schmelze 
that is, glass in which colored canes and the like are in- 
laid, (c) A glass so colored that it is brown, preen, or 
bluish by reflected light, but deep-red when seen by trans- 
mitted light. Schmelze aventurin, schmelze glass, 
schmelze as defined in (b) or (c), above, upon the surface 
of which thin Minis of aventurin have been applied. 
Schmidt's map-projection. See projection. 
Schnapps, schnaps (shnaps), . [G. sclnm/j/t* 
(= D. Sw. Dan. snaps), a dram, "nip," liquor, 
gin; cf. schnapps, interj., snap! crack! <scknap- 
pen (= D. XH<II>I>CH = Sw. snappa = Dan. .s-im/<- 
pe), snap, snatch : see snap.] Spirituous liquor 
of any sort ; especially, Holland gin. 
So it was perhaps 
He went to Leyden, where he found conventicles and 
schnapps. O. W. Holmes, On Lending a Punch-bowl. 
schneebergite (shna' berg-it), n. [< Selinre- 
bery (see def.) + -tte 2 .] A mineral occurring 
in minute honey-yellow octahedrons at Schnee- 
berg in Tyrol : it contains lime and antimony, 
but the exact composition is unknown. 
Schneiderian (shnl-de'ri-an), a. [< Schneider 
(see def.) + -ian.] Pertaining to or named 
after Conrad Victor Schneider, a German anato- 
mist of the seventeenth century: in anatomy 
applied to the mucous membrane of the nose, 
first described by Schneider in 1660 Schneide- 
rian membrane. See membrane. 
Schneider repeating rifle. See rifle?. 
schoenite (she'nit), . [< Schone, the reputed 
discoverer of kainite-deposits at Stassf urt, Ger- 
many, + -ite 2 .] Same as pieromerite. 
Schcenocaulon (ske-no-ka'lon), . [NL. (Asa 
Gray, 1848), from the rush-like habit; < Gr. 
axolvof, rush, + xavXof, stem.] A genus of mono- 
cotyledonous plants, of the order Liliaceie and 
tribe Veratrese. It is characterized by densely spiked 
flowers with narrow perianth-segments, long and project- 
ing stamens, and a free ovary ripening into an oblong and 
acuminate capsule containing many dark oblong or curved 
and angled and wingless seeds. The 5 species are all 
American, occurring from Florida to Venezuela. They 
are bulbous plants with long linear radical leaves, and 
small flowers in a dense spike on a tall leafless scape, re- 
markable for the long-persistent perianth and stamens. 
5. offlcinale, often called Asagriea oMcinalis, is the ceva- 
dilla-plant of Mexico. (See cevadilla.) Its seeds are the 
cevadilla or sabadilla of medicine. 
Schcenus (ske'nus), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1753), 
< Gr. axolvof, a rush.] A genus of monocotyle- 
donous plants, of the order Cyperacese, the sedge 
family, and of the tribe Ehyncosporese, charac- 
terized by few-flowered spikelets in dark or 
blackish clusters which are often panicled or 
aggregated into a head or spike. Each spikelet 
contains a flexuous extension of the pedicel, numerous 
two-ranked glumes, and flowers all or only the lowest fer- 
tile, and furnished with six (or fewer) slender bristles, 
usually three stamens, and a three-cleft style crowning 
an ovary which becomes a small three-angled or three- 
ribbed beakless nut. There are about 70 species, mainly 
of Australia and New Zealand, 9 occurring in Europe and 
the United States. Africa, and the Malay peninsula. They 
are of varying habit, generally perennial herbs, robust, or 
long and rush-like, and erect or floating in water. S. nigri- 
cans of England is known as bog-rush, and 5. brevtfolius of 
Victoria as cord-rush. 
