species 
counted generic is established, as in the case of thr ;:- 
iiu- Linijula, whose members have survived from the si. 
Inrian to the present epoch with only specific modillca- 
tinn. In the animal kingdom probalily about 250,000 spe- 
eies have been described, recorded, and formally naiiinl 
liy a word following the name of the genus to which they 
are severally ascribed (see under uperific); the artna'l 
Bomber <>f sjpccics is doubtless much greater than this; 
some 200,000 species are insects (~ee Innn-ta), .if which 
M.OOO or more belong to one order (see fiilm/iimi). These 
estimates are exclusive of merely nominal species, ise, 
Minimum. > The known species of dowering plants are 
summed up by Diiraml in his "Index Oenerum Phancro- 
noronUD as follows: dicotyledons, 7S/.200; monocotyle- 
dons, 19,600 ; gymnosperins, 2,420 in all, HX),2-20 This is 
the net result after extensive sifting. To this number 
large additions are to be expected from regions, as central 
Africa, still imperfectly or not at all explored. Of the 
number of cryptogams no reliable estimate can at present 
be given. The described species of fungi, judging from 
the eight volumes of Saccardo's work now published, are 
likely to number, before sifting, about 50,000. Abbrevi- 
ated sp. , with plural spp. 
6t. Coin; metallic money; specie. See specie. 
Rome possessed a much greater proportion of the circu- 
lating species of its time than any European city. 
Arbuthnot, Ancient Coins. 
Species, your honour knows, is of easier conveyance. 
Garriclt, Neck or Nothing, ii. 2. 
He [Necker] affirms that, from the year 1726 to the year 
1784, there was coined at the mint of Prance, in the species 
of gold and silver, to the amount of about one hundred 
millions of pounds sterling. Burke, Rev. in France. 
7. One of a class of pharmaceutical prepara- 
tions consisting of a mixture of dried herbs of 
analogous medicinal properties, used for mak- 
ing decoctions, i7ifusions, etc. See under tea. 
8. In eii-il law, the form or shape given to 
materials; fashion; form; figure. Biirrill. 
9. In math. : (a) A letter in algebra denoting 
a quantity. [This meaning was borrowed by some early 
writers from the French of Viete, who derived it from a 
Latin translation of Diophantus, who uses eio to mean 
a term of a polynomial in a particular power of the un- 
known quantity.] (fc) A fundamental operation 
of arithmetic. See Hie four species, below. 
Disjunct species, in logic. See disjunct. Intelligi- 
ble species. See intentional species. Intentional spe- 
Cies, a similitude or simulacrum of an outward thing ; The 
vicarious object in perception and thought, according to 
the doctrine held and attributed to Aristotle by the me- 
dieval realists, beginning with Aquinas. Such species 
were divided into sensible species and intelligible species, 
which distinction and terminology, originating with Aqui- 
nas, were accepted by Scotus and others. The sensible 
species mediated between the outward object and the 
senses. They were metaphorically called emanations, but, 
being devoid of matter, are not to be confounded with the 
emanations of Democritus, from which they also differ in 
being related to other senses besides sight. So far as they 
belong to the outward thing they were called impressed, 
so far as they are perceived by the mind expressed specie*. 
From these sensible species the agent intellect, by an act 
of abstraction, was supposed to separate certain intelli- 
gible species, which the higher or patient intellect was 
able to perceive. These intelligible species so far as they 
belong to sense were called impressed, so far as they are 
perceived by the intellect expressed species. Species were 
further distinguished as acquired, infused, and connatu- 
ral. The doctrine of intentional species was rejected by 
the nominalists, and exploded early in the seventeenth 
century, but not until the nineteenth was it generally 
acknowledged to be foreign to the opinion of Aristotle. 
