souder 
SOUder, . and c. A Scotch form of W</< / 
SOUdiourt, . A Middle Knglish format xolilii'i: 
souffle (so'fl), H. [< F. souffle, -A blowing sound, 
< souffler, blow: see souffle.] In </.," a mur- 
muring or blowing sound Cephalic, placenta!, 
etc., souffle. See the adjectives. Cranial souffle, i! 
low, soft murmur heard on auscultating the skull of in- 
fants and anemic adults. 
souffle" (so-fla'), n. [F., pp. of xonfflcr, OF. 
softer, soufler, souffler, blow, puff, = Pr. sofflar, 
siifflar = Sp. sopJar = Pg. snprar = It. soffiare, 
< L. sufflan; blow, < sub-, under, + flare, blow, 
= E. Wow 1 .] In cookery, a delicate dish some- 
times savory, as a potato souffle, but usually 
sweet. It is made light by incorporating whites of eggs 
beaten to a froth, and placing it in an oven, from which 
it is removed at the moment it puffs up, and served at 
once. Omelet souffle^ See omelet. Souffle) decora- 
tion, in ceram., a spotted or mottled surface produced 
by blowing the liquid color so that the drops burst and 
bubble-like marks are left on the surface. It is sometimes 
produced by blowing the color through lace or a fine net- 
work. Prime. 
souffleur (so-fler'), n. [F., < souffler, blow: see 
souffle.'} A prompter in a theater. 
SOUgh 1 (sou or suf, or, as Scotch, such), n. [For- 
merly &\BO stiff, suffe, Sc. sough, souch, &\sosouf; 
< ME. "sough ; either (a) < Icel. s-ugr, a rush- 
ing sound (in comp. arn-sugr, the sound of an 
eagle's flight), or (6) more prob. a contraction 
of ME. swough, swogh (= Icel. sugr, above), 
< swogen, swoicen, < AS. swogan = OS. swogan, 
rustle, = Goth, swogjan, sigh, resound: see 
swough. The word, formerly also pronounced 
with a guttural as written, suffered the usual 
change of gk to /, and was formerly written 
accordingly suff, suffe, whence by some confu- 
sion (prob. by association with surge) the form 
.iurf: seesurf.'] 1. A murmuring sound; a rush- 
ing or whistling sound, like that of the wind; 
a deep sigh. 
I saw the battle, sair an* tough, . . . 
My heart, for fear, gae sough for sough. 
Burnt, Battle of Sheriff-Muir. 
Voices I call 'em ; 'twas a kind o' sough 
Like pine-trees thet the wind 's ageth'rin' through. 
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., ii. 
2. A gentle breeze; a waft; a breath. 
There, a sough of glory 
Shall breathe on you as you come. 
Mrs. Browning, Drama of Exile. 
3. Any rumor that engages general attention. 
[Scotch.] 
"I hae heard a 8ou^A,"said Annie Winnie, "as if Leddy 
Ashton was nae canny body." 
Scott, Bride of Lammermoor, xxxiv. 
4. A cant or whining mode of speaking, es- 
pecially in preaching or praying ; the chant or 
recitative characteristic of the old Presbyte- 
rians in Scotland. [Scotch.] 
I have heard of one minister, so great a proficient in 
this sough, and his notes so remarkably flat and produc- 
tive of horror, that a master of music set them to his 
fiddle. Burl, Letters, I. 207. (Jamietfii.) 
To keep a calm BOUgh, to keep silence ;^Ce silent. 
[Scotch.] I 
"Thlr kittle times will drive the wisest o' us daft," said 
Niel Blane, the prudent host of the Howff ; "but I'se aye 
keep a calm sough." Scott, Old Mortality, xx. 
sough 1 (sou or suf, or, as Scotch, such), v. 
[Also Sc. souch; < ME. sougen: see sough*, .] 
1. intrans. 1. To make a rushing, whistling, 
or sighing sound ; emit a hollow murmur ; mur- 
mur or sigh like the wind. [Now (except in 
literary use) local English or Scotch.] 
Deep, as soughs the boding wind 
Aiming his caves, the sigh he gave. 
Burns, As on the Banks. 