Schcepfia (shep'fi-a), . [NL. (J. C. Schreber, 
1789), named after J. D. Sclioepf (1752-1800), 
who traveled in North America and the Baha- 
mas.] A genus of gamopetalous plants of the 
order Olacineee and tribe Olacese. It is character- 
ized by tubular flowers with a small cup-shaped calyx 
which is unchanged in fruit, four to six stamens opposite to 
the petals, and a deeply three-celled ovary nearly immersed 
in a disk which becomes greatly enlarged in fruit. There 
are about 16 species, natives of tropical Asia and America. 
They are shrubs or small trees with entire and rigid leaves, 
and white flowers which are large for the order, and are 
grouped in short axillary racemes. 5. chrytophylloidet is 
known in the West Indies as white beef wood. 
schogget, i'. 1. See */io</l. 
Schonarie grit. [So called from its occurrence 
at Scholiarie in New York.] In aeol., in the 
nomenclature of the New York Geological Sur- 
vey, an unimportant division of the Devonian 
series, lying between the cauda galli grit and 
the Upper Helderberg group. 
scholar (skol'ar), . [Early mod. E. scholer, 
scholler (dial, scholard, scollard), earlier scoter 
(the spelling scholar being a late conformation 
to the L. scholaris), < ME. scoter, scolere, scolare, 
< AS. scolere, a pupil in a school, a scholar (= 
MLG. scholer, scholare, scholre = OHG. scuolari, 
MHG. schuoleere, G. schiiler; with suffix -ere, E. 
-er-l), < scolu, a school: see school 1 . Cf. D. 
scholiei; < OF. escolier, F. ecolier, also scolairc = 
Pr. Sp. Pg. escolar = It. scolare, scolajo, a scholar, 
pupil, < ML. scholaris, a pupil, scholar; cf. LL. 
scholaris, a member of the imperial guard, < 
scholaris, of or pertaining to a school, < L. gcJiola, 
scola, a school: see school^.] 1. One who re- 
ceives instruction in a school ; one who learns 
from a teacher ; one who is under tuition ; a pu- 
pil ; a student ; a disciple. 
5392 
Ine this clergie heth dame auarice uele [fele, many] 
seders. Ayenbite of Jnwyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 39. 
The Master had rather ditTame llym selfe for hys teach- 
yng than not shame his Scholer for his learnyng. 
Aschaut, The Scholemaster, p. 78. 
I am no breeching scholar in the schools ; 
I'll not be tied to hours nor 'pointed times. 
Shot., T. of the 8., iii. 1. 18. 
The same Asclepius, in the beginning of his first booke, 
calleth himselfe the schoUer of Hermes. 
Purchat, Pilgrimage, p. 573. 
Bleys 
. . . taught him magic ; but the scholar ran 
Before the master, and so far, that Bleys 
Laid magic by. Tennyson, Coming of Arthur. 
2. In English universities, formerly, any stu- 
dent ; now, an undergraduate who belongs'to the 
foundation of a college, and receives a portion 
of its revenues to furnish him with the means 
of prosecuting his studies during the academic 
curriculum ; the holder of a scholarship. 
For ther he was not Ilk a cloysterer, 
With a thredbare cope as is a poure scoter. 
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T. (ed. Morris), 1. 280. 
3. One who learns anything: as, an apt gc holar 
in the school of deceit. 4. A learned man; one 
having great knowledge of literature or philol- 
ogy ; an erudite person ; specifically, a man or 
woman of letters. 
He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one. 
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 2. 51. 
He [King James] was indeed made up of two men, a 
witty, well-read scholar, . . . and a nervous drivelling 
idiot. Macaulay, Lord Bacon. 
By scholar I mean a cultivator of liberal studies, a stu- 
dent of knowledge in its largest sense, not merely clas- 
sical, not excluding what is exclusively called science in 
our days, but which was unknown when the title of scholar 
was first established. Sumntr, Orations, I. 137. 
Canonical scholar. See canonical. King's scholar, 
in England, a scholar in a school founded by royal charter, 
or a scholar supported by a royal endowment or founda- 
tion. Scholar's mate. See ?note3. 