Nascent species, in Wot, a species of animal or plant 
in the act, as it were, of being born or produced ; an 
incipient species, whose characters are not yet estab- 
lished in the course of its development. Sensible spe- 
cies. See intentional species. Species anthelminti- 
C89, a mixture of equal parts of absinthium, tansy, camo- 
mile, and santonica. Species diuretics, a mixture of 
equal parts of roots of lovage, asparagus, fennel, parsley, 
and butcher's-broom. Species laxantes. Same as St. 
Germain tea (which see, under tea). Species pecto- 
rales. Same as breast tea (which see, under tea). Spe- 
cies sudoriftcse. Same as wood tea (which see, under tea). 
Subaltern species, in logic, that which is both a spe- 
cies of some higher genus and a genus in respect of the 
species into which it is divided. The four species, the 
four fundamental operations of arithmetic addition, sub- 
traction, multiplication, and division. This phrase, rare 
in English but common in German, seems to have been 
5807 
tions. (/i) One who is finical in drawing up 
specific diagnoses, or given to distinctions 
without a difference. [Cant in both senses.] 
species-paper (BpS'shfz-pft'per), . Same as 
specificness 
Always you tind among people, in proportion as they are 
ignorant, a belief in gpedficn, and a great confidence in 
pressing the adoption of them. 
//. .v/,, /,,.,, -luily of Soclol., p. 20. 
pecifical (spe-sif'i-kal), n. [< .v/wr/'/iV + -'.] 
species-Sheet (spe'shez-shet), . One of the !Sim "' ils "I'^'fi''- [Archaic.] 
sheets or pieces of paper upon which the indi- Tocompel the performance of the contract, and i 
;,], ,.,t ..,.^..;.v, ~ * .. .:,. i.. _ i i >_ the wi-i/iral sum due. Blackstune, Ctjtn., III. ix. 
specifically (spe-sifi-kal-i), inlr. 1. In n .-pe 
cific manner; according to the nature of the 
vidual specimens of a species in a herbarium 
are mounted for preservation and display. They 
are usually made of heavy stilf white paper, the standard 
size of which is, in the United states, IftJ x Hi inches 
TpS Jffi ol, !TZ.t Ed'&SKS- is^ceS K f'PMcitly; * a particular sense, or with a pa', 
lower right-hand corner. tictllarly differentiated application. 
specifiable (spes'i-fi-a-bl), a. [< spei-ifi/ + -able.] But it is i 
That maybe specified; capable of being dis- a substance 
tinctly named or stated. whatsoever. 
A minute but specifiable fraction of an original disturb- aJKXSSjL'rfXh *,*" ^"^""X^^ to 
ance may be said to get through any obstacle. SoutJ '' Sermons. 
Xature, XXXVIII. 592. 2. With reference to a species, or to specific 
specific (spe-sif'ik), a. and w. [<OF.specifi<iitc, difference; as a species. 
F. specifique = SD. esvecifico = PIT. tgoecHleo = specificalness (spe-sif'i-kal-nes), . The state 
species or of the case; definitely: particularly ; 
' 
Hut it is rather manifest that the essence of spirits is 
""'"' IptcMcalb distinct from all cori.un al matti-r 
Dr. IS. Mure, Antidoteagainst Atheism, iii. IL'. 
, 
first so applied by the East Frisian mathematician Gemma 
in 1540. It was borrowed from logic, where since Petrus 
Hispanus four species of logical procedure are enumer- 
ated in all the old books. Thus, Wilson (1551) says : 
" There be fower kindes of argumentes, a perfeicte argu- 
ment, an unperfeicte argument, an inductfone, an exam- 
ple"; and Blundeville (1599): "There bee foure principall 
kindes or formes of argumentation, that is, a syllogisme, 
an induction, an enthymeme, and example." 
species-cover (spe'shez-kuv"er), . The cover 
used in a herbarium to inclose and protect all 
the species-sheets of a single species. Such 
covers are usually made of folded sheets of light-weight 
brown paper, a little larger than the species-sheets. 
