapit.-), flesh, 
+ -ous.] Fleshy; sarcodous: especially not- 
ing the contractile tissue of muscles: as, sar- 
cous elements, the form-elements of muscular 
tissue. 
sarculation (sar-ku-la'shon), n. [< L. saroula- 
tio(n-), a hoeing, < (LL.) sarculare, pp.sarcula- 
tus, hoe: see sarcle.] A raking or weeding 
with a rake. [Rare.] 
sard (siird), n. [< F. sarde = It. sarda = MHG. 
sardius, sarde, G. sarder, < L. sarda, LL. sar- 
dius, < Gr. trdpitof, sc. Ai'ft>f, also odpdiov (also 
soldered and afterward steamed, being placed in cold wa- 
ter on which steam is gradually turned. This second cook- 
ing takes an hour or more. The boxes are then allowed 
to cool in the water, and care is taken to move them as 
little as possible. In a cheaper method the sardines are 
first cooked in an oven without oil, the after-process be- 
ing the same as before. As the fish are migratory, a shoal 
sometimes remains at a fishing-station only a week. The 
season of catching and canning lasts three or four months, 
from May to August. Small sardines are most prized 
Large coarse fish put up in the United States as sardines, 
under the name of shadines, are young menhaden. 
When the sayd increasyng of the sea commeth, there 
commeth also therwith such a multitude of the smaule 
fysshes cauled sardynes that ... no man wolde beleue it 
that hath not seene it. 
S. Eden, tr. of Gonzalus Oviedus (First Books on America, 
[ed. Arber, p. 223). 
us, r. tr, . , 
aapfiuviov, aapfiu), a sard (carnelian or sardine), 
lit. ' Sardian stone,' < Sdpfef, Sardis, the capital 
of Lydia : see Sardian. Cf. sardius, sardine-, 
sardoin, sardonyx.] A variety of carnelian 
which shows on its surface a rich reddish 
brown, but when held to the light appears of a 
deep blood-red. Also called sardoin. 
Sarda (sar'da), n. [NL. (Cuvier, 1829), < L. 
sarda, < Gr. adp6r/, a fish, Sarda mediterranea : 
see sardine 1 ."] In ichth., a genus of scombroid 
fishes of large size and metallic coloration ; the 
bonitos. 5. mediterranea is the sarda of the ancients 
attaining a length of 2J feet, of a dark steel-blue shade, 
silvery below, with many oblique narrow dark stripes from 
the back downward. It also occurs on the American side 
of the Atlantic, and is a food-nsh. (See cut under bonito.) 
S. chUensis is the corresponding species of Pacific waters. 
The latter is sometimes called tuna ; both are known as 
skipjacks. The genus is also called Pelamys. 
sardachate (siir'da-kat), n, [= F. sardachate, 
< L. sardacliatcs, < Gr. *ffnp(5o^dn?f, a kind of 
agate, < adpfliof, a sard, -I- d^drt/f, agate: seesard 
and agate?.] A kind of agate containing layers 
of sard. 
sardart (sKr'dar), n. Same as sirdar. 
sardel, sardelle (sar'del), n. [= D. sardel = G. 
sardelle = 8w. Dan. sardell = Russ. sardelii, < 
OF. sardelle = It. sardella, dim. of L. sarda, a 
sardine: see sardine^.] 1. Same as sardine^. 
Cotgrai<e. 2. A clupeoid fish, Clupea or Sardi- 
nella aurita, a slender herring-like fish with well- 
toothed mouth, about the size of the sardine,and 
prepared like it in certain Mediterranean ports. 
Sardian (sar'di-an), . and n. [< L. Sardianus, 
of or pertaining to Sardis, < Sardis, Sardes, < 
Gr. 2apfef, Sardis, the capital of Lydia.] I. 
a. Pertaining to Sardis, the ancient capital of 
Lydia Sardian nut. See nut 
II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Sardis. 
You have condeinii'd and noted Lucius Pella 
For taking bribes here of the Sardiant. 
