scholasticism 
5393 
and independent developments, the one previous the mark; an explanatory comment; specifically, 
the lowest ebb of thought (such as Isidorus, fUiabunns, 
Gerbert, writers directly or indirectly under Arabian in- 
fluence, Scotus Erigena and other Irish monks, the Eng- 
lish Alcuin, with his pupil FridlglsuB, etc.), writers marknl 
by great ignorance, by a strong tendency to materialize 
resulting from this was considered by later writers so ad- 
mirable that they deliberately left occasion for and insert- 
ed scholia in their own writings. A geometrical scholium 
is, therefore, now an explanation or reflection inserted into 
a work on geometry in such a way as to interrupt the cur- 
ibstract'ions," by a'disposition to adopt opinions quite ar- 1 nt f mathematical thought^ 
bitrarily, but also by a certain freedom of thought. The schollard (skol'ard), n. A vulgar corruption 
first era of scholasticism was occupied by disputes con- of scholar. 
You know Mark was a schollard, sir, like my poor, poor 
sister ; and ... I tried to take after him. 
Bulwer, My Novel, i. 3. 
cerning nominalism and realism. It naturally falls into 
two periods, since the disputants of the eleventh century 
took simple and extreme ground on one side or the other, 
the nominalistic rationalist Berengarius being opposed 
by the realistic prelate Lanfranc, (he Platonizing nomi- SCholyt (sko h), M. [= F. scohe, etc., < Mlj. 
nalist Koscellin by the mystical realist Anselni ; while in scholium, scholium : see scholium.] A scholium. 
the twelfth century the opinions were sophisticated by 
distinctions until they cease to be readily classified as 
realistic. 
nominalistic and realistic. The scholastics of the latter 
period included Peter Abelard (1079-1142); Gilbert of 
Poitiers (died 1154), one of the few writers of the twelfth 
century ever quoted in the thirteenth ; Peter Lombard 
(died 1164), compiler of the four books of "Sentences," _.,i,_i_, / u Vn'm )i I 
or opinions of the fathers, which was the peg on which SCnoiyt "!, " ' 
Without scholy or gloss. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 36. 
That scholy had need of a very favourable reader and a 
tractable, that should think it plain construction, when to 
be commanded in the Word and grounded upon the Word 
are made all one. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 8. 
< scholy, n.] To write 
comments. 
The preacher should want a text, whereupon to scholy. 
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 8. 
, 
much later speculation was hung as commentary; and 
John of Salisbury (died 1180), an elegant and readable au- 
thor. For more than a generation after his death the 
schoolmen were occupied with studying the works of 
Aristotle and the Arabians, without producing anything .: 
of their own. Then began the second era of scholasti- ley, 1838), named after the traveler B. H. brhom- 
cism, and this divides itself into three periods. During burgk (1804-65).] A genus of orchids, of the 
the first, which extended to the last quarter of the thir- tr ft>e Epidendreee and subtribe Lselwse. It is char- 
teenth century, Alexander of Hales (died 1245), Al bertus acterjze( J hy a terminal and loosely racemed inflorescence 
Magnus (1193-1280), and St. Thomas Aquinas (died 1274) , (h ^^tat wavy perianth, each anther with eight 
is still found in every library of pretension. During this 
period the University of Paris received a thorough or- 
ganization, and thought there became exclusively con- 
centrated upon theology. The second period, which last- 
ed for about a century, was the great age of scholastic 
thought, and it may be doubted whether the universities 
of western Europe have at any subsequent time been BO 
worthy of respect as when Duns Scotus (died 1308) and 
fleshy stems, which are covered with many 
bear at the apex one, two, or three ovate or elongated 
rigid and fleshy leaves. They are remarkable for the very 
long and slender flower-stems, and the large dry sheaths 
g,, 1 ^,,,,^. them . In & Kbicinis of Honduras, the hollow 
eu( ] < }bnjb 1 from 1 to 2 feet long, is a favorite with ants 
f the col)8 ' tl . uction of their nests, and is used by children 
trumpet (whence also Its name in cultivation of <mt>- 
?" , fa v 
his followers were working up the realistic conception "i,"" j" o 00 !/,/? 
of existence, while "Durus" Uurandus (died 1332), Occam SChondt, bee Shand. 
(died about 1349), and Buridanus (died after 1350) were urg- school 1 (skol), n. and a. [E,arly mod. &. SCOOl 
mg their several nominalistic theories, and other writers, (go. sculc), scale (the spelling school, with sch- t 
now so forgotten that it is useless to name them, were pre- 
senting other subtle propositions commanding serious ex- 
amination. During this period the scholastic forms of dis- 
cussion were fully elaborated methods cumbrous and 
inelegant, butenforcing exactitude, and conformed to that 
stage of intellectual development. The third period, ex- 
tending to the time of the extinction of scholasticism, early 
in the sixteenth century, presented somewhat different 
characters in different countries. It was, however, every- escolc, F. ecole = op. escuela = Fg. escola = It. 
. , , 
jj e i nK an imperfect conformation to the L. 
