school 
Church of England which adopted the principles prom 
ulgated in the '-Tracts for the Times." Thu members 
were also called Tractariaiis and Puseyite*. Parochial 
schools, in Scotland, schools established in the different 
parishes, in accordance with legislative enactments, for the 
purpose of furnishing education for the mass of the people 
at low rates. Such schools are now merged in the public 
schools, the management of them having been transferred 
from the heritors and presbytery of the Established 
Church to school-boards elected by the ratepayers. Pel- 
oponnesian school. See Peloponnesian. Peripatetic 
school, the school founded by Aristotle at Athens. Pri- 
mary school, a school of elementary instruction at the be- 
ginning of the public-school course. Public school, in 
the United States, same as common school; in Scotland, a 
school under the management of a school-board. In Eng- 
land public schools are certain classical schools, such as 
Rugby, Eton, Harrow, Westminster, patronized chiefly by 
the wealthy and titled classes. Public Schools Act, an 
English statute of 1868 (81 and 32 Viet., c. 118) provid- 
ing for the government and extension of certain public 
schools in England. Pythagorean school, the school 
founded by Pythagoras. Ragged school, a free school, 
supported by voluntary efforts, for the education (and in 
some cases the maintenance) of destitute children. Many 
schools of this kind were established in Great Britain in 
the first half of the nineteenth century, but since the es- 
tablishment of board-schools they have become unneces- 
sary. Reform or reformatory school. See reforma- 
tory, n. Rhodlan, Roman, romantic school. See the 
adjectives. Sabbath-schooL Same as Sunday-school. 
Satanic school, in literary criticism, a school of writers, 
of whom Byron was a conspicuous representative, char- 
acterized by strong appeals to passion and by luridness of 
style. School commissioner, an officer charged with 
the general oversight of public instruction throughout a 
State : sometimes known as the State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, of Public Education, etc. ; also, as in 
the city of New York, a member of the Board of Educa- 
tion. 1 1 . 3.] School Of Cnidus, a school of medicine 
antedating that of Hippocrates, or the school of Cos, and 
located in the town of Cnidus. They noted friction-sounds 
of pleurisy and tapped the thorax for empyema. School 
of Cos, a school of physicians which adopted the teachings 
of Hippocrates, including the doctrines of crasis, coction, 
crisis, and prognosis. They had vague ideas of anatomy 
and physiology, believing that the brain was a gland and 
that the arteries contained air. and confusing nerves with 
tendons. They had a better understanding of surgery. 
School of design, of refuge, of the prophets. See de- 
sign, re/uyei, prophet. School of the Stoics. Same as 
the. Porch (which see, under porch). Scottish school, 
a group of philosophical writers of Scotland beginning 
with Francis Hutcheson (1694-1747). They are intuition- 
alists in morals, and oppose Locke in regard to Innate 
ideas. Skeptical school, a group of skeptical philoso- 
phers. These embrace in ancient times the Pyrrhonlsts 
and Middle Academy ; in modern times followers of Mon- 
taigne, of Hume, etc. Socratic school, one of the 
schools founded by pupils of Socrates, embracing the lle- 
garic or Eristic, the Elian, the Cynic, and the Cyrenaic 
or Hedonistic schools, and the Academy of Plato. Sun- 
day school. See Sunday-school. Syrian school, the 
disciples and followers of Porphyry and lamblichus, Neo- 
platonists. Tubingen school, a name given to a certain 
phase of modern rationalistic philosophy which took its 
rise (1825-60) at the University of Tubingen, in Ger- 
many, under Ferdinand Christian Banr. The fundamen- 
tal principle of this school is that the books of the New 
Testament were written for the purpose of establishing 
certain opinions and parties in the early church, that 
many of them were written at a later date than the one 
usually assigned to them, and that they are rather valua- 
ble as indications of the spirit of the early church than as 
authoritative revelations, or even as authentic records. 
The name is also sometimes, though more rarely, given to 
an earlier school in the same university, which taught 
almost exactly the reverse namely, the credibility, integ- 
rity, and authority of the New Testament. 
IE. a. 1. Pertaining or relating to a school 
or to education : as, a school custom. 2. Per- 
taining to the schoolmen ; scholastic : as, school 
philosophy (scholasticism). 
The unsatisfactorlness and barrenness of the school- 
philosophy have persuaded a great many learned men to 
substitute the chymists three principles instead of those 
of the schools. Boyle, Origin of Forms, Preface. 
There are greater depths and obscurities, greater intri- 
cacies and perplexities, in an elaborate and well-written 
piece of nonsense than in the most abstruse and profound 
tract of scAooI-dlvlnity. Addison, Whig-Examiner, No. 4. 
In quibbles, angel and archangel join, 
And God the Father turns a school-divine. 
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. 1. 102. 