Shak., J. C., iv. 3. a 
sardine 1 (sar-den'), w. [= D. sardijn = MHG. 
sardiii, G. sardine = Dan. Sw. sardin, < F. sar- 
dine, formerly also sardaiiie = Sp. sardiiia = Pg. 
sardinha = It. sardina, < L. sardina, also sarda, a 
sardine, < Gr. aap6f/vr/, also adp6a, a kind of tunny 
caught near Sardinia ; perhaps < Gr. Zap6u, Sar- 
dinia : see Sardinian. ] 1 . One of several differ- 
ent small clupeoid fish suitable forcanningin oil. 
The genuine sardine of the Mediterranean and the Atlan- 
tic coasts of Spain, Portugal, and France is the pilchard 
2. The Gulf menhaden, Breroortia patrontis. 
[Local, U. S.] 3. The common menhaden, Bre- 
voortia tyrannus, when prepared and boxed as 
sardines. See shadine. 4. An anchovy, Stole- 
pliorus browni. [North Carolina.] 5. A chara- 
cinoid fish of the subfamily Tetragonopterinse,, 
living in the fresh waters of the island of Trini- 
dad. Several species are known by the name. 
6. An insignificant or contemptible person ; 
a petty character. Compare small fry, under 
fry%. [Humorous or contemptuous. ] Ameri- 
can sardine. Same as shadine. 
sardine 2 (sar'din), n. [< ME. sardyn = MHG. 
sardin, < OF. sardine, < LL. sardinus, sc. lapis 
(only in gen. lapidis sardinis (Rev. iv. 3), where 
sordini* may be for sordini, or is LL. sardinis. 
gen. of *sardo), < Gr. craptSivof, also aapia and 
adpStov, a sardine : see sard. Cf. sardius, sar- 
doin, sardonyx.] Same as sard. 
sardinert, . [ME. : see sardine?.] Same as 
sardine 2 . 
Safyres, & sardinere, <fe semely topace, 
Alabaunderrynes, & amaraunj & amamsed stones. 
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), it 1469. 
sardine-tongs (sar-den'tongz), n. pi Small 
tongs resernbling sugar-tongs, except in having 
broad claws, intended for lifting sardines from 
a box without breaking them. 
Sardinian (sar-din'i-an), a. and n. [< L. Sar- 
dinianus, < Sardinia, "the island of Sardinia, < 
Sardi, the inhabitants of this island; cf. Gr. 
2ap<5<i, "Zdpduv, Sardinia.] I. a. Pertaining to 
Sardinia. 
II. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of (a) the 
island of Sardinia, lying west of Italy; or (b) the 
kingdom of Sardinia, constituted in 1720, and 
comprising as its principal parts Savoy, Pied- 
mont, and the island of Sardinia: it was the 
nucleus of the modern kingdom of Italy. 2. 
[I- c.] In mineral., the lead sulphate anglesite, 
which occurs abundantly in lead-mines in the 
island of Sardinia. Breithaiipt. 
sardius (sar'di-us), n. [< LL. sardius, < Gr. adp- 
dwf, odpStov, a sard: see sard.] A sard. The 
precious stone mentioned as one of those in the breast- 
plate of the Jewish high priest is thought to have been a 
ruby. 
, , s e p 
Clupea pilchardus, highly esteemed for its delicate flavor 
Ihe California!! sardine is C. sayax, called mdin 
ina. An- 
Californian Sardine {Clupea 
other is the Spanish sardine, C. pseudohispanica, found 
from Cuba to Florida, and related to the former, but having 
a strongly striate operculum. In the French preparation of 
sardines these delicate fish are handled as fresh as possible 
to which end the factories are usually within two or three 
hours from the place where the fish are caught Placed 
on stone tables, the fish are headed and gutted ; they are 
then allowed to drain on wooden slats overnight, after be- 
ing slightly salted. Next day they are salted again, and al- 
lowed to dry. They are then cooked in oil, and put in 
wire baskets to drip. The cooking is a nice process ; if it 
is overdone the scales come off, which impairs the market 
value. Five or six minutes suffices for the cooking. When 
cold the fish are placed on tables, to be arranged in the 
boxes, in oil dipped from barrels. The oil being worth 
more than the fish, bulk for bulk, it is an object to fill the 
boxes as closely as possible with fish. The boxes are then 
The first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbun- 
cle - Ex. xxviii. 17. 
sardoin (sar'doin), . [< ME. sardoyne, < OF. 
