scapel 
scapelt (skap'el). M. [< NL. .tcapellus, dim. of 
Li. scapus, scape : see scape 2 .] In hot., the neck 
or caulicle of the germinating embryo. 
scapeless (skiip'les), . [< scape 2 + -lens.'] In 
hot., destitute of a scape. 
scapement (skiip'ment), . Same as escape- 
ment, 2. 
scape-wheel (skap'hwel), . The wheel which 
actuates the pendulum of a clock, 
scapha (ska/fa), . [NL., < L. scapha = Gr. 
o-Kd0;/, a light boat, a skiff, a bowl, tub, orig. 
anything hollowed out, < aKcmrfiv, dig, delve, 
hollow out : see shave.] 1. PI. scaphee (-fe). In 
anat., the scaphoid fossa or fossa scaphoidea 
of the helix of the ear. See second cut under 
ear 1 . 2. [cap.'] In eittom., a genus of coleop- 
terous insects. Motschulsky, 1848. 
scaphander (ska-fan'der), n. [= F. scaphan- 
flre, < Gr. nnfi^ij, mddios, a bowl, tub, boat, skiff 
(see scapha), + avt]p (avfp-), a 
man.] 1. A diver's water-tight 
suit, with devices for assuring a 
supply of air; diving-armor. 2. 
[cap.] [NL.] A genus of tecti- 
branchiate gastropods, typical of 
the family Scaphaiidridse. 
Scaphandridae (ska-fan'dri-de), n. 
pi. [NL., < Scaphander (-andr-) + 
-idee.] A family of tectibranchiate 
gastropods. The frontal disk is simple 
behind and without tentacles; the radular teeth are tri- 
serial or niultiserial, with the lateral teeth very large and 
curved; the shell is external and well developed. The 
species are mostly inhabitants of the northern seas. 
Scapharca (ska-far'ka), n. [NL. (J. E. Gray, 
184<), < L. scapha, a boat, skiff, + NL. Area, 
q. v.] A genus of bivalve mollusks. S. tranx- 
rersa is known among fishermen as the bloody 
clam, from its red gills. [New Eng.] 
scaphia, . Plural of scaphium. 
scaphidia, . Plural of scaphidium, 1. 
Scaphidiidae (skaf-i-di'i-de), n.pl. [NL. (Mac- 
Leay, 1825), < Scaphidium + -idee.] A small 
family of clavicorn beetles, typified by the ge- 
nus Scaphidium, composed of small oval or 
rounded oval, convex, very slimy necrophagous 
beetles, or scavenger-beetles, which live in fun- 
gi and feed on decaying animal and vegetable 
substances. The larvae are said to have long 
antennas. Also Scaphidiadee, Scaphidida, Sca- 
phidii. Scaphidites. 
scaphidium (ska-fid'i-um), n. [NL., < Gr. OKO- 
Qifitov, a small tub or skiff, dim. of nuatyri, wdtfof, 
a bowl, tub, boat, etc.: see scapha.] If. PI. 
scaphidia (-a). In 1>ot., a receptacle contain- 
ing spores in algse. 2. [cap.] A genus of 
clavicorn beetles, typical of the family Scaphi- 
diidep. It is wide-spread, and about 30 species are known, 
of which 4 inhabit the United States. Also Scaphidius. 
Olivier, 1791. 
Scaphidurinae (skaf "i-du-ri'ne), . pi. [NL., < 
Scaphiduriis + -inee.] A subfamily of Icteridse, 
named from the genus Scaphidurus ; the boat- 
tailed grackles : synonymous with Quiscalinse. 
Swaiiison, 1831. 
scaphidurous (skaf-i-du'rus), a. [< NL. sca- 
phidurus, < Gr. anaQic. (ma(fiiS-), a skiff, + ovpa, a 
tail.] Boat-tailed; pertaining to the Scaphi- 
durinee, or having their characters. See cut 
under boat-tailed. 