The wavy swell of the soughing reeds. 
Tennyson, Dying Swan. 
2. To breathe in or as in sleep. [Scotch.] 
I hear your mither souch and snore. 
Jamitson's Pop. Ballads, II. 338. (Jamieion.) 
II. trans. To utter in a whining or monoto- 
nous tone. [Scotch.] 
He hears ane o' the king's Presbyterian chaplains sough 
out a sermon on the morning of every birth-day. 
Scott, Antiquary, crvii. 
sough 2 (suf), n. [Also saugh, suf; Sc. setich, 
sewch, sheuch; < ME. sough, a dram, < W. soch, 
a sink, drain; cf. L. sulcus, a furrow.] It. A 
channel. 
Then Dulas and Cledaugh 
By llorgany do drive her through her wat'ry saugh. 
Drayton, Polyolblon, iv. 168. 
2. A drain; a sewer; an adit of a mine. [Prov. 
Eng.] 
The length as from the home unto the tough [in a stall]. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 19. 
The delfs would be so flown with waters (it being Im- 
possible to make any addits or soughs to drain them) that 
no gins or machines could suffice to lay and keep them 
dry flay, Works of Creation, U. 
578] 
SOUgh'H, a. An obsolete form of .-. 
soughing-tile (suf 'ing-tilt, . A drain-til.-. 
[Prov. Eng.] 
Even if Uncle Lingon hail nut joined tin, :is he did, to 
talk about tu,u ; il,i,i,i i /.,. Ueorge Eliot, KHix Holt, xliil. 
sought (sat). Preterit and past participle of 
MflP. 
soujee, a. See */". 
SOUket, r. A Middle English form of .vi/,. 
soul 1 (sol), n. [< ME. soule, soirlr. suitlr, /Vr, 
sailll, < AS. Hi'ui-fl, ninriil, mural, .-nir/, xiuil, xuirli . 
life, spirit, soul, = OS. geiilti, xi-nli-, ulnle, sele = 
OFries. sick; site = MD. xiele, D. ziel = MLG. . Yr, 
LG. sale, sal = OIKi. /, xtiilu, MIH i. v, . <;. 
seele = Icel. sala, later sal = Sw. sjal = Dan. 
sjeel = Goth, saiwala, soul (tr. Gr. iwxfa etc.) ; 
origin unknown. The word has been compared 
with Gr. aiotof, quick-moving, changeful, and 
with sea (see seal); a i so with L. seeculum, age 
(life, vitality f) (see seclc, secular).] 1. A 
substantial entity believed to be that in each 
person which lives, feels, thinks, and wills. 
Animals also, and even plants, have been thought to have 
souls. Primitive peoples identify the soul with the breath, 
or something contained in the blood. Separated from the 
body, it is supposed to have some imperfect existence, 
and to retain the form of the body as a ghost. The verses 
of Da vies (see below) enumerate most of the ancient Greek 
opinions. The first is that of Anaxlmander and of Diogenes 
of Apollonia ; the second is that of Ueraclitus ; the third 
Is that of Empedocles; the fourth is that attributed to 
Empedocles by Aristotle ; the fifth is that of Dicajarchus 
and other Pythagoreans, as Slmmias in the " Fhccdo " ; the 
sixth is attributed wrongly to Galen ; the seventh is that 
of Democritus and the atomists ; the eighth is attributed 
by some authorities to the Pythagoreans; and the ninth 
is that of the Stoics. Aristotle makes the soul little more 
than a faculty or attribute of the body, and he compares 
it to the "axness" of an ax. The scholastics combined 
this idea with that of the separability and immortality of 
the soul, thus forming a highly metaphysical doctrine. 
Descartes originated distinct metaphysical dualism, which 
holds that spirit and matter are two radically different 
kinds of substance the former characterized by con- 
sciousness, the latter by extension. Most modern philos- 
ophers hold to monism in some form, which recognizes 
only one kind of substance. That the soul is immortal is 
a very ancient and widely diffused opinion ; it is also com- 
monly believed that the soul has no parts. A soul sepa- 
rated from the body is commonly called a spirit, not a 
soul. In biblical and theological usage 'soul* (nephesh, 
psyche, also rendered 'life') is sometimes used for the non- 
corporeal nature of man in general, and sometimes, in dis- 
tinction from spirit, for the lower part of this non-corporeal 
nature, standing in direct communication with the body, 
and regarded as the seat of the emotions, rarely of will or 
spirit. Home theologians minimize the distinction between 
find and spirit, making them mere aspects or relations of 
the same substance, while others have made them distinct 
substances or distinct entities. 
