socket 
Socket. French form, end of i4th century. (From Viollel-le-Duc's 
" Diet, du Mobilier francais.") 
ing to protect the legs and thighs. Compare 
&!, 3 (c). Also socquette Ball and socket. 
e. 
socket (sok'et), v. t. [< socket, .] To provide 
with or place in a socket. 
socket-bayonet (sok'et-ba'o-net), w. A bayo- 
net of modern type, in which a short cylinder 
fits outside the barrel of the gun. 
socket-bolt (sok'et-bolt), . In macli., a bolt 
that passes through a thimble placed between 
the parts connected by the bolt. 
socket-caster (sok'et-kas'ter), n. A caster at- 
tached to a socket which is fitted over the end 
of a leg of a piece of furniture. 
socket-celt (sok'et-selt), 11. A celt with a socket 
into which the handle or haft is fitted, as dis- 
tinguished from celts of those forms in which 
the handle is secured to the outside of the 
head. 
socket-chisel (sok'et-chiz"el), n. A chisel hav- 
ing a hollow tang in which the handle is in- 
serted. The form is used for heavy chisels 
employed especially in mortising. 
socket-drill (sok'et-dril), n. A drill for coun- 
tersinking or enlarging a previously drilled 
hole. It has a central projection which fits the drilled 
hole, and laterally projecting cutting edges which enlarge 
or countersink the hole. 
socketed (sok'et-ed), p. a. 1. Provided with 
or placed in a socket. 
Two whyte marble colums or pillers, soccalfd in two 
foote stepps of black marble well polished. 
Archteoloyia, X. 404. 
Referring to drainage, we read of socketed pipes which 
are uncemented at the joints. Lancet, 1889, II. 915. 
2. In auat., received in a socket; articulated 
by reception in a socket. 
socket-joint (sok'et -joint), n. A ball-and- 
socket joint; an enarthrodial articulation, or 
enarthrosis, as those of the 
shoulder and hip. 
socket-pipe (sok'et-pip), . 
A joint of pipe with a socket 
at one end, usually intend- 
ed to receive the small end 
of another similar joint. 
socket-washer ( sok'et - 
wpsh"er), . A washer 
with a countersunk face to 
receive the head of a bolt, 
etc.; a cup-washer. K. IT. 
Knight. 
socket-Wrench (sok'et-rench), n. A wrench 
for turning nuts, having a socket fitted to a 
special size and shape of nut to be turned. See 
cut under wrench. 
SOCkhead (sok'hed), . A stupid fellow. [Prov. 
Eng.] 
SOCkless (sok'les), a. [< soc* 1 , ., + -less.] 
Lacking socks; hence, without protection or 
covering: said of the feet. 
You shall behold one pair [of legs], the feet of which 
were in times past Backless. 
Beau, and Fl, Woman-Hater, I. 3. 
sockman, See socman. 
socky (sok'i), a. See soaky. 
socle (so'kl), w. [Also zocJe ; = G. Sw. socket = 
Dan. sokkel, < F. socle, a plinth, pedestal, < It. 
zoccolo, formerly soccolo, a plinth, a wooden 
shoe, formerly also a stilt, < L. socculus, dim. 
of soccus, a light shoe, sock : see sock 1 . Cf . sock- 
et.] 1. In arch., a low, plain member, serving 
as a foundation for a wall or pedestal, or to sup- 
port vases or other ornaments. It differs from a 
pedestal in being without base or cornice, and is higher 
than a plinth. A continued socle is one extending around 
a building or part of a building. 
2. One of the ridges or elevations which sup- 
port the tentacles and sense-bodies of some 
worms. 
,b 
Socket-pipe, 
lenetli of socket-pipe ; 
anch-piece ; c, connect 
piece ; rf, elbow. 
5746 
socman (sok'man), H. [Also sockman, sol-ami n : 
repr. AS. 'socman (ME. socheman, ML. sol-mtin- 
inis, sociimanmis, soc<ima>iiuis, Korniaiinns, socke- 
,iiiiiniii.t), a feudal tenant or vassal, < soc, the 
exercise of judicial power, + man: see sake* 
and token.'] One who holds lands or tenements 
by socage. 
A seignorie of pillage, which had a baron of old ever 
ventured to arrogate, burgess and citizen, socman and 
bncman, villein and churl, would have burned him alive 
in his castle. Buliver, My Novel, xii. 1. 
socmanry (sok'mau-ri), .; pi. socmanries (-riz). 
[<.Wj.socn>anHi-i!t,<xofmanHx,xokian>iiis,ote., 
< AS. socman : see soeman.] Tenure by soeage. 
These tenants . . . could not be compelled (1'^e pure 
villeins) to relinquish these tenements at the lord's will, 
or to hold them against their own : "et ideo," says Brae- 
ton "dicunturliberi." Britton also, from such their free- 
dom calls them absolutely sokemans, and their tenure 
sokemanriet. Blackstmie, Com., II. vi. 
Socotran (sok'o-tran), a. and . [< Socotra 
(see def.) + -an.]" I. a. Of or pertaining to 
Socotra, an island in the Indian Ocean, off the 
east coast of Africa. 