SCholarch (skol'iirk), . [< Gr. oxoZapxtc, the 
head of a school, < ox ?-'/, school, + apxtiv, 
rule.] The head of a school, especially of an 
Athenian school of philosophy. 
Among the stock were contained many compositions 
which the scholarcht, successors of Theophrastus at Ath- 
ens, had neither possessed nor known. 
Orote, Aristotle, ii. 
He died in 314, and was succeeded as scholarch by Pole- 
mon. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 718. 
scholarismt (skol'ar-izm), 11. [< scholar + 
-ism.] Affectation or pretension of scholarship. 
There was an impression that this new-fangled scholar- 
inn was a very sad matter indeed. 
Doran, Memorials of Great Towns, p. 225. (Danes.) 
scholarityt (sko-lar'i-ti), . [< scholar + -i-ty.] 
Scholarship. 
Content, 111 pay your schohtrity. Who offers? 
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2. 
scholarly (skol'ar-li), a. [< scholar + -ly 1 .] 
Of, pertaining to, or denoting a scholar; char- 
acterized by scholarship; learned; befitting a 
scholar: as, a scholarly man; scholarly attain- 
ments ; scholarly habits. 
In the house of my lord the Archbishop are most ftchol- 
ariy men, with whom is found all the uprightness of jus- 
tice, all the caution of providence, every form of learning. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 14:;. 
The whole chapter devoted to the Parthenon and its 
sculptures is a delightful and scholarly account of recent 
discovery and criticism. Spectator, No. 3229, p. 698. 
= Syn. Learned, Scholarly. See learned and studious. 
scholarlyt (skol'ar-li), adv. [< scholarly, a.] In 
the manner of a scholar ; as becomes a scholar. 
Speak scholarly and wisely. Shale., M. W. of W.,1. 8. 2. 
scholarship (skol'ar-ship), w. [< scholar + 
-ship.] 1. The character and qualities of a 
scholar; attainments in science or literature; 
learning; erudition. 
A man of my master's understanding and great scholar- 
ship, who had a book of his own in print. 
Pope. (Johnson.) 
Such power of persevering, devoted labor as Mr. Casau- 
bon's is not common. . . . And therefore it is a pity that 
it should be thrown away, as so much English scholar- 
ship is, for want of knowing what has been done by the 
rest of the world. George Eliot, Middlemarch, xxi. 
2. Education; instruction; teaching. 
This place should be at once both school and university, 
not needing a remove to any other house of scholarship. 
Milton, Education. 
3. Maintenance for a scholar, awarded by a col- 
lege, university, or other educational institu- 
tion ; a sum of money paid to a student, some- 
times to a university graduate, usually after 
competition or examination, to support him or 
to assist him in the prosecution of his studies. 
A scholarship but half maintains, 
And college rules are heavy chains. 
Warton, Progress of Discontent. 
scholasticism 
I'd sooner win two school-house matches than pet the 
Balliol scholarship, any day. 
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, 1. . 
Victoria has not yet extended its public system to sec- 
ondary education, except by giving many gckolarntn'pn as 
the reward of merit to the best pupils of the primary 
schools. Sir C. W. Dilke, Probs. of Greater Britain, vi. 4. 
=Syn. 1. Learning, Erudition, etc. See literati*,'*'. 
Scholastic (sko-las'tik), a. and n. [< . urolux- 
tique = Pr. eseolastic = Sp. escolastico = Pg. 
escolastico = It. scolastico (cf. G. xflmlnxtixrli, a.. 
sell old stiver, n.), < L. scholasticus, < Gr. axo'/.aa- 
riKof, of or pertaining to school, devoting one's 
leisure to learning, learned, < axf'l, leisure, 
learning, school: see school 1 .] I. a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to or suiting a scholar, school, or schools; 
like or characteristic of a scholar: as, a scholas- 
tic manner; scholastic phrases. 2. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or concerned with schooling or educa- 
tion; educational: as, a scholastic institution; 
a scholastic appointment. 3. Pertaining to or 
characteristic of scholasticism or the school- 
men; according to the methods of the Christian 
Aristotelians of the middle ages. See scliolas- 
tii-ixm. 