Scaphidurus (skaf-i-du'rus), n. [NL. (Swain- 
son, 1827): see scaphidurous.] A genus of 
grackles, giving name to the Scaphidurinse; the 
boattails: synonymous with Quiscalus. Also 
Scaphidura (Swainsox, 1837), and Cassidix ( Les- 
son, 1831). 
scaphiopod (skaf'i-6-pod), a. and . [< Gr. ovj- 
<t>iav or mrujielov, a shovel, spade (see scaphium), 
+ Trofrf (m>(5-) = E. foot.] I. a. Spade-footed, 
as a toad. 
II. n. A spade-footed toad. 
Scaphiopodinae (skafi-o-po-di'ne), n. pi. 
[NL., < Scaphiopus (-pod-) + -inee.] A subfam- 
ily of Pelobatidee, typified by the genus Sca- 
phiopiis, having the sacrum distinct from the 
coccygeal style, and containing the American 
spade-footed toads. 
Scaphiopus (ska-fi'o-pus), . [NL. (Holbrook) : 
see scapliiopod.'] A genus of toads of the fam- 
ily Pelobatidsp and subfamily Scaphiopodinee, 
having a spade-like appendage of the fore feet, 
used for digging; the spadefoots. s. holbrooKi is 
common in eastern North America, remarkable for the 
noise it makes in the spring. S. intermontanus is a similar 
toad of western North America. 
Scaphirhynchinas (skaf'i-ring-ki'ne), n. pi. 
[NL., < Scaphirhynclius + -inee.] A subfamily 
of Acipcnseridee, typified by the genus SeapM- 
rhynchits; the shovel-nosed sturgeons. They 
Scafhitej equalis. 
5370 
have no spiracles, and the rows of bony shields are Imbri- 
cated on the tail. Also called Scaphirhynchapinse. 
scaphirhynchine (skaf-i-ring'kin), a. Of or 
pertaining to the 8eapMrhyelttiut. 
Scaphirhynchus (skaf-i-ring'kus), M. [NL., 
prop. Scaphorhi/iii'/iiix (Si-ii/ilniri/iii-liiix, Maximil- 
ian, 1831), < Gr. a/ccu/ai, a bowl (o-fid^ov, a bowl, 
shovel), + piyxof, snout.] 1. In ornith., a ge- 
nus of tyrant-flycatchers: same as Megarhi/ii- 
chus (Thunberg) of prior date. 2. In iclith., 
a genus of Acipeiiseridee, having a spatulate 
snout ; the shovelheads, or shovel-nosed stur- 
geons. S. platyrhynchu* is a common species of the 
Mississippi and Missouri basins, attaining a length of 5 
feet. This genus was so named by Heckel in 1885, but, 
the name Scaphirhynchug being preoccupied in ornithol- 
ogy, it is now called Scaphirhymhops (Hill) or Scaphir- 
rhytiehops (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882). See cut under 
shovel-nosed. 
scaphism (skaf'izm), n. [< Gr. onagri, (jxd^of, 
anything hollowed out (see scapha), + -ism.] A 
barbarous punishment inflicted among the Per- 
sians, by confining the victim in a hollow tree. 
Five holes were made one for the head, and the others 
for the arms and legs. These parts were anointed with 
honey to attract wasps, and in this plight the criminal was 
left till he died. Brevier. 
scaphite (skaf 'it), n. [< NL. Scaphites.] A fos- 
sil cephalopod of the genus Heaphites. 
Scaphites (ska-fi'tez), n. [NL. (cf. Gr. oKa^i-nx , 
one who guides a boat or skiff, orig. adj., per- 
tainingto a boat),< Gr. aaa^ii, a boat, + -ites.] A 
genus of ammonites, or fos- 
sil ammonoid cephalppods, 
of scaphoid shape, typical of 
the family Scapliitide?; the 
Scaphites. They have the early 
walls regularly involute, but the 
last whorl detached, and straight 
for some distance, when it becomes 
again recurved toward the body. 
Also ScapMta. Flemitig, 1828. 
ScaphltidS8(ska-fit'i-<le), n.pl. [NL.,< Scaphites 
+ -idee.] A family of tetrabranchiate cephalo- 
poda, typified by the genus Scaphites. The name 
has been proposed for extinct shells resembling the ammo- 
nites, but with the last whorl detached, and straight for 
some distance, and then again recurved toward the body ; 
the sutures are many-lobed, and the lobes are dendritic or 
branched. The species are characteristic of the Creta- 
ceous epoch, in Europe and North America, and about 40 
are known. By recent conchologisU they are mostly re- 
ferred to the SUpkanoceratidtt. 
scaphium (ska'fi-um), w.; pi. scaphia (-a). [NL.. 
