shaker 
2. Specifically, any mci-haiiiral contrivance for 
shaking: as, a carpct-x//Aw. 3. ['/'.] A 
member of a religious denomination founded 
in Manchester, England, about the middle of 
the eighteenth century: so called, popularly, 
from the agitations or movements which form 
part of their ceremonial. Its members call them- 
selves "the United Society of Believers in Christ's Sec- 
ond Appearing," which they maintain took place in 1770 
through Mother Ann Lee, their founder, and continued in 
those who embraced her testimony. They hold that God 
is male and female, and that he has given to man four 
revelations, through the patriarchs as the Great Spirit, 
through the law of Moses and the prophets as Jehovah, 
through Christ and the primitive disciples as the Father, 
and through Ann Lee and her successors as the Eternal 
Mother: the last is to he continuous. They practise oral 
confession, celibacy, and community of goods, and hold 
the doctrines of continence, non-resistance, and non-par- 
ticipation in any earthly government. They wear a pecu- 
liar dress, and engage chiefly in agriculture (especially the 
production of herbs) and the manufacture of simple arti- 
cles, such as brooms and mats. Their principal settle- 
ment is at New Lebanon ill New York, where they have 
been since about 1780. 
4. The quaking-grass, Briza media. [Prov. 
Eng.] 5. A breed of domestic pigeons. See 
pigeon, I (c). 
:> ."i i .", 
Xhtikiii>rr<; Nlmkrxprri', dkaketpeoF, Shakespeare, 
shitkspraiT, Shaekespeare, and in many other 
ways, the usage iii Shakspere's time varying, 
as with other surnames. The common forms 
are Nlniki:tpi-iir (as in Aubrey, Kowe, Pope, 
Haimier, Warburtoii, and others), Shakspeare 
(as in Malone, Steeveus, Johnson, Douce, 
Drake, Ritson, Bowdler, Boswell, Chalmers, 
Coleridge, and others), Shakespeare (as in the 
first folio), and Slitikxperc (as in one of Shak- 
spere's own signatures). Shakspere is the form 
adopted in the publications of the New Shak- 
spere Society of London, and in this diction- 
ary. According to the etyin. (< shake, v., + 
obj. spear), the proper mod. spelling is Shake- 
spcar.] I. a. Of or pertaining to William Shak- 
spere (1564-1616), the great English dramatist 
ami poet, or his dramas; found in or charac- 
teristic of the writings, plays, or poems of Shak- 
spere ; relating to Shakspere, or in his style. 
No one type of character, feeling, or belief occurs as 
Shake warian; the word suggests what is vivid and many- 
sided, and nothing else. Contemporary Rev., XLIX. 87. 
II. . A Shaksperian scholar ; a specialist in 
ke-ragt (shak'rag), , [Also shaekrag, shak- the study of Shakspere. 
, shaorag; < shake, v., + obj. rag 1 . Cf. shack- Als , Shakspeanan, Shakspearean, Shakespear- 
ian. Shakespertan, etc. See the etymology. 
Shaksperiana (shak-spe-ri-a'na), n. pi. [< Shak- 
spere (see def.) + -i-anfi.] Items, details, or 
collections of lore of all kinds pertaining to 
Shakspere and his writings. 
Shaksperianism (shak-spe'ri-au-izm), H. [< 
Shaksperian + -/'*(.] Something specifically 
relating to or connected with Shakspere; espe- 
cially, a word or locution peculiar to Shakspere. 
rag, 
bag.] A ragged fellow ; a tatterdemalion : also 
used attributively. 
Was ever Jew tormented as I am ? 
To have a shay-ray knave to come 
Three hundred crowns and then five hundred crowns! 
Marlowe, Jew of Malta, iv. 5. 83. 
I'd hire sonieAa<7-rar or other for half azequine to cut 's 
throat. Chapman, May-Day, ii. 2. 
He was a shake-ray like fellow, . . . and, he dared to 
say, had gipsy blood in his veins. 
Scott, Guy Mannering, xxvi. 
Shakeress (sha'ker-es), n. [< Shaker + -ess.] 
A female Shaker. 
Shakerism (sha'ker-izm), u. [< Shaker + -ism.] 