For of the soule the bodie forme doth take ; 
For soule is forme, and doth the bodle make. 
Spenser, Hymn in Honour of Beauty, 1. 132. 
I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be pre- 
served blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. 
1 Thes. v. 23. 
The word of God is ... sharper than any two-edged 
sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and 
spirit. Heb. iv. 12. 
To hold opinion with Pythagoras 
That souls of animals infuse themselves 
Into the trunks of men. Shak., 11. of V., iv. 1. 132. 
One thinks the soule is aire ; another fire ; 
Another blood, diff us'd about the heart ; 
Another salth the elements conspire, 
And to her essence each doth give a part. 
Musicians thinkc our soules are harmonies ; 
Phisicians hold that they complexions be ; 
Epicures make them swarmes of atomies, 
Which doe by chance into our bodies flee. 
Some think one generall soule nls every braine. 
As the bright snnne sheds light in every starre ; 
And others thinke the name of soule is vaine, 
And that weonely well-mixt bodies are. 
Sir J. Duties, Nosce Teipsum. 
They [corporations] cannot commit treason, nor be out- 
lawed, nor excommunicate, for they have no souls. 
Case of Button's Hospital, 10 Coke's Rep., p. 82, b. 
Although the human soul is united to the whole body, 
it has, nevertheless, its principal seat In the brain, where 
alone it not only understands and imagines, but also per- 
ceives. Descartes, Prin. of Phllos. (tr. by Veitch), iv. 189. 
Our idea of soul, as an immaterial spirit, is of a substance 
that thinks and has a power of exciting motion in body 
by writing or thought. 
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxiii. 8 22. 
With chemic art exalts the mineral powers, 
And draws the aromatic souls of flowers. 
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 244. 
It seems probable that the soul will remain in a state 
of inactivity, though perhaps not of insensibility, from 
death to the resurrection. 
Hartley, Observations on Man, n. IT. 3, prop. 90. 
2. The moral and emotional part of man's 
nature; the seat of the sentiments or feelings: 
in distinction from intellect. 
Hear my soul speak : 
The very instant that I saw you, did 
My heart fly to your service. 
Shale., Tempest, iii. 1. 63. 
Soulamea 
These vnin joys. In which tlirir wills consume 
Such powers of wit and soul as i 
To raise ttu-ir bi-inc-, t., . t. i nity. 
/,' .fnn^',1. ( \ MlliKl'8 Revels, V. 2. 
Ill my Houl I ; 
All affectation. r, 'lu.sk, II. 410. 
3. The animating or essential part; the es- 
sence: as, (lie mini nt a song; the source of ac- 
tion; the chief part; hence, the inspirer or 
leader of any action or movement: as, the mml 
of an enterprise; an able commander is the 
Hold of an nriiiv. 
lireyity is the mil of wit, 
And tediousnesa the limbs and outward nourishes. 
Shak., Hamlet, II. 2. 90. 
He had put domestic factions under his feet ; he was the 
soul of a mighty coalition. ilacaulay, Hist. Eng., vll. 
4. Fervor; fire; grandeur of mind, or other no- 
ble manifestation of the heart or moral nature. 
I have been woo'd by many with no less 
Soul of affection. 
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, IT. 4. 
Money gives toul to action. Ford, Perkln Warbeck, iii 1. 
There Is some toul of goodness in things evil. 
Shalt., Hen. V., IT. 1. 4. 
5. A spiritual being; a disembodied spirit; a 
shade. 
Then of his wretched friend 
The Soul appear'd ; at ev'ry part the form did comprehend 
His likeness ; his fair eyes, his voice, bis stature, ev'ry 
weed 
His person wore, it fantasied. Chapman, Iliad, xxlil. 1. 58. 