< L. scaphium , < Gr. OKaQtov, a bowl, basin, a con- 
cave mirror, etc., a shovel (cf . anatytlov, a shovel, 
spade, mattock), dim. of ovcd^i?, o/ca^of, a bowl, 
boat, skiff: see scapha.] 1. In bot., the carina 
or keel of papilionaceous flowers. 2. In en- 
torn., the unpaired appendage lying between 
the uncus and the intromittent organ of lepi- 
dopterous insects; the upper organ, or tegu- 
men of White, consisting in the swallowtail 
butterflies of chitinous points on a membranous 
body. 3. [cap.] A genus of coleopterous in- 
sects of the family Scaphidiidee, with two spe- 
cies, one of Europe, the other of the United 
States. Kirby, 1837. 
scaphocalcaneal (skafo-kal-ka'ne-al), a. [< 
seaplio(id) + calcaneal.] Pertaining to the 
scaphoid and the calcaneum. 
scaphocephalic (skafo-se-fal'ik or -sef'a-lik), 
a. [< Gr. aacujni, ovid^of, boat, + ne<pa),j/, head.] 
Boat-shaped : applied to a skull deformed from 
the premature union of the sagittal suture, 
whereby the transverse growth is prevented, 
with an increase in the vertical and longitudi- 
nal directions. 
Professor v. Baer, ... in his elaborate and valuable 
memoir on the macrocephalic skull of the Crimea, pro- 
poses the term tcaphocephalic to indicate the same boat- 
like head-form. 
D. Wilton, Prehist. Annals Scotland, I. 236. 
scaphocephalism (skaf-6-sef'a-lizm), M. [< 
scnphocephaJ(ic) + 4m.] Same as scapho- 
cepha/i/. 
Scaphocephtdixm, or a boat-shaped depression of the 
summit, occurs from defective parietal bone formation. 
Amer. Naturalist, XXII. 614. 
scaphocephalous (skaf-6-sef 'a-lus), a. [< 
scaphocephal(ic) + -ous.] Same as scapho- 
cephalic. 
scaphocephaly (skaf'o-sef-a-li), . [< scapho- 
eephal(ie) + -y 3 .] The condition of having a 
scaphocephalic skull. 
scaphocerite (ska-fos'e-rit), n. [< Gr. a/cd^of. 
a bowl, boat, + tiepaf (nepaT-), a horn : see ce- 
rite 2 .] In Crustacea, one of the parts of the 
antennae, borne upon the basicerite. It is a 
scale-like appendage, considered morphologi- 
cally to represent an exopodite. Milne-Ed- 
wards : Huxley; Bate. 
scaphopodan 
The scaphocerite and rhipidura are both present as well- 
developed appendages. Nature, XXXVIIL 839. 
scaphoceritic (skaf"o-se-rit'ik), a. [< sca2>ho- 
1'iritc + -ic.] Pertaining to the scaphocerite, 
or having its characters. 
scaphocuboid (skaf-6-ku'boid), n. [< scaph- 
n( id) + citboiil.] Of or pertaining to the scaph- 
oid and cuboid bones : as, the scaphocuboid ar- 
ticulation. Also called nariculocuboid. 
scaphocuneiform (skaf-6-ku'ne-i-f6rm), a. [< 
scapho(id) + cuneiform.] Of or pertaining to 
the scaphoid and cuneiform bones. Also called 
naricutociineiform. 
scaphognathlte (ska-fog'nS-tbit), n. [< Gr. OKO- 
tyt], an6(fof, a bowl, boat, + j raflof, jaw, + -ite?.] In 
Crustacea, an appendage of the second maxil- 
la, apparently representing a combined epipo- 
dite and exopodite. In the crawfish it forms a 
broadly oval plate or scaphoid organ, which continually 
bales the water out of the respiratory chamber, and so 
lets fresh water in. See cut at Podophthalmia (C, cd). 