The principles and practices of the denomina- 
tion called Shakers. 
shake-scenet (shak'sen), n. [< shake, v., + obj. 
scene.] A scene-shifter: so called in contempt 
(in the passage quoted, with a punning allusion 
to the name of Shakspere). 
There is an vpstart Crow beautified with our Feathers, 
that with his Tygres heart, wrapt in a Players hyde, sup- 
poses hee is as well able to bombast out a Blanke verse 
as the best of you ; and, being an absolute lohannes fac- 
totem, is in his owne conceyt the only Shake-scene in a 
Countrey. Greene, Groatsworth of Wit. 
Shakespearian, Shakesperian, etc., a. See 
Shaksperian. 
shake-up (shak'up), H. [< shake up, verb 
phrase.] A shaking or stirring up; commo- 
tion; disturbance. [Colloq.] 
shake-willy (shak'wil'i), n. In cottoii-iuanuf., 
a willy or willowing-machine. 
shakily (sha'ki-li), adv. In a shaky, trembling, 
or tottering manner ; feebly. 
shakiness (sha'ki-nes), n. Shaky character or 
condition. 
shaking (sha'king), n. [Verbal n. of shake, v.] 
1. The act or process of moving with a rapid 
vibratory motion, jolting, agitating, etc. 
There are also nodding movements and lateral shakings 
of the head. Lancet, No. 3485, p. 1294. 
Specifically 2. A violent jolting or agitation: 
as, give him a good shaking. 3. pi. Small 
pieces of cordage, rope, yarn, or canvas used 
for making oakum or paper. 
Shaking-frame (sha'king-fram), )i. 1. Ingnn- 
powder-manuf., a form of sifting-machine used 
in graining, in which a set of sieves are agi- 
tated by means of a crank or otherwise. 2. 
A form of buddle, or ore-sorting sieve. 
shaking-machine (sha'kiug-ma-shen"), n. A 
tumbling- box. 
Shaking-Quaker, n. Same as Shaker, 3. 
shaking-shoe (sha'king-sho), . Same as shoe, 
3 (/). 
shaking-table (sha'king-ta // bl), n. Same as 
joggling-table. 
shako (shak'6), n. [Also schaJco; = F. shako 
= G. schako = Pol. tzako, < Hung, csako, a 
shako.] A head-dress worn by soldiers, espe- 
cially infantry, in the eighteenth and nine- 
teenth centuries. It is in form a cylinder or truncated 
cone, stiff, with a vizor in front, and generally has a plume 
or pompon. 
He had been on duty that morning, and had Just come 
in. His sabre was cast upon the floor before him, and his 
shako was on the table. 
H. Kingsley, Ravenshoe, xxxi. (Dames.) 
shakragt, n. Same as shake-rag. 
Shaksperian (shak-spe'ri-an), a. and H. [< 
Skakgpere (see def.) + -ian. The surname 
Shakspere has been variously written namely, 
I think that the spirit of modern Shakspearianimi, 
among readers, critics, and actors, is quite false to Shak- 
speare, himself, because true to the traditions of our own 
times. Contemporary Rev., XLX. 250. 
Shaksperize (shak'sper-iz), v. [< Shakspere 
(see Shaksperian) + -i:e.] I. trans. To bring 
into special relation to Shakspere ; especially, 
to imbue with the spirit of Shakspere. 
Now, literature, philosophy, and thought are Shakespear- 
ized. His mind is the horizon beyond which, at present, 
we do not see. Emerson, Shakespeare or the Poet. 
II. intraiis. To imitate Shakspere. 
The English dramatic poets have Shakespearized now for 
two hundred years. Emerson, Misc., p. 78. 
[Bare in both uses.] 
shaku (shak'o), n. [Jap., = Chinese chih, a 
foot.] The Japanese foot, containing 10 tsuu or 
inches, and equal to about llf English inches. 
shakudo (shak'o-do'), n. [Jap., < Chinese ch'ih 
t'ung, flesh-colored copper: shak& (= Chinese 
ch'ih), red, flesh-colored; do (= Chinese tung), 
copper.] A Japanese alloy of copper with 
from one to ten per cent, of gold, much used 
for ornamental metal-work. It has a bluish-black 
patina produced by boiling in a solution of copper sul- 
phate, alum, and verdigris, which removes some of the 
copper and exposes a thin film of gold. 