(and F.) sardoine = Pr. sardoyne, < Gr. cap66- 
viov, same as adpiwv, sard: see sard. Cf. sar- 
donyx.] Same as sard. 
And the principalle Zates of his Palays ben of precious 
Ston, that men clepen Sardoyne. 
Mandeville, Travels, p. 275. 
sardonian (sar-do'ni-an), a. [< F. sardonien, 
< Gr. 2api6viof , of Sardinia, < ZapAii>, Sardinia : 
see sardonic, Sardinian] Same as sardonic. 
It is then but a Sardonian laughter that my refuter 
takes up at our complete antichrist. 
Bp. Hall, Works (ed. 1839), IX. 267. 
sardonic (sar-don'ik), a. [< F. sardonique = 
Sp. sard6nieo = Pg. It. sardonico, < ML. *sar- 
donicus, sc. risus, sardonic laughter, believed 
to be so called as resembling the effect pro- 
duced by a Sardinian plant (L. Sardonia Jierba, 
Sardoa herba, a bitter herb, which was said to 
distort the face of the eater: L. Sardonia, fern, 
of Sardonius, < Gr. So/xWwof, also 2ap6avut6f, of 
Sardinia, < Sapdu, Sardinia), but prop. L. *sar- 
danius, sc. risus, < Gr. aapAdvios, bitter, scorn- 
ful, used only in the phrase j t/lwf capfidvios , bit- 
ter laughter (ye^ura oapddviov yeAdv, or simply 
aapidviov ye^jjv, laugh a bitter laugh) ; cf. aap- 
6deii>, laugh bitterly, aeaj/paf, grinning, sneer- 
ing (prop. pp. from \/ cap). The word sardonic 
is prob. often mentally associated with sarcas- 
tic.] 1. Apparently but not really proceeding 
from gaiety; forced: said of a laugh or smile. 
Where strained sardonic smiles are glosing still, 
And grief is forced to laugh against her will. 
Sir U. Wotton, Reliquiae, p. 391. 
sari 
2. Bitterly ironical; sarcastic; derisive and 
malignant; sneering: now the usual meaning. 
The scornful, ferocious, sardonic grin of a bloody ruf- 
" a "- JSurke, A Eegicide Peace, i. 
You were consigned to a master . . . under whose sar- 
donic glances your scared eyes were afraid to look up. 
Thackeray. 
Sardonic smile or laugh, in pathol. , risus sardonicus 
same KB canine laugh (which see, under canine). 
sardonically (sar-don'i-kal-i), adv. In a sar- 
donic manner. 
He laughed sardonically, hastily took my hand and as 
hastily threw it from him. 
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xx. 
sardonicant (sar-don'i-kan)' a. [Irreg. < sar- 
donic + -an.] Sardonic! 
Homer first, and others after him, call laughter which 
conceals some noxious design Sardonican. 
T. Taylor, tr. of Pausanias's Descrip. of Greece, III. 149. 
sardonyx (sar'do-niks), n. [= F. sardonyx = 
Pr. sardonic = Sp. sardonix = Pg. sardonyx = 
It. sardonico, < L. sardonyx, < Gr. aap86vv!-, a sar- 
donyx, < adpdiof, odpSiov, a sard, + ivwf , an onyx : 
see sard and onyx. Cf. sardoin.] 1. A chal- 
cedony or agate consisting of two or more lay- 
ers of brown or red combined with white or 
other color. Since about 1870 the name has 
been given to a chalcedony stained with vari- 
ous shades of red to deep brown. 2. In her., 
a tincture, the color murrey or sanguine, when 
blazoning is done by precious stones Oriental 
sardonyx, any sardonyx the component layers of which 
are of a fine color and sharply defined. 