, p .. -i-Jii.-i- with wlinlnr)- < ME wolf 
schola, as similarly witn scoar; , <. i\m. scow, 
scowle, < AS. SColu, a school, = UJmes. SKtlle, 
schule = D. school = MLG. scholc = OHG. scuola, 
MH Q schuole, G. schule = Icel. skoli (< AS. ?) 
, , ^ , , _ w } _ ' 
= w. SKOla Uan. SKOIC = VV. ysgot, 
op. 
where marked by the formal perfectionment of systems, scuola, a school, < L. schola, SCOla, learned dis- 
and attention to trivial matters, with decided loss of vi- cugsion or disputation, a dissertation, lecture, 
^l?S?^^r^^SSSMI^^ a place for &*>,, or instruction, 'a school', 
tury), Pierre d'Ailly (1350-1425), Gerson (1363-1429), and the disciples of a particular teacher, a school, 
Eckius. adversary of Luther. Those subsequent writers se ct, etc., < Gr. oroA7/, a learned discussion or 
who follow colorless traditions of scholasticism, and main- j__i,*~*j ., ,iu^,.,.|.,ti,,n Ipr-fure n nine P for 
tain front against modern thought, must be considered disputation, a dissertation, le re, a place tor 
discussion or instruction, a school, a transferred 
use of o-^oA^, spare time, leisure ; perhaps < tx elv 
(/ aex-, X e -)> hold, stop : see scheme. Hence 
(from L. schola or Gr. axpMj) also scholar, scho- 
as belonging to an era different from either of those men- 
tioned. 
scholia, n. Latin plural of scholium. 
scholiast (sko'li-ast), n. [= F. scoliaste = Sp. 
escoliasta = Pg. escholiaste = It. scoliaste = G. 
scholiast, < NL. scholiasta, < MGr. axohiaar>K, a instruction is given in arts, science, languages 
commentator, < oxo?,iaeiv, write commentaries, or any species of learning; an institution for 
< Gr. o-^o'/tioi', a commentary: see scholium.'] One learning; an educational establishment; a 
who makes scholia; a commentator; an anno- school-house; a school-room. In modern usage 
the term is applied to any place or establishment of eda 
lastic, scholium, etc.] I. n. 1. A place where 
tator; especially, an ancient grammarian who 
annotated the classics. 
The title of this satire, in some ancient manuscripts, was 
"The Reproach of Idleness"; though in others of the scho- 
liasts it is inscribed "Against the Luxury and Vices of the 
Rich." Dryden, tr. of Persius's Satires, iii., Arg. 
The Scholiasts differ in that. 
Congrece, On the Pindaric Ode, note. 
SCholiastic (sko-li-as'tik), a. [< scholiast + -ic.] 
Pertaining to a scholiast or his pursuits. 
SCholiazet (sko'li-az), v. i. [< MGr. axo'Ma&iv, 
write commentaries: see scholiast.] To make 
scholia or notes on an author's work. [Bare.] 
He thinks to scholiaze upon the gospel. 
Milton, Tctrachordon. 
scholicalt (skol'i-kal), a. [< "scholic (< L. scho- 
licus, < Gr. axoh.iK6(, of or belonging to a school, 
exegetical, < axof.ii, school, etc. : see school^) + 
-ill.] Scholastic. 
It is a common scholiciil errour to fill our papers and note- 
books with observations of great and famous events. 
Hales, Golden Remains, p. 275. 
SCholiont (sko'li-on), n. Same as scholium. 
Hereunto have I added a certain Glosse, or scholion, for 
thexposition of old wordes. 
Spenser, To Gabriell Harvey, prefixed to Shep. Cal. 
scholium (sko'li-um), n.; pi. scholia, scholium* 
(-a, -umz). [Formerly also scholion, also scholy; 
< F. scolie = Sp. escolio = Pg. eschijlio = It. sco- 
lio, < ML. scholium, < Gr. axof.iov, interpretation, 
commentary, < oxoAf/, discussion, school: see 
school*.] A marginal note, annotation, or re- 
339 
cation, as day-schools, grammar-schools, academies, col- 
leges, universities, etc. ; but it is in the most familiar use 
restricted to places in which elementary instruction is im- 
parted to the young. 
She hath at scale and elles wher him soght, 
Til finally she gan so fer espye 
That he last seyn was in the Jewerye. 
Chaucer, Prioress's Tale, 1. 138. 
This boke is made for chylde gonge 
At the scowle that byde not longe ; 
Sone It may be conyd & had. 
And make them gode iff thei be bad. 
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 25. 
In the eighth year of Edward III., licence was granted 
to Barbor the Bagpiper to visit the schools for minstrels 
in parts beyond the seas, with thirty shillings to bear his 
expenses. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 278. 
2. The body of pupils collectively in any place 
of instruction, and under the direction of one 
or more teachers : as, to have a large school. 
3. A session of an institution of instruction ; 
exercises of instruction ; school-work. 
How now, Sir Hugh ! no school to-day? 
Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 1. 10. 
4. In the middle ages, a lecture-room, especialr 
ly in a university or college; hence, the body 
of masters and students in a university; a 
university or college ; in the plural, the schools, 
the scholastics generally. 