The Aristotelian philosophy, even in the hands of the 
master, was like a barren tree that conceals its want of 
fruit by profusion of leaves. But the scholastic ontology 
was much worse. What could be more trifling than dis- 
quisitions about the nature of angels, their modes of 
operation, their means of conversing? 
Hallam, Middle Ages, III. 429. 
The scholastic question which John of Salisbury pro- 
pounds, Is it possible for an archdeacon to be saved? 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 303. 
Hence 4. Coldly intellectual and unemotion- 
al ; characterized by excessive intellectual sub- 
tlety or by punctilious and dogmatic distinc- 
tions; formal; pedantic: said especially of the 
discussion of religious truth Scholastic realist. 
See realist, 1. Scholastic theology, that form of theol- 
ogy whose fundamental principle is that religions truth 
can be reduced to a complete philosophical system : ordi- 
narily used to designate a theological system which has 
become dogmatic or abstruse. See scholasticism. 
II. n. 1. A student or studious person; a 
scholar. 
They despise all men as unexperienced scholastics who 
wait for an occasion before they speak. 
Steele, Taller, No. 244. 
2. A schoolman ; a Christian Aristotelian ; one 
of those who taught in European schools from 
the eleventh century to the Reformation, who 
reposed ultimately upon authority for every 
philosophical proposition, and who wrote chiefly 
in the form of disputations, discussing the ques- 
tions with an almost syllogistic stiffness: op- 
posed to Biblicist. 
The scholastics were far from rebelling against the dog- 
matic system of the church. 
E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 23. 
I have the smallest possible confidence in the meta- 
physical reasonings either of modern professors or of me- 
diseval scholastics. Nineteenth Century, XXI. 326. 
Hence 3. One who deals with religious ques- 
tions in the spirit of the medieval scholas- 
tics. 4. A member of the third grade in the 
organization of the Jesuits. A novitiate of two 
years' duration and a month of strict confinement are 
prerequisite to entrance to the grade of scholastic. The 
term consists of five years' study in the arts, five or six 
years of teaching and study, a year of final novitiate, 
and from four to six years of study in theology. The 
scholastic is then prepared to be admitted as a priest of 
the order. 
scholasticalt (sko-las'ti-kal), a. and w. I. . 
Same as scholastic, 3 and 4. 
Our papists and scholastical sophisters will object and 
make answer to this supper of the Lord. 
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1860), 
[p. 263. 
Perplex and leven pure Doctrin with scholastical Trash. 
Milton, Touching Hirelings. 
Il.t " A scholastic. 
The scholasticattes against the canonistes. 
Bp. Jewell, Reply to Hardinge, p. 259. 
Scholastically (sko-las'ti-kal-i), adv. In a scho- 
lastic manner ; according to the method of the 
metaphysical schools of the middle ages. 
Moralists or casuists that treat Scholastically of justice. 
South, Sermons, I. xi. 
Scholasticism (sko-las'ti-sizm), n. [= Sp. I'xi-ii- 
lasticismo = G. scholasticismiis, < NL. scholnxti- 
cismits, scholasticism, < L. scholasticus, scholas- 
tic: see scholastic.] The Aristotelian teaching 
of the medieval schools and universities, and 
similar teaching in Roman Catholic institutions 
in modern times, characterized by acknowledg- 
ment of the authority of the church, by being 
largely, if not wholly, based upon the authority 
of the church fathers, of Aristotle, and of Ara- 
bian commentators, and by its stiff and formal 
method of discussion. It consisted of two distinct 