O sacred essence, other form, 
O solemn ghost, O crowned soul ! 
Tennyson, In Uemoriam, Ixxxv. 
6. A human being; a person. 
All the souls of the house of Jacob, which came Into 
Egypt, were threescore and ten. Gen. xlvi. 27. 
My lord, this is a poor mad noitl ; . . . and the truth Is, 
poverty hath distracted her. Shak., 2 Hen. I V., U. 1. 113. 
Humph. Where had you this Intelligence? 
Tom. Prom a foolish fond Soul that can keep nothing 
from me. Steele, Conscious Lovers, L 1. 
All Souls' day. in the Rom. Cath. Ch. . the 2d of Novem- 
ber, a day kept in commemoration of all the faithful de- 
parted, for the eternal repose of their souls, to which end 
the mass and offices of the day are directed. It is the day 
following the feast of All Saints. Apparitlonal soul 
See apparttional. Commendation of the soul. See 
commendation, 5. Cure of souls. See cure. Descent 
of souls. See descent. Seat Of the aoul, the part of 
the body (according to some speculators a mathematical 
point) in immediate dynamic connection with the soul. 
As long as the soul was supposed to be a material thing 
(which was the usual ancient opinion), it was naturally be- 
lieved to have a distinct place. Later the knowledge of the 
functions of the nervous system, and their centralization 
In the brain, showed that the soul was more intimately 
connected with that than with other parts of the body ; 
and it was vaguely supposed that the unity of conscious- 
ness would In some measure be explained by the hypothe- 
sis of a special seat of the soul In the brain. The com- 
monest primitive notion was that the soul was resident 
in the blood or in the heart. Either the whole soul or its 
parts were also located in the bowels, bones, liver, gall, 
kidneys, and other organs. The doctrine that the soul is 
in the brain seems to have originated in Egypt, and found 
many partial adherents in antiquity, but was not general- 
ly accepted before modern times. The Neoplatonists held 
that the soul is wholly in the whole body and wholly in 
every part. Descartes placed the soul in the pineal gland, 
and other physiologists of the seventeenth century located 
it in different organs connected with the brain. Leibnitz 
introduced the theory that it resides at a mathematical 
point, which has found eminent supporters, some of whom 
regard this point as movable. Others hold that any con- 
ception of consciousness which forces its adherents to such 
a conclusion ought to be considered as reduced to an ab- 
surdity. Recent observations concerning multiple con- 
sciousness strengthen indications previously known that 
the unity of consciousness is somewhat illusory ; and the 
anatomy of the brain does not support the notion of an 
absolute centralization of the power of forming ideas. 
Sentient soul, the soul as affected by the senses, or as 
possessing sentience. =Syn. 1 and 2. Intellect, Spirit, etc. 
See wuwJi. 4. Ardor, force. 
SOuPt (sol), v. t. [< ME. sowlen; < soul 1 , w.] To 
endue with a soul. 
The gost that fro the fader gan precede 
Hath soiled hem withouten any drede. 
Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale, 1. 329. 
SOUl 2 (sol or sol), n. [Also sool ; < ME. soule, 
sowle, souel, saule, saulee, food, = Dan. sul, meat 
eaten with bread.] Anything eaten with bread ; 
a relish, as butter, cheese, milk, or preserves ; 
that which satisfies. Grose. [Prov. Eng.] 
Maria Egyptiaca eet in thyrty wynter 
Bote thre lytel loues [loaves], and loue |love] was her souel. 
Piers Plourman(C), xvlii. 24. 
80Ul 2 t, ' [< sotiV 2 , n. ; cf. soil*.'] To afford suit- 
able sustenance; satisfy with food ; satiate. 
I haue, sweet wench, a piece of cheese, 
As good as tooth may chawe, 
And bread and wildings souling well. 
Warner, Albion s England, Iv. 82. 
soul-ale t, . Same as dirge-ale. 
Soulamea (so-la'me-a), M. [NL. (Lamarck. 
1783), < soulamoe, its'name in the Moluccas, said 
to mean ' king of bitters.'] A genus of poly- 
petalous shrubs, of the order Simanibacex and 
