ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a,, adj adjective. 
abbi abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accoiti accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agri agriculture. 
AL Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Ann ; American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist. 
appar apparently, 
Ar Arabic. 
arch architectures 
archseol archaeology. 
artth arithmetic. 
art article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
nsl nil astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot. botany. 
Braz Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caus causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq. colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch conchology. 
.conj conjunction. 
contr. contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
cranium craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
def definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diff different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E. East. 
E EngUe\i(usuallymean- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g. L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. I nil East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
cmbryoL embryology. 
Eng English. 
engln eigineering. 
entom eitomology. 
Epis Episcopal. 
cquiv ejulvalent. 
csp eipecially. 
Eth Ethiopia 
cthnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
1., fern feminine. 
F. French (muallymean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Tlemish. 
Jort fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries Friesic. 
fut future. 
O German(ugualf2/?nean- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Mcesogothic). 
Or. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet. herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (usuatti, 
meaning Old Ice- 
l&nAtc,otheruritecail- 
ed Old Norse). 
ichth ichthyology. 
i. e L. id est, that is. 
impers impersonal. 
impf imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
improp improperly. 
1ml Indian. 
ind indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
indef indefinite. 
inf. infinitive. 
instr instrumental. 
interj interjection. 
Intr., intrans.. . .intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It. Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol lichenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
Lith Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
M. MidiUe. 
mach machinery. 
mammal manmalogy. 
inanuf. manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle English (other- 
wise called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensur mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor meteorology. 
Mex Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG Middle High German. 
milit military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG. Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut. neuter. 
K. New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural. 
nant nautical. 
nav navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numis numismatics. 
Old. 
obs obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGael Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
OB. Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornith. ornithology. 
OS. Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
part. participle. 
pass passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
pert perfect. 
Pers Persian. 
pers person. 
perep perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrog petrography. 
PR. .Portuguese. 
phar. pharmacy. 
Phen Phenician. 
philol philology. 
philos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren .phrenology. 
phys physical. 
physiol physiology. 
pl.,plnr plural. 
poet poetical. 
poh't political. 
Pol Polish. 
poss possessive. 
pp past participle. 
ppr present participle. 
Pr Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present. 
pret. preterit. 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
pros prosody. 
Prot Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
q. v L. yuod (or pi. qvte) 
vide, which see. 
refl reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bora Roman. 
Rom Ilomanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Russ Russian. 
8. South. 
S. Amer .. . .South American. 
sc L. scilicet, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv. Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt. Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
8p Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
superl superlative. 
surg surgery. 
surv surveying. 
8w. Swedish. 
Byn synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratoL teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut. Teutonic. 
theat theatrical. 
theol theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr. , trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var. variant. 
vet veterinary. 
v. L intransitive verb. 
v. t. transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
zoBgeog zoogeography. 
zobT. zoology. 
zoot zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang, 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard, 
a as in fall, talk, naught. 
A as in ask, fast, ant. 
& as in fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless, 
e as in mete, meet, meat, 
e as in her, fern, heard, 
i as in pin, it. biscuit. 
I as in pine, fight, file, 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, oil 
u as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
ix, x). 
1 as In pull, book, could. 
U German ii, French u. 
ol as in oil, joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. 
Thus: 
;> as in prelate, courage, captain. 
v as in ablegatc, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound Is 
variable to, and iti ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short it-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: 
:i as In errant, republican. 
e as in prudent, difference. 
X as in charity, density. 
Q as in valor, actor, idiot. 
& as in Persia, peninsula. 
; as in the book. 
V) as in nature, feature. 
A mark M under the consonants t, d, 
s, z indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j t sh, zh. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure. 
<] as in arduous, education. 
as in leisure. 
3 as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
eh as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
ti French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (mon- 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent is not marked If at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read/rotn ; I. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
-t- read and; i. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate mth; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged ; i. e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read obsolete. 