SCaphognathitic (ska-fog-na-thit'ik), a. [< 
scaplioi/ixitliitr + -ic.] Pertaining to a scaphog- 
nathite, or having its characters. 
scaphoid (skaf'oid), a. and n. [< Gr. OKa<t>oei6}/(, 
like a bowl or boat, < aKa^r/, ana^f, a bowl, boat, 
+ eldof, form.] I. a. Boat-shaped ; resembling 
a boat ; cymbiform : in anatomy applied to sev- 
eral parts.- scaphoid bone. See II.- Scaphoid 
fossa. See /CMM i. 
H. n. In anat. : (a) The bone on the radial 
side of the proximal row of the carpus, articu- 
lating with the lunar, magnum, trapezoid, tra- 
pezium, and radius. Also called navicular, ra- 
diale. See cuts under Artiodactyla, Perissodac- 
tyla, hand, and solidungulate. (b) One of the 
tarsal bones, placed at the inner side, between 
the astragalus and the three cuneiforms, and 
sometimes articulating also with the cuboid. 
Also called navicular. See cut under foot. 
scaphoidea, . Plural of scaphoideum. 
scaphoides (ska-foi'dez), n. [NL. : see scaph- 
oid.] The scaphoid bone of the carpus. See 
scaphoid, n. (a). 
scaphoideum (ska-foi'de-um), n. ; pi. scaphoidea 
(-a). [NL. : see scaphoid.] The scaphoid bone, 
whether of the wrist or the ankle : more fully 
called os scaphoideum. Also navictdare. 
scapholunar (skaf-6-lu'nar), . and n. [< scaph- 
o(id) + lunar.] I. a. 1. 
Pertaining to the scaphoid 
and the semilunar bone of 
the wrist: as, the seapholu- 
nar articulation. 2. Rep- 
resenting or constituted by 
both the scaphoid and the 
semilunar bone of the 
wrist: as, the scapholunar 
bone. 
II. n. The scapholunar 
bone ; the scapholunare. 
scapholunare (skafo-lu- 
na re), n. ; pi. scaphohina- 
ria (-ri-S). [NL- : see 
scapliolunar .] The scapho- 
lunar bone, representing or 
consisting of the scaphoid 
and semilunar in one, situ- 
ated on the radial side of 
the proximal row of car- 
pal bones. It is found in the 
carpus of various mammals, and 
is highly characteristic of the 
carnivores. It has two ossific 
centers, supposed to represent 
the radiale and the intermedium 
of the typical carpus, and sometimes a third, representing 
the centrale. More fully called os scapholunare. 
scaphopod (skaf'o-pod), a. and n. [< NL. 
scaphopus (scaphopod-), < Gr. anafyTi, ovra^of, a 
bowl, + ffodf (TTO<!-) = E. foot.] I. a. Having 
the foot fitted for burrowing, as a mollusk; of 
or pertaining to the Scaphopoda. 
II. n. A member of the Scaphojtoda; a tooth- 
shell. 
Scaphopoda (ska-fop'o-da), n. pi. [NL., neut. 
pi. of "Scaphopux : see scaphopod.] A class of 
Molliisea (formerly an orderof gastropods), hav- 
ing the foot fitted for burrowing; the tooth- 
shells, also called Cirribranchiata, Prosopoce- 
phala, and Solenoconchse. They have an elongate 
cylindrical body exhibiting bilateral symmetry in the dis- 
position of its parts, inclosed in a tubular shell open at 
both ends ; many long cirri or tentacles ; euthyneural 
nervous system, with cerebral, pleural, pedal, and visceral 
pairs of nerves ; paired nephridia and ctenidia ; no heart ; 
and distinct sexes. There are two well-marked families, 
Dentaliidx and Siphonodentaliidx. See cut under tooth- 
shell. 
scaphopodan (ska-fop'o-dan), a. and . [< 
srapliopod + -an.]' Same as scaphopod. 
Palmar Aspect of Lett 
Fore Foot of a Black Bear 
(L'rsus americanHs). 
sfi, scapholunar; c, cu- 
neiform ; /, pisiform ; tr, 
trapezium ; f, trapezoid : 
m, magnum; it, unciform. 
The phalanges show a full 
series of sesamoici bones 
(unmarked}. 
