ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., adj adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accoin accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act. active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agri agriculture. 
AL Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Amer American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist. 
appar. apparently. 
AT Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archeeol archaeology. 
aritn arithmetic. 
art article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav. Bavai-ian. 
Eeng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot. botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caus causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
ct L. confer, compare. 
ch church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin. Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp. composition, com- 
pound. 
com par. comparative. 
conch conchology. 
con] conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
del definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diflf different. 
dim diminutive. 
diatrib. distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E. East. 
E Engttah(usuaUy mean- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g. L. exempli gratia, lor 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Eng English. 
engin engineering. 
en torn entomology. 
Epis Episcopal. 
equiv. equivalent. 
esp especially. 
Eth Ethiopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur. European. 
exclam. exclamation. 
1., fern feminine. 
F , French (usually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem. Wemish. 
fort fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Friea Friesic. 
lut future. 
G. Germmi(u#uallymean- 
inff New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen ..genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth. . . Gothic (Mcesogothic). 
Gr. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horoL horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (usually 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, otherwise call- 
ed Old Norse). 
ichth ichthyology. 
L e L. id est, that is. 
impers impersonal. 
impf. imperfect. 
impv .imperative. 
Improp Improperly. 
Ind. Indian. 
ind. indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
indef. hdeflnite. 
inf hflnitive. 
instr iistrumentaL 
interj interjection. 
intr., intrans. . . .intransitive. 
IT. Irsh. 
irreg. . inegular, irregularly. 
It. Itilian. 
Jap Ja)anese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Letish. 
LG Lev German. 
lichenol lictenology. 
lit liteial, literally. 
lit. liteiature. 
Llth Lithianian. 
lithog lithojraphy. 
lithol lithdogy. 
LL Late Latin. 
in., masc mascaline. 
M. Middle. 
macli machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle EngUshfo(Ar. 
wise called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensur. mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor meteorology. 
Hex Mexican. 
MGr. Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG Middle High German. 
milit. military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG, Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut. neuter. 
K New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav. navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numis numismatics. 
O Old. 
obs obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise called Cnurch 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGael Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornith ornithology. 
OS Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
part. participle. 
pass passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
perf. perfect. 
Pers Persian. 
pers person. 
persp perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrog petrography. 
Pg Portuguese. 
phar pharmacy. 
Phen Phenician. 
philol philology. 
philos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical. 
physiol physiology. 
pl.,plur. plural. 
poet poetical. 
polit political 
Pol Polish. 
poss possessive. 
pp. past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr, Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref. prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present. 
pret. preterjt. 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
pros prosody. 
Prot. Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. qua) 
mde, which see. 
refl reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr. representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Eoman. 
Bom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Russ Russian. 
S South. 
S. Amer South American. 
sc L. scilicet, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. V, 
cing singular. 
Skt. Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
snperl superlative. 
surg surgery. 
surv surveying. 
Sw Swedish. 
syn synonymy. 
Syr Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratol teratology. 
term termination. 
Tent Teutonic. 
theat theatrical. 
theol theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var variant. 
vet. veterinary. 
v. i. intransitive verb. 
v. t. transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
zoogeog zoogeography. 
zool zoology. 
zoot. zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a oa in tut, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
a as in fall, talk, naught. 
a as in ask, fast, ant. 
fi as in fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, meet, meat. 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, it, biscuit. 
I as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
o as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty : see Preface, pp. 
tx, x). 
4 as in pull, book, could. 
ti German ii, French u. 
oi as in oil, joint, bo;. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates iti abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. SeePrefece, p. xi. 
Thus: 
J> as in prelate, courage, captain. 
S as in ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, ulogy, dem>crat. 
fi as in singular, education. 
A double dot uncer a vowe' in an unac- 
cented syllable indcates thai even in the 
mouths of the beat speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, thl short ujound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. :i. Thus: 
a. as in errant, republican, 
fi as in prudent, difference, 
i as in charity, density. 
o as in valor, actor, idiot. 
;i as in Persia, peninsula. 
e as in the book, 
ft as in nature, feature. 
Amark (~) under the consonants t, d, 
s, z indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, sh, z/i. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure. 
il as in arduous, education. 
s as in leisure, 
z as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
r nf as in then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (mon- 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent is not marked if at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read /rt>m ; i. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
-t- read and ; i. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; i. e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read obsolete. 