Their author was Spenerus, from whom they learnt to 
despise all ecclesiastical polity, all school theology, all forms 
and ceremonies. Chambers'* Cyc. (1738), art. Pietists. 
school 1 (skol), v. t. [< schoofl, .] j. TO edu- 
cate, instruct, or train in or as in school ; teach. 
He 's gentle, never school'd, yet learned. 
Shak., As you Like it, 1. 1. 173. 
So Macer and Mundungus school the Times, 
And write in rugged Prose the Rules of softer Rhymes. 
Congreve, Of Pleasing. 
2. To teach, train, or discipline with the thor- 
oughness and strictness of a school; discipline 
thoroughly ; bring under control. 
Now must Matilda stray apart, 
To school her disobedient heart. 
Scott, Rokeby, iv. 14. 
She schooled herself so far as to continue to take an In- 
terest in all her public duties. 
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa. , ii. 4. 
3. To discipline or take to task ; reprove ; chide 
and admonish. 
8394 
Good doctor, do not school me 
For a fault you are not free from. 
Fletctier, Spanish Curate, i. 1. 
Thy father has school'd thee, I see. 
B. Jojison, Poetaster, i. 1. 
school 2 (skol), M. [Now spelled school in con- 
formity with school 1 , with which school^ is ult. 
identical; early mod. E. scool, scoole, scale, x<-nl<\ 
scull, skull, < ME. scull, sculle, prop, scale, < AS. 
scolu, a school, a multitude (= D. school, a 
school, a multitude): see school*, and cf. shoal", 
the assibilated form of the same word.] A large 
number of fish, or porpoises, whales, or the like, 
feeding or migrating together; a company. 
A scale of Dolphins rushing up the river, and encoun- 
tered by a sort of Crocodiles, fighting as it were for sov- 
eraignty. Sandys, Ttavailes, p. 78. 
A knauish skull of boyes and girles 
Did pelt at him with stones. 
Warner, Albion's England, i. 
And there they fly or die like scaled sculls 
Before the belching whale. 
Shale., T. and C., v. 5. 22. 
A ripple on the water grew, 
A school of porpoise flashed in view. 
Whittier, Snow-Bound. 
school 2 (skol), r. i. [< school?, .] 1. To form 
or go in a school, as fish ; run together; shoal. 
The weakflsh run singly and much larger In size four 
times the weight of those schooling coming along under 
the still water of the ledges. 
Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 244. 
2. To go or move in a body ; troop. 
We schooled back to the Poorhouse Gorse. 
The Field, April 4, 1886. (Encyc. Brit.) 
To School up, to crowd close together at or near the sur- 
face of the water : as, menhaden do notschool up until the 
beginning of the summer. 
schoolable (sko'la-bl), a. [< schoofl + -We.] 
Of school age. [Decent.] 
Each tax-payer . . . would have a far less burden to 
bear In the work of getting all the schoolable children 
within the schools. Science, XII. 88. 
school-authort (skol'a'thor), M. A schoolman. 
Book of Common Prayer, Articles of Religion, 
xiii. 
school-board (skol'bord), . A local board of 
education or school-committee ; specifically, in 
Great Britain, a body of managers, elected by 
the ratepayers, male and female, in a town or 
parish, to provide adequate means of instruc- 
tion for every child in the district, with the 
power of compelling the attendance of the chil- 
dren at school, unless their education is satis- 
factorily provided for otherwise. 
school-book (skol'buk), n. A book used in 
schools. 
school-boy (skoTboi), . A boy belonging to 
or attending a school. 
Then the whining school-boy, with his satchel, 
And shining morning face, creeping like snail 
Unwillingly to school. 
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7. 145. 
school-bred (skol 'bred), a. Educated in a 
school. 
That, though school-bred, the boy be virtuous still. 
Cmeper, Tirocinium, L 8*). 
school-clerkt (skol'klerk), n. [Early mod. E. 
also scholc-clark ; < school 1 + clerk.'} One who 
is versed in the learning of schools. 
The greatest schole darks are not alwayes the wisest men. 
Boolce of Precedence (E. E. T. S.X I. 3. 
school-committee (skorko-mife), n. A com- 
mittee charged with the supervision of the 
schools of a town or district, 
schoolcraft (skbTkraft), n. Learning. 
He has met his parallel in wit and schoolcraft. 
B. Jonson, New Inn, ii. -2. 
school-dame (skol'dam), n. A female teacher 
of a school; a schoolmistress. 
school-days (skol'daz), n. pi. The time of life 
during which children attend school; time 
passed at school. 
Is it all forgot? 
All school-days' friendship, childhood, innocence? 
Shak., M. N. D., iii. 2. 202. 
school-district (skoTdis'trikt), . One of the 
districts into which a town or city is divided for 
the establishment and management of schools. 
school-doctor (skol 'dok* tor), n. A school- 
man. 
From that time forward I began to smell the word of 
God, and forsook the school-doctors and such fooleries. 
Latimer, Sermons, p. 335. 
schooleryt (sko'ler-i), . [< sehoofl + -ery.] 