species-cycle (spe'shez-si"kl), ti. In bot, the 
complete series of forms needed to represent 
adequately the entire life-history of a species. 
species-monger (spe'shez-mung"ger), n. In 
nat. hist. : (a) One who occupies himself main- 
ly or exclusively in naming and describing spe- 
cies, without inclination to study, or perhaps 
without ability to grasp, their significance as 
biological facts; a specialist in species, who 
cares little or nothing for broader generaliza- 
specifi- 
., , J.] I. ft. it That is specified or '"tun, pp. of i>n-ifi<-nr<; specify: see specif//. \ 
defined ; distinctly named, formulated, or de- To denote or distinguish specifically ; specify, 
termined; of a special kinder a definite tenor ; Now life Is the character by which Christ specificates and 
determinate ; explicit : as, a specific sum of denominates himself. Donne, Sermons, vii. 
money; a specific offer; specific obligations or specification (spes'l-fi-ka'shon), 11. [= F. gpe- 
duties ; a specific aim or pursuit. cification = Sp. especificacion = Pg. especificai-ao 
a definite or formal mention of particulars: as. 
A11 wno had relatives or friends in this predicament 
were required to " Inll8h a '" 1 ^ Isa 
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. ... 
2. Pertaining to or accordant with what is spe- a P e >'' of one's requirements, 
cified or determined; relating to or regarding 
a definite subject ; conformable to special oc- 
casion or requirement, prescribed terms, or 9 . 
pSr nditi nS; ha ^ a ^-luseorap- Ld5l$K_ 
It was in every way stimulating and suggestive to have clalnl > an accusation, an estimate, a plan, or an 
detected a specific bond of relationship in speech and in assertion is based : as, the specifications of an 
culture between such different peoples as the English and architect or an engineer, of an indictment, etc.; 
the Hindus. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 109. the specification of the third charge against a 
3. Of or pertaining to a species, (a) Pertaining prisoner'; statements unsupported by xpccifiea- 
" a^ logical species. (6) In zool. and bot., of or pertain, lions. 3. The act of making specific, or the 
jtic'of a spies'-' deJdg.' state of navin g a specific character; reference 
.. < or particular specified; a 
special point, detail, or reckoning upon which a 
.: fae o avng a specc caracter; reerence 
nating or denominating a species ; not generic or of wider ' or correlation with a species or kind ; deter- 
mination of species or specific relation. 
For, were this the method, miracles would no more 
be miracles than the diurnal revolution of the sun, the 
growth and specification of plants and animals, the attrac- 
tion of the magnet, and the like. 
Evelyn, True Religion, II. 195. 
Here we may refer to two principles which Kant put 
forward under the names of Homogeneity and Specifica- 
tion. F. a. Bradley, Ethical Studies, p. 68. 
application than to a species : as, specific characters ; spe- 
cific difference ; a specific name. See generic, subgenerie, 
conspecific, ttubspecific. 
4. Peculiar; special. 
Their style, like the style of Boiardo in poetry, of Botti- 
celli in painting, is specific to Italy in the middle of. the 
fifteenth century. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 251. 
5. In law, having a certain or well-defined form 
or designation ; observing a certain form; pre- 
cise. 6. In men., related to special infection, 4. In patent law, the applicant's description 
particularly syphilitic infection; produced by P^ the manner of constructing and using his 
some distinct zymotic poison Specific cause, in invention, it is required to be so explicit as to enable 
med., a cause which in operation will produce some spe- an y person skilled in the art or science to make and use 
ciid disease. Specific centers, points or periods in the 'he same ; and in the United States it forms part of the 
patent, which cannot therefore protect the inventor in 
anything not within the specification. 
5. In civil lair, the formation of a new property 
from materials belonging to another person'. 