In addition to the castings, the repousse' work should be 
mentioned ; . . . the inlaying of this kind of ware is some- 
times of extraordinary delicacy and beauty. The dark blue 
colour shown by a great number of smaller pieces is that 
of the shakudo, composed of copper, and 3 or 4 per cent, 
of gold. Workshop Receipts (3d ser.)> p. 28. 
shaky (sha'ki), a. [< shake + -y 1 .] 1. Disposed 
to shake or tremble ; shaking; unsteady: as, a 
shaky hand. 2. Loosely put together; ready 
to come to pieces. 3. Full of shakes or cracks ; 
cracked, split, or cleft, as timber. 4. Feeble; 
weak. [Colloq.] 
I feel terribly shaky and dizzy ; . . . that blow of yours 
must have come against me like a battering-ram. 
George Eliot, Adam Bede, xxviii. 
5. Wavering; undecided; uncertain: as, there 
are a good many shaky voters in the district. 
[Colloq.] 
Four of the latter [delegation] are adverse, and several 
others shaky. N. Y. Tribune, Jan. 21, 1858. 
6. Of questionable integrity, solvency, or abil- 
ity. [Colloq.] 
Other circumstances now occurred, . . . which seemed 
to show that our director was what is not to be found in 
Johnson's '* Dictionary " rather shaky. 
Thackeray, Great Hoggarty Diamond, x. 
Shalder 1 (shal'der), r. i. [Origin obscure ; cf. 
shold, shout 1 , shelve 2 .] To give way; tumble 
down. HalttweU. 
Two hils, betwixt which it ran, did shalder, and so choke 
vp his course. 
Harrison, Descrip. of Britain, xv. (Holinshed's Chron., I.). 
shalder- (shal'der), n. [Origin obscure.] 1. 
A kind of slate. 2. A broad, flat rush. [Prov. 
Eug. in both uses.] Halliwell. 
shale 1 (shal), H. [Early mod. E. also shaile; 
< ME. shale, schale, assibilated form of scale, < 
shall 
AS. sceale. a shell, husk, rind, scale : see scale*. 
Cf. shale?.] A shell or husk. 
I saugh him earien a wind-melle 
Under a walshe-note shale. 
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1281. 
Your fair show shall suck away their souls, 
Leaving them but the shales and husks of men. 
Shak., Hen. V., iv. 2. 18. 
shale 1 (shal), v. t.; pret. and pp. shaled, ppr. 
shalirtff. [E. dial, alsosheal, shcel; < ME. schaleii, 
assibilated form of scaleti, scale, shell: see scale 1 , 
and cf. shell, v.] To take off the shell or coat of. 
I have beene skaling of peascods. 
Marston, The Fawne, iv. 
shale 2 (shal), n. [< G. schale, a scale, shell, husk, 
a slice, a thin layer (schalen-gebirge, a mountain 
formed of thin strata), = E. scale, shale: see 
scale 1 , shale 1 .] Clay, or argillaceous mate- 
rial, which has a fissile structure, or which 
splits readily into thin leaves. Shale differs from 
slate in being decidedly less firmly consolidated ; but there 
is often a gradual passage of one into the other. Alum 
shale. See alum. Bituminous shale. See bituminous. 
Kinuneridge shale. See Kimmeridgian. Lorraine 
shale, a local name in New York (Jefferson county) for 
a shaly division of the Hudson River group. Niagara 
shale, a division of the Niagara group, especially interest- 
ing from its relation to the recession of Niagara Falls. It 
is there a shaly rock, and it underlies a more compact lime- 
stone, each division being at the present Falls about 80 
feet thick. The shale wears away more rapidly than the 
limestone, which is thus undermined and breaks off in 
large fragments, greatly aiding the work of the water in 
causing the recession of the Falls. Tarannpn shale, a 
group of slates and shaly rocks forming a division of the 
Upper Llandovery series in Wales, and from 1,000 to 1,500 
feet in thickness. They were first described by Sedgwick 
under the nun e of paste-rock, and have also been called the 
pale slates. They are named from the river Tarannon, on 
which (in Montgomeryshire, near Uauidloes) the group is 
especially well-developed. 
shaledt (shald), a. [< shale 1 + -ed' 2 .] Having 
a shale or shell. 