That which is taught, as at a school ; precepts 
collectively. 
A filed toung fumisht with teannes of art, 
No art of schoole, but courtiers schoolery. 
Spenser, Colin Clout, 1. 701. 
school-name 
school-fellow (skoTfeFo), . One educated 
at the same school; an associate in school; a 
schoolmate. 
The emulation of school-fellows often puts life and in- 
dustry into young lads. Locke. 
SChool-flsh (skoTfish), . 1. Any kind of fish 
that schools habitually; also, any individual 
fish of a school. 2. Specifically, the menha- 
den, Brei'oortia tyranntis. [New York.] 
school-girl (skol'gerl), n. A girl belonging to 
or attending a school. 
school-house (skol'hous), n. 1. A building ap- 
propriated for use as a school. 2. The dwell- 
ing-house, generally attached to or adjoining a 
school, provided by the school authorities for 
the use of the schoolmaster or schoolmistress. 
[Great Britain and Ireland.] 
schooling (sko'ling), . [Verbal n. of school). 
i'.] 1. Instruction in school ; tuition. 
My education was not cared for. I scarce had any school- 
inff but what I taught myself. Thackeray, Philip, xxi. 
2. Compensation for instruction ; price paid 
to an instructor for teaching pupils. 3. Re- 
proof; reprimand. 
You shall go with me, 
I have some private schooling for you both. 
Shak., M. N. D., i. 1. 116. 
school-inspector (skol'm-spek'tor), n. An 
official appointed to examine schools and de- 
termine whether the education given in them is 
satisfactory. 
schoolma'am (skol'mam), . A schoolmis- 
tress. [Rural, New Eng.] 
I don't care if she did put me on the girls' side, she is 
the best Schoolma'am I ever went to. 
S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 8. 
schoolmaid (skol'mad), H. A school-girl. 
Lucio. Is she your cousin ? 
Isab. Adoptedly ; as school-maids change their names 
By vain though apt affection. Shak., M. lor M., i. 4. 47. 
schoolman (skoTman), n. ; pi. schoolmen (-men). 
A master in one of the medieval universities 
or other schools; especially, a Christian Peri- 
patetic of the middle ages; a scholastic. See 
scholasticism. 
The Schoolmen reckon up seven sorts of Corporal Alms, 
and as many of Spiritual. Stillingfleet, Sermons, II. vii. 
If you want definitions, axioms, and arguments, I am 
an able school-man. Steele, Lying Lover, i. 1. 
There were days, centuries ago. when the schoolmen 
fancied that they could bring into class and line all human 
knowledge, and encroach to some extent upon the divine, 
by syllogisms and conversions and oppositions. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 90. 
SChoolmarm (skol'mam), n. A bad spelling of 
schoolma'am. [U. S.] 
schoolmaster (skol'mas'ter), n. [Early mod. 
E. also scholemaster ; < ME. scolmeistre, scolc- 
maistre (= D. schoolmeestcr = MHG. schuol- 
meinter, G. schulmeister = Sw. skolmiistare = 
Dan. skolemester) ; < school^ + master 1 .] A man 
who presides over or teaches a school ; a man 
whose business it is to keep school. 
He saith it [learning] is the corrupt er of the simple, the 
schoolemaster of sinne, the storehouse of treacherie, the 
reuiuer of vices, and mother of cowardize. 
Kashe, Pierce Penilesse, p. 39. 
The law was our school-master [tutor, R. V.] to bring us 
unto Christ. Gal. iii. 24. 
The schoolmaster Is abroad, a phrase used to express 
the general diffusion of education and of intelligence re- 
sulting from education. It is also often used ironically 
(abroad taken as 'absent in foreign parts') to imply a con- 
dition of Ignorance. 
Let the soldier be abroad if he will ; he can do nothing 
in this age. There is another personage abroad a per- 
son less imposing in the eyes of some, perhaps, insignifi- 
cant. The schoolmaster is abroad; and I trust to him, 
armed with his primer, against the soldier in full military 
array. Brougham, Speech, Jan. 29, 1828. (Bartlett.) 
Schoolmate (skol'mat), n. [< school 1 + motel.] 
One of either sex who attends the same school ; 
a school companion. 
school-miss (skoTmis), n. A young girl who 
is still at school. [Rare.] 
schoolmistress (skol'mis'tres), . [= D. school- 
mestrcs, schoolmatrcs; as school* + (/?>?.**.] 
The mistress of a school: a woman who gov- 
erns a school for children, but may or may not 
teach. 
Such precepts I have selected from the most consider- 
able which we have from nature, that exact schoolmistress. 
Dryden. 
A matron old, whom we School-mistress name ; 
Who boasts unruly brats with birch to tame. 
Shenstone, School-mistress, st. 2. 
school-name (skol'nam), n. An abstract term ; 
an abstraction; a word used by schoolmen 
only. 
As for virtue, he counted it but a school-name. 
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iv. 