saree, . See sari. 
sarellt, n. Same as serail, seraglio. Marlowe. 
sargasso (sar-gas'6), n. [Also sargassum, and 
formerly sargaso; = F. sargasse = Sp. sargaso, 
< Pg. sargayo, sargasso (NL. sargassum), sea- 
weed, < sarga, a kind of grapes (cf. Sp. sarga, 
osier). The weed has also been called in E. 
grapeweed and tropical grapes.] Same as gulf- 
weed. The Sargasso Sea is a region occupying the interior 
of the great gyration of the Gulf Stream in the North At- 
lantic, so named from the abundance in it of this weed 
(Sargassum bacei/erum), which in some parts is so dense 
as to be a serious hindrance to navigation. It covers a 
large part of the space beween the 16th and 38th parallels 
of north latitude, and the seaweed is most dense between 
the 30th and 50th meridians. By extension the name is 
sometimes used with reference to other less important 
areas of floating seaweed. See Sargassum. 
The floating islands of the gulf-weed, with which we had 
become very familiar as we had now nearly made the 
circuit of the Sargasso Sea, are usually from a couple of 
feet to two or three yards in diameter, sometimes much 
larger ; we have seen on one or two occasions fields several 
acres in extent, and such expanses are probably more fre- 
quent nearer the centre. of its area of distribution. 
Sir C. Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic, ii. 9. 
Sargassum (siir-gas'um), n. [NL. (Agardh, 
1844), < Pg. sargaso, sargasso, the gulfweed: 
see sargasso] 1. A genus of marine algse, of 
the class Fucacese, having fronds attached by a 
disk, and branching stems with the fronds pro- 
vided with a midrib and distinctly stalked air- 
bladders. The fruit is developed in special compound 
branches; the conceptacles are hermaphrodite, and the 
spores single in the mother-cell. This genus is the most 
highly organized of the Fucaceee, and contains about 150 
species, which inhabit the warmer waters of the globe 
. ** e V erum being the well-known gulfweed which floats 
in the open sea in great abundance and has given the name 
to the Sargasso Sea. Two species are found off the New 
England coast. See Fucacese, sea-grave (under aravel) 
and cut under gul/weed. 
2. [I. c] Gulfweed. 
sargassum-shell (sar-gas'um-shel), n. A ma- 
rine gastropod of the family Litiopidie; the 
gulfweed-shell. Also sargasso-sneU. 
Sargina (siir-ji'na), n. pi. [NL., < Sargus + 
-ina.] A group of sparoid fishes, named from 
the genus Sargus, distinguished by trenchant 
teeth in front and molar teeth on the sides. 
They are mostly carnivorous. By most authors they are 
combined in the same family with Sparinte. Gunther 
sargine (sar'jin), . and a. I. n. A sparoid fish 
of the subfamily Sargina. 
II. a. Of or having the characteristics of the 
Sargina. 
sargo (sar'go), n. [Sp., < L. sargus : see Sar- 
gus.] A sparoid fish of the genus Sargus or 
Diplodus, especially D. sargus or S. rondeleti, of 
the Mediterranean and neighboring seas. Also 
called sar, saragu, sargon. 
Sargus (siir'gus), n. [NL., < L. sargus, < Gr. 
o-opj^f, a kind of mullet.] 1. Inc/(Wi.,agenusof 
sparoid fishes, properly called Diplodus, typical 
of the subfamily Sargina. Various limits have 
been given to it; and the American sheepshead 
was_ included in it by the old authors. Cuvier, 
1817. 2. In en torn., a genus of dipterous in- 
sects. Fabricius. 
sari (sa'ri), . [Also saree, sanj ; < Hind, .tan] 
1. The principal garment of a Hindu woman, 