Specification exists where a person works up materials be- 
longing to another into something which must be taken 
to be a new substance for example, where whisky is 
made from corn. The effect is that the owner of the 
materials loses his property in them, and has only an ac- 
tion for the value of them against the person by whom 
they have been used. The doctrine originates In the civil 
law, but has been adopted by the common law, under 
the name of confusion and accession, at least where the 
person making the specification acts in good faith. Ac- 
cusative Of specification. Same as synecdochical accu- 
sative. See synecdochical. Charge and specifications. 
See charge. Law of specification, in Kantian pMlos., 
the logical principle that, however far the process of logi- 
cal determination may be carried, it can always be carried 
further. Principle of specification, in Kantian phOos. : 
(a) The logical maxim that we should be careful to Intro 
duce into a hypothesis all the elements which the facts to 
be explained call for, or that entiwm carietates non temerr 
esse minuendas, which is a counteracting maxim to Oc- 
cam's razor. (6) Same as law of specification. 
(spes-i-fis'i-ti), n. [< sped. fie + -iti/.] 
of being specific, or of having a spe- 
cific character or relation ; specific affinity, 
cause, origin, or effect; specificnegs. [Recent.] 
, , --peri 
course of evolution at which an organism is supposed to 
become specifically differentiated from a common stock, 
having assumed or acquired its specific characters 
Specific characters, in zool. and bot., the diagnostic 
marks of a species ; differences, of whatever kind, which 
are peculiar to a species and serve to distinguish it 
from any other. The sum of such characters, or the 
total specific characteristics, are also spoken of as the 
specific character. Any one such mark or feature is o 
specific character. Specific denial, in law, denial which 
itself rehearses what is denied, or which sufficiently speci- 
fies what particular part of the adversary's allegations are 
denied, as distinguished from a general denial of all his 
allegations. Specific difference, in logic. See differ- 
ence. Specific disease, a disease produced by a special 
infection, as syphilis. Specific duty, in a tariff, an im- 
post of specified amount upon any object of a particular 
kind, or upon a specified quantity of a commodity, entered 
at a custom-house. Specific gravity. See gravity. 
Specific heat. See heat. Specific Inductive capa- 
city. See capacity and induction, 6. Specific intent, 
legacy, lien. See the nouns. Specific medicine or 
remedy, a medicine or remedy that has a distinct effect 
in the cure of a certain disease, as mercury in syphilis, or 
quinine in intermittent fever. Specific name, in zotil. 
and bot., the second term in the binomial name of an ani- 
mal or a plant, which designates or specifies a member of a 
genus, and which is joined to the generic name to complete 
the scientific or technical designation. Thus, in the name 
Felis leo, leo is the specific name, designating the lion as a 
member of the genus Felis, and as specifically different 
from Felis tiyris, the tiger, Felis catus, the wildcat, etc. 
Also called nomen specificum, and formerly nomen triviale 
or trivial name. See binomial, 2, and nomen. Specific 
performance, relief, resistance. See the nouns. Spe- 
cific rotatory power. See rotatory. = Syn, 1 and 2. Par- 
ticular, etc. See special. 
The suddenness, vigour, and specificity of their effects. 
F. W. II. Myers, Proc. Lond. Soc. Psychic Research. 
Are we any longer to allow to this disease [cowpox] any 
high degree of specificity? Lancet, 1889, 1. 1130. 
specificize (spe-sif'i-siz), r. t.; pret. and pp. 
II. n. Something adapted or expected to pro- specificised, ppr. specifiri:ing. [< specific + -i:r .] 
t; that which is, or is sup- To make specific; give a special or specific 
duce a specific effect , 
posed to be, capable of infallibly bringing about character to. [Recent.] 
a desired result; especially, a remedy which 
cures, or tends to cure, a certain disease, what- 
ever may be its manifestations, as mercury used specificness (spe-sif'ik-nes), . 
as a remedy for syphilis. character of being specific. 
The richest spedfinzed apparatus of nervous media- 
ni9111 - Alien, and Xeurd., VI. 4SS. 
The state or 