Hasellnuts, . . . as good and thin shaled ware ourFil- 
berds. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 397. 
shale-oil (shal'oil), n. The trade-name of a cer- 
tain grade of naphtha. 
shalkt, [ME., also schalk, < AS. sceale = 
OS. scale = OFries. skalk, schalk = D. MLG. 
schalk = OHG. scale, scalk, sealch, MHG. schale, 
schalch, G. schalk = Icel. skdlkr = Sw. Dan. 
skalk = Goth, skalks, a servant. Cf. It. scalco 
= OF. escalque, < OHG. ; see also seneschal and 
marshal 1 .] A servant; man. 
He translated it into latyn for likyng to here ; 
But he shope it so short that no shalke might 
Haue knowlage by course how the case felle. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 72. 
shall 1 (shal), originally v. t., now only auxiliary. 
Pres. 1 shall, 2 shalt, 3 shall, pi. shall; imperf. 
1 should, 2 shouldest or shouldst, 3 should, pi. 
should. Shall has no participles, no imperative, 
and no infinitive. [A defective verb, classed 
with can, may, will, etc.: (1) Pres. 1st and 3d 
pers. shall, also dial. (Sc.) sail, sal, < ME. shal, 
sehal, schalle, schel, ssel, scheal,sceal, seal, also sal, 
sel, seel, < AS. sceal; 2d pers. shalt, < ME. shalt, 
schalt, ssalt, salt, < AS. scealt; pi. shall, < ME. 
shul, shulcn, shullen, schulen, schullen, sholen, 
sculeii, scullen, sulen, sullen, etc.. < AS. sculon, 
sculuii, sceolon; (2) pret. 1st and 3d pers. should, 
dial. (Sc.) suld, < ME. sholde, scholde, ssolde, 
scolde, seulde, solde, < AS. scolde, sceolde; 2d 
pers. shouldest, shouldst, < ME. schuldest, etc. ; 
pi. should, < ME. sholden, scholden, ssolden, scol- 
de, sitlden, etc., < AS. scoldon, sceoldon; inf. 
ME. schulen, < AS. sculan; = OS. skal, seal (pret. 
skulda, skolda, sculda, scolda, inf. skulan) = 
OFries. skil, skel, schel (pret. skolde, inf. skila, 
skela, schcla, sela) = D. zal (pret. zoude, inf. 
zullen) = OHG. seal, seal, sal, sol (pret. scolta, 
solta, inf. sculan, scolan, solan, suln), MHG. sol 
(pret. solte, inf. scholn, soln), G. soil (pret. sollte, 
inf. sollen) = Icel. skal (pi. skulum, pret. skyldi, 
skyldu, inf. skulu) = Sw. skall (pret. skulle, inf. 
skola) = Dan. skal (pret. skulde, inf. skulle) = 
Goth, skal (pi. skulum, pret. skulda, inf. skulan) ; 
a preterit-present verb, the AS. sceal, etc., be- 
ing orig. pret., from Teut. -\/ skal, owe, be in 
debt, be liable (whence also AS. scyld = D. G. 
schuld = Sw. skuld, skull = Dan. skyld, fault, 
debt, guilt); cf. Litli. skelu, I am indebted, 
skilti, owe, be liable; L. scelus, guilt (> E. scel- 
erate, scelerous, etc.); Skt. -\/ skhal, stumble.] 
A.t As an independent transitive verb. To 
owe ; be indebted or under obligation for. 
Lhord, ich ne habbe huer-of makt the yeldinge ; uoryef 
me thet ich the ssel. Ayenbite o/Imcyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 115. 
By that feith I shul to God and yow. 
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 1849. 
Euerych cart[load of wool] y-seld in the town, to men 
out of frauncbyse, shal to the kynge of custome an hal- 
peny. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.\ p. 355. 