Witnesse on him, that eny perflt clerk is, 
That in scale is gret altercacioun, 
In this matere, and gret disputisoun, 
And hath ben of an hundred thousand men. 
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale. 1 417. 
school 
That ellcitation which the schools intend is a deducing 
of the power of the will into act. Abp. Bramhall. 
5. A large room or hall in English universities 
where the examinations for degrees and hon- 
ors take place. 6. The disciples or followers 
of a teacher ; those who hold a common doc- 
trine or accept the same teachings or princi- 
ples; those who exhibit in practice the same 
general methods, principles, tastes, or intellec- 
tual bent; a sect or denomination in philoso- 
phy, theology, science, art, etc.; a system of 
doctrine as delivered by particular teachers: as, 
the Socratic school; the painters of the Italian 
school; the musicians of the German school; 
economists of the laisser-faire school. 
In twenty manere konde he trippe and dannce 
(After the scale of Oxenforde tho). 
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 143. 
Let no man be less confident in his faith concerning the 
great blessings God designs in these divine mysteries by 
reason of any difference in the several schools of Christians. 
Jer. Taylor. 
7. A system or state of matters prevalent at a 
certain time; a specific method or cast of 
thought; a particular system of training with 
special reference to conduct and manners : as, 
a gentleman of the old school; specifically, 
the manifestation or the results of the coopera- 
tion of a school (in sense 6) : as, paintings of 
the Italian Renaissance school. 
He was a lover of the good old school, 
Who still become more constant as they cool. 
Byron, Beppo, 6t. 34. 
The fact that during the twelfth century a remarkable 
school of sculpture was developed in the Ile-de- France . . . 
a school in some respects far in advance of all others of 
the Middle Ages has not received the attention it de- 
served from students of the history of art. 
C. H. Moore, Gothic Architecture, p. 247. 
8. Any place or means of discipline, improve- 
ment, instruction, or training. 
The world, . . . 
Best school of best experience. 
Milton, P. R.,iii. 238. 
Court-breeding, and his perpetual conversation with 
Flatterers, was but a bad Schoole. 
Milton, Eikonoklastes, vi. 
Ye prim adepts in Scandal's school, 
Who rail by precept and detract by rule. 
Sheridan, A Portrait. 
9. In music, a book or treatise designed to teach 
some particular branch of the art : as, A.'s vio- 
lin scliool. Alexandrian school. See Alexandrian. 
Articulation school. See articulation. Athenian 
school, a body of late Neoplatonists, followers of Plu- 
tarch the great (not the biographer). Boethius is its most 
distinguished representative. Atomic school, the body 
of ancient atomists. Board-school, a school in Great 
Britain established by or under the control of a school- 
board of from five to fifteen members elected by the rate- 
payers under authority of the Education Acts of 1870-1 and 
later years. These board-schools comprise both primary 
or elementary schools, and secondary schools, which give 
a higher education. They are supported by rates, govern- 
ment grant at so much per head for pupils who pass the 
official examination, and graded school-fees (which, how- 
ever, are remitted in the case of parents too poor to pay). 
Religious instruction (from which, however, any child may 
be withdrawn) is given at specified times. Ihe schools 
must be at all times open to the government inspector. 
Brethren of the Christian Schools. See brother. 
Catechetical, claustral, common, district, Dutch, 
Eliac school. See the qualifying words. Dialectical 
school. Same as Sleijarian school. EleatiC school, the 
school founded by Xenophanes at Colophon, and after- 
ward removed to Elea. See leatic. Endowed Schools 
Act. See endow. Epicurean school, the school of Epi- 
curus, otherwise called the Garden. Eretrian school of 
philosophy. See Eretrian. Eristic school. Same as 
Megarian school. Exterior school, in medieval univer- 
sities, a school not within the walls of a monastery. 
In 817 the Council of Aachen required that only those 
who had taken monastic vows should be admitted to the 
schools within the monastery walls, the regular clergy and 
others being confined to the exterior schools. 
Laurie, Universities, iii. 
Flemish school. See Flemish. Graded schooL See 
graded. Grammar school. See grammar-school. High 
school, a school of secondary instruction, forming the con- 
clusion of the public-school course, and the link between 
the elementary or grammar schools and the technical 
schools or the college or university. Other terms are still 
in use in many localities to designate schools of this grade, 
as academy, free academy, union school, etc. Even gram- 
mar-school is still sometimes used to designate a school of 
this grade. 
English philology cannot win its way to a form in Amer- 
ican high-schools until it shall have been recognized as a 
worthy pursuit by the learned and the wise. 
O. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., i. 
Historical, industrial, intermediate, Ionic, Lake, 
Lomnardlc school. See the qualifying words. Mas- 
ters of the schools. See master^ . Megarian, mid- 
dle-class, monodic school. See the adjectives. Na- 
tional schools, in Ireland, those schools which are un- 
der the superintendence of the commissioners of na- 
tional education. They are open to all religious denomi- 
nations, and comprise a large part of all the schools of 
Ireland. Normal, old, organ school. See the qualify- 
ing words. Orthodox school, in polit. econ. See politi- 
cal. Oxford school, n name given to thnt party of the 