II. . A native or an inhabitant of Socotra. 
Also Socotrine. 
Socotrine (sok'6-trin), n. and i. [< Socotra 
(see Socotran) 4- -ine*.] Same as Socotran. 
Socotrine aloes. See aloes, l. 
socourt, . A Middle English form of succor. 
socquette, . Same as socket, 6. 
Socratic (so-krat'ik), a. andw. [=Y.Socratique 
= Sp. Socrdtico = Pg. It. Socratico, < L.Socra- 
ticus, < Gr. ZanpaTtKof, of or pertaining to Soc- 
rates, < ZuupdTiK, Socrates.] I. a. Oforpertain- 
ing to the methods, style, doctrine, character, 
person, or followers of the illustrious Athe- 
nian philosopher Socrates (about 470-399 B. c.). 
His father, Sophroniscus, was a sculptor, and he was 
brought up to the same profession. His mother, Phffi- 
narete.was a midwife. Socrates was unjustly accused before 
the council of the prytanes of being a corrupter of youth 
and of not believing in the gods of the city, was condemned, 
and died by drinking hemlock. His philosophy is known 
to us by the account of Xenophon, written to show the prac- 
tical upshot of his teachings and the injustice of his gen* 
tence, and by the Dialogues of Plato, in most of which Soc- 
rates is introduced only to give an artistic setting to Plato's 
own discussions. Some things can also be inferred from 
fragments of -Dschines, and from the doctrines of other 
companions of Socrates. He wrote nothing, but went about 
Athens frequenting some of the best houses, and followed 
by a train of wealthy young men, frequently cross-question- 
ing those teachers whose influence he distrusted. He 
himself did not profess to be capable of teaching anything, 
except consciousness of ignorance ; and he bargained for 
no pay, though he no doubt took moderate presents. He 
called his method of discussion (the Socratic method) ob- 
utetrics (see maieutic\ because it was an art of inducing 
his interlocutors to develop their own ideas under a cate- 
chetical system. He put the pretentious to shame by the 
practice of Socratic irony, which consisted In sincerely 
acknowledging his own defective knowledge and profess- 
ing his earnest desire to learn, while courteously admit- 
ting the pretensions of the person interrogated, and in 
persisting in this attitude until examination made it ap- 
pear bitter sarcasm. He was opposed to the rhetorical 
teaching of the sophists, and had neither interest nor 
confidence in the physical speculations of his time. The 
center of his philosophy, as of all those which sprang di- 
rectly or indirectly from his that is to say, of all European 
philosophy down to the rise of modern science was moral- 
ity. He held that virtue was a species of knowledge ; 
really to know the right and not to do it was impossible, 
hence wrong-doers ought not to be punished ; virtue 
was knowledge of the truly useful. He was far, however, 
from regarding pleasure as the ultimate good, declaring 
that if anything was good in itself, he neither knew it nor 
wished to know it. The great problems he held to consist 
in forming general conceptions of the nature of truth, 
happiness, virtue and the virtues, friendships, the soul, 
a ruler, a suit of armor in short, of all objects of interest. 
These conceptions were embodied in definitions, and these 
definitions were framed by means of analytic reflection 
upon special instances concerning which all the world 
were agreed. He would not allow that anything was 
known for certain concerning which competent minds 
opined differently. This process of generalization, the 
Socratic induction, together with the doctrine of the ne- 
cessity of definitions, were his two contributions to logic. 
The disciples of Socrates were Plato, Euclides, Phsedo, 
Antisthenes, Aristippus, Xenophon, .Ksdiim's. Simonias, 
Cebes, and about twenty more. Properly speaking, there 
was no Socratic school ; but the Academy and the Mega- 
rian, Elean, Eretrian, Cynic, and Cyrenaic schools are 
called Socratic, as having been founded by immediate dis 
ciples of Socrates. Socratic school. See schodl. 
II. . A disciple of Socrates: as, .iEschines 
the Socratie. 
Socratical (so-krat'i-kal), a. [< Socratic + -al.] 
Socratic in some sense, or to some extent. 
[Bare.] 
Socratically (so-krat'i-kal-i), adv. In the So- 
cratic manner; by the Socratie method. 
Socraticism (so-krat'i-sizm), n. [< Socratic + 
-ism.] A Socratic peculiarity, absurdity, or 
the like. Eneyc. Brit., VIII. 579. 
Soeratism(sok'ra-tizm), n. [< Socrates + -igni.] 
The doctrines or philosophy of Socrates. Imp. 
Diet. 
soda 
Socratist (sok'ra-tist), n. [< Xocrate* + -int.'] 
A disciple of Socrates ; one who uses the So- 
cratic method; a Socratic. 
Socratize (sok'ra-tiz), r. i.; pret. and pp. >'- 
ratixd, ppr. Socratietng. 1^ ' s '<'''"'''* + -'.:'.] 
To use the Socratic method. [Bare.] 
"What is to prevent me from Sokratiany > " was the 
question by which he IRamus] established his individual 
right to doubt and inquiry. 
J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, I. 255. 
sod 1 (sod), M. [< ME. soil, sodde = OFries. siitlnt. 
xcida = MD. node, soode, soede, soeuu-e, soije, D. 
zode, zoo; = MLG. node, LG. sode = G. midr. 
sod, turf: so called as being sodden or satu- 
rated with water; a deriv. or particular use of 
OFries. satli, w7rf = MD. .fc, later sood, ;<>n 
= MLG. sod, LG. sood = MHG. sot, sod, boil- 
ing, seething, also a well, = AS. seatli, a well, 
pit, < seothan (pret. sedtli, pp. soden), etc., boil, 
seethe: see seethe, sodden 1 , etc.] 1. The upper 
stratum of grass-land, containing the roots of 
grass and the other herbs that may be growing 
in it ; the sward or turf. 
Tender blue-bells, at whose birth 
The god scarce heaved. Shelley, The Question. 
To rest beneath the clover sod. 
Tennyson, In Memorlam, x. 
2. A piece of this grassy stratum pared or 
pulled off; a turf; a divot or fail. 
She therefore, to encourage hir people against the eni- 
mles, mounted vp into an high place raised vp of turfes 
and sods made for the nonce. 
Holinshed, Hist. Eng., iv. 10. 
Sod kiln, a lime-kiln made by excavating the earth in 
the form of a cone, filling with alternate layers of fuel and 
broken limestone, and covering the top with sods to pre- 
vent loss of heat Sometimes the sides are lined with 
sods. The Old sod, one's native country : especially used 
by Irish emigrants : as, he 's a clever lad from the old sod. 
[Colloq.] 
sod 1 (sod), . t. ; pret. and pp. sodded, ppr. sod- 
ding. [< sod 1 , n.] To cover with sod; turf. 
The slope was sndded and terraced with rows of seats. 
and the spectators looked down upon the circular basin 
at the bottom. Harper's Hag., LXXIX. 568. 
S0d' 2 t. An obsolete preterit and past participle 
of seethe. 
SOda (so'da), x. [= F. Sp. Pg. D. G. Sw. Dan. 
soda (NLi soda), < It. soda, soda, Olt. soda 
(= OF. souldc), saltwort, glasswort, fern, of 
sodo, contr. of solido, solid, hard : see solid.] 1 . 
Sesquicarbonate or normal carbonate of sodium 
(Na 2 CO 3 ) ; soda-ash: the latter being the com- 
mon name of the commercial article, one of 
the most, if not the most, important of all the 
products of chemical manufacture. Various hy- 
urated carbonates of sodium occur In nature the deca- 
hydrate or natron ; the monohydrate, known as thermona- 
trite; and trona, a compound of the Sesquicarbonate and 
the bicarbonate with three equivalents of water. These 
natural carbonates occur in solution in the water of vari 
ous alkaline lakes, or as deposits at the bottoms of such as 
have become dried up, but usually mixed with more or less 
common salt, sodium sulphate, and other saline combina- 
tions. It was from these deposits, and from the incinera- 
tion of various plants growing by the sea-shore (Salsola. 
Salicornia, Chenopodium, Statice, Seaumuria, Xitraria, 
Tetragonia, Mesembryanthemum), that soda was formerly 
obtained. These sources have become of little impor- 
tance since artificial soda began to be made from common 
salt, a process invented by Leblanc, and put in operation 
near Paris toward the end of the eighteenth century. By 
this process common salt is decomposed by sulphuric 
acid, and the resulting sodium sulphate is mixed with 
limestone and coal, and neated in a reverberatory furnace, 
the product (technically known as Mack ash) consisting 
essentially of soluble sodium carbonate and insoluble cal- 
cium sulphid, which are easily separated from each other 
bylixiviation. By the Leblanc process the soda used In 
the arts was almost exclusively produced until about 
thirty years ago, when the so-called ammonia or Solvay 
process began to become of importance. This process 
had been patented in England as early as 1838, and tried 
there and near Paris, but without success. The dimcul 
ties were first overcome by E. Solvay, who in 1861 es- 
tablished a manufactory of soda by this process (since 
known by his name) near Brussels. By the ammonia or 
Solvay process a concentrated solution of common salt is 
saturated with ammonia, and then decomposed by car- 
bonic acid. By this means sodium chlorid is converted 
into sodium carbonate, and the ammonia is afterward re- 
covered by the aid of lime or magnesia. This process has 
within the past few years become of great importance, and 
at the present time about half the soda consumed in the 
world is made by it. Whether it will eventually entirely 
supplant the Leblanc process cannot yet be stated. The 
chief advantage which it presents is that the amount of 
coal consumed by it is much smaller than that required by 
the older process, so that countries where fuel is not very 
cheap and abundant can now make their own soda, being 
no longer dependent on England, as they were in huge 
degree before the Solvay process became successful. For 
the properties of pure soda, see sodium carbonate, under 
sodium. Also called mineral alkali. 
2. Soda-water. [Colloq.] Ball soda, crude soda. 
Caustic soda. See caustic. Nitrate of soda. See 
nitrate. Salt of soda, sodium carbonate. Soda cock- 
tail. See cocktail. Soda niter. Same as nitratin. 
Soda powder. See jmcder. 
